Meeting EU Drinking Water Standards: The Critical Role of Sample Prep in Trace Contaminant Analysis

<h3>Charged for Action: The Hidden Secrets of AEX Oligonucleotide Analysis</h3>Oligonucleotides—short, well-defined fragments of DNA or RNA—have become indispensable tools in modern life sciences. They underpin cutting-edge applications in molecular diagnostics, gene therapy, and pharmaceutical development. Before oligonucleotides can be confidently used in research or clinical settings, however, their quality must be rigorously assessed. Purity, sequence integrity, length distribution, and chemical modifications all play a decisive role in their performance.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Oligos_Made_Easy_Part_2_AEX_2_45eee54fa0.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Oligos Made Easy - Part 2: AEX" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Oligos_Made_Easy_Part_2_AEX_2_45eee54fa0.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1534" height="711">Among the analytical techniques available today, anion exchange chromatography (AEX) stands out as a robust and highly informative method for characterizing oligonucleotides. By exploiting their intrinsic negative charge, AEX provides detailed insight into product composition and impurity profiles that are difficult to obtain by other approaches.<blockquote><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/article/6808">Part 1 of the Oligos series: A Practical Guide to Oligonucleotide Production – From Concept to Final Product</a></blockquote><h4>How Scientists Read Oligonucleotides Using Charge</h4>At the core of AEX lies a simple but powerful principle: oligonucleotides carry a negatively charged phosphate backbone. This charge increases in a predictable way with strand length and, to a lesser extent, sequence composition. Anion exchange chromatography uses this property to separate oligonucleotides based on differences in charge strength and interaction with a positively charged stationary phase.As a result, AEX has become one of the most widely used analytical tools for evaluating oligonucleotide quality. It allows scientists to distinguish full-length products from truncated species, degradation products, or closely related variants—often with single-nucleotide resolution.<h4>Why Ion Exchange Works: Binding, Retention, and Release</h4>Ion exchange chromatography (IEX) relies on electrostatic interactions between analytes and a charged stationary phase. In the case of oligonucleotides, anion exchange is used, where negatively charged molecules interact with positively charged functional groups on the resin—most commonly quaternary amines.The system consists of two main components:<ul><li>Stationary phase: A positively charged resin that binds anionic analytes.</li><li>Mobile phase: An aqueous buffer system, typically combined with a salt gradient, that controls both pH and elution strength.</li></ul>Retention in AEX is governed primarily by charge. Molecules with weaker overall charge interact less strongly with the stationary phase and elute earlier, while more highly charged oligonucleotides bind more tightly and require stronger elution conditions.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Oligos_Made_Easy_Part_2_AEX_Figure_1_IEX_overview_including_elution_order_dependency_on_analyte_charge_3419ad3075.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Oligos Made Easy - Part 2 AEX: Figure 1 IEX overview including elution order dependency on analyte charge." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Oligos_Made_Easy_Part_2_AEX_Figure_1_IEX_overview_including_elution_order_dependency_on_analyte_charge_3419ad3075.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1583" height="654"><h4>The Five-Step Workflow of Ion Exchange Chromatography</h4>AEX separations generally follow a well-established sequence of steps:<ol><li>Column equilibration The column is conditioned with the starting buffer until the baseline and pH are stable. This ensures that all charged sites on the resin are ready for interaction.</li><li>Sample loading Samples, prepared in the starting buffer, are introduced under conditions that promote binding of the target oligonucleotides while minimizing retention of unwanted impurities.</li><li>Washing The column is washed with the starting buffer to remove uncharged or weakly interacting components. The baseline stabilizes as these species are flushed away.</li><li>Elution Bound oligonucleotides are released using a salt or pH gradient. Increasing ionic strength introduces competing ions that displace the analytes from the resin. Weakly bound species elute first; strongly charged oligonucleotides elute later.</li><li>Regeneration and re-equilibration A high-salt buffer removes any remaining bound material. The column is then returned to starting conditions in preparation for the next analysis.</li></ol><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Oligos_Made_Easy_Part_2_AEX_Figure_2_Five_steps_of_IEX_procedure_in_blue_outlined_using_an_example_chromatogram_in_red_38dd70b1b1.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Oligos Made Easy - Part 2 AEX: Figure 2 Five steps of IEX procedure (in blue), outlined using an example chromatogram (in red)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Oligos_Made_Easy_Part_2_AEX_Figure_2_Five_steps_of_IEX_procedure_in_blue_outlined_using_an_example_chromatogram_in_red_38dd70b1b1.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1583" height="674"><h4>Why AEX Is Especially Effective for Oligonucleotides</h4>The repeating phosphate backbone of oligonucleotides gives rise to a strong and uniform anionic character across a wide pH range (typically pH 7–9). This makes oligonucleotides exceptionally well suited for anion exchange separations.Key factors influencing AEX behavior include:<ul><li>Charge density: Longer oligonucleotides carry more negative charges and therefore exhibit stronger retention.</li><li>Resin chemistry: Strong and weak anion exchangers differ in functional groups and pH stability, influencing selectivity and robustness.</li><li>Buffer composition: The choice of buffering ions and salt gradients directly affects elution strength and resolution.</li></ul>Salt gradients—commonly based on chloride ions—compete with the oligonucleotide backbone for binding sites on the resin. By carefully tuning gradient slope and composition, analysts can achieve highly reproducible and finely resolved separations.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Oligos_Made_Easy_Part_2_AEX_Figure_3_Ionic_interactions_and_p_H_influence_on_Anion_Exchange_Chromatography_AEX_612e231ba4.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Oligos Made Easy - Part 2 AEX: Figure 3 Ionic interactions and pH influence on Anion Exchange Chromatography (AEX)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Oligos_Made_Easy_Part_2_AEX_Figure_3_Ionic_interactions_and_p_H_influence_on_Anion_Exchange_Chromatography_AEX_612e231ba4.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1547" height="593"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Oligos_Made_Easy_Part_2_AEX_Figure_4_AEX_buffer_selection_and_gradient_strategy_chromatogram_with_red_buffer_gradient_curve_53fd1bb11b.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Oligos Made Easy - Part 2 AEX: Figure 4 AEX buffer selection and gradient strategy (chromatogram with red buffer gradient curve)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Oligos_Made_Easy_Part_2_AEX_Figure_4_AEX_buffer_selection_and_gradient_strategy_chromatogram_with_red_buffer_gradient_curve_53fd1bb11b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="327"><h4>AEX as the Gold Standard for Oligonucleotide Separation</h4>Anion exchange chromatography has become the method of choice for both analytical and preparative oligonucleotide workflows. Its advantages include:<ul><li>High resolving power: Closely related impurities, including n–1 or n–2 species, can often be separated and quantified.</li><li>Predictable retention behavior: In many cases, retention time correlates linearly with oligonucleotide length, simplifying identification.</li><li>Compatibility with modified oligonucleotides: Even chemically modified sequences retain their anionic nature, allowing AEX to resolve both products and related impurities.</li><li>Excellent control via gradient elution: Salt gradients provide precise tuning of selectivity and resolution.</li></ul>Typically, shorter or degraded oligonucleotides elute at lower ionic strength, while full-length products with higher charge density appear later in the chromatogram.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Oligos_Made_Easy_Part_2_AEX_Figure_5_AEX_Advantages_and_Challenges_7835521e34.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Oligos Made Easy - Part 2 AEX: Figure 5 AEX Advantages and Challenges." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Oligos_Made_Easy_Part_2_AEX_Figure_5_AEX_Advantages_and_Challenges_7835521e34.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1535" height="707"><h4>Final Perspective: Mastering AEX with Confidence</h4>Anion exchange chromatography may appear complex at first, but with thoughtful optimization of pH, buffer composition, and gradient conditions, it becomes a highly precise and reliable tool for oligonucleotide analysis. When properly applied, AEX delivers sharp peaks, excellent resolution, and robust performance—even for challenging sequences and modifications.For laboratories developing or refining oligonucleotide workflows, AEX offers both analytical depth and operational confidence.<blockquote>If you would like to discuss AEX method development or optimization for oligonucleotides, feel free to contact us at sales@knauer.net. More insights into practical oligonucleotide analysis will follow in our “Oligos Made Easy” series.For technical questions or in-depth discussion, the author can be reached at kindler@knauer.net</blockquote>

Oligos Made Easy - Part 2: AEX

Although modern agriculture needs to be based on accurate real-time data on soil, plant, and environmental conditions, affordable, sufficiently sensitive, and robust monitoring devices for this purpose are currently missing. According to scientists, low-cost sensors based on new smart materials and printing technologies offer a suitable solution. The results of multidisciplinary research thus far and proposals for the development of these devices have been presented by researchers from Czechia, Great Britain, Spain, and the USA in a review article in the prestigious journal <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-68778-6#Abs1">Nature Communications</a>.“Sensor technologies for monitoring plant health are still in their infancy. Only simple sensors capable of monitoring basic parameters such as pH, soil moisture, or temperature are commonly available on the market. However, if farmers are to face current challenges, including climate change, and ensure sufficient food for humanity, they need much more effective tools that will enable them to monitor, for example, various pathogens, including bacteria and fungi. In our opinion, a suitable solution is a combination of new smart materials and printing for the production of inexpensive, durable, and scalable materials,” said the article’s first author, David Panáček from CATRIN, who worked on the study during his internship at Imperial College London.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CATRIN_Soucasne_senzory_nestaci_Vedci_navrhuji_novou_cestu_ke_sledovani_zdravi_rostlin_b4014952a3.jpg" alt="CATRIN: David Panáček" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CATRIN_Soucasne_senzory_nestaci_Vedci_navrhuji_novou_cestu_ke_sledovani_zdravi_rostlin_b4014952a3.jpg 208w," sizes="100vw" width="1536" height="1152">Sensors for monitoring plant health, for example, lag behind similar devices used in human medicine. According to the authors, advances in materials science, which will enable the development of scalable sensor technologies, play a key role in this potential shift. “Printing techniques, including inkjet printing, screen printing, aerosol printing, 3D printing, and direct laser writing, offer flexible ways to produce flexible sensors, large-area sensors, and sensors integrated directly into plants. The review article summarizes recent advances in printable low-dimensional materials for agricultural sensors, analyzes their physico-chemical properties in relation to sensor performance, and discusses key challenges and future opportunities requiring interdisciplinary integration,” said one of the corresponding authors, Michal Otyepka.The research brought together materials scientists, chemists, biologists, sensing experts, and printing technology specialists. Materials research and the use of graphene-based smart materials were led by scientists from CATRIN at Palacký University and VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava. Plant biologists from CATRIN contributed their knowledge of plant development, their responses to stress conditions, and the monitoring of their properties. Researchers from Imperial College London took care of the electronics, while representatives from<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/companies/36"> CEITEC – VUT</a> focused on printing technologies. The team also included leading experts in sensing from the Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Barcelona, and Joseph Wang of the University of California San Diego, the “father of sensing and electrochemistry,” also contributed his extensive knowledge.“This is a groundbreaking study on this topic, which has managed to attract some truly big names in their respective fields. Last but not least, the study demonstrates that interdisciplinarity at CATRIN gives rise to completely new and promising research topics, such as plant sensing and its use for studying plant-environment interactions and smart agriculture,” added another corresponding author, Nuria De Diego.

Current sensors are not good enough. Scientists propose a new way to monitor plant health

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The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN) at Palacký University is a cutting-edge scientific hub dedicated to advancing research in the fields of nanotechnology, biotechnology, and biomedicine. At its core, CATRIN boasts outstanding scientific teams, featuring international researchers. We emphasize interdisciplinarity, foster global collaborations, and work to translate our research findings into practical applications.

CATRIN

Organomation, founded in 1959, designs and manufactures high-quality nitrogen evaporators and extraction systems. Known for innovation and durability, their lab instruments are used globally for efficient sample preparation with strong customer support.

Organomation

Based in Berlin, KNAUER is a medium-sized, owner-managed company that has been serving the sciences since 1962. We develop and manufacture scientific instruments of superior quality for liquid chromatography, including: Analytical HPLC/UHPLC, Preparative HPLC, Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), Multi-column chromatography/Simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography. High pressure dosing, in-line detection systems, and osmometry are additional business areas.

KNAUER

Thermo Scientific Hypersil GOLD C8 HPLC Columns

For analytes with medium hydrophobicity or when a less hydrophobic phase is required to obtain optimum retention, use Thermo Scientific™ Hypersil GOLD™ C8 LC columns

For analytes with medium hydrophobicity or when a less hydrophobic phase is required to obtain optimum retention, use Thermo Scientific™ Hypersil GOLD™ C8 LC columns for outstanding sensitivity and excellent peak shape. The selectivity is similar to C18 columns with a predictable elution order but less retention. The lower hydrophobicity allows compounds to elute more quickly, yielding faster separations.<h5>Similar selectivity, less retention than C18 columns</h5><ul><li>Successful retention and separation of moderately hydrophobic analytes</li><li>Ideal for fatty acids, which are too hydrophobic for analysis using C18 columns</li></ul><h5>Faster separations</h5><ul><li>Higher analytical throughput compared to C18 alkyl chain chemistry</li><li>Quicker compound elution due to reduced hydrophobic interactions</li></ul><h5>Superior performance</h5><ul><li>Highly symmetrical peak shapes</li><li>Improved speed of analysis, efficiency, and sensitivity</li></ul><h4>Specifications</h4><ul><li>Endcapped: Yes</li><li>Max. Pressure: 5800 psi (400 bar)</li><li>Packing Material: Spherical, Fully Porous, Ultrapure Silica</li><li>Stationary Phase: C8</li><li>Surface Area: 220 m²/g</li><li>Temperature: 60°C</li><li>USP Type: L7</li><li>Carbon Load: 8%</li><li>Phase: Reversed Phase</li><li>Pore Size: 175 Å</li><li>pH: 2 to 9</li></ul><h4>About the Hypersil GOLD Family of HPLC Columns</h4>Meet the challenges of modern chromatography with state-of-the-art columns that provide outstanding performance and consistent separations. Twelve different column chemistries are available so you can optimize separations and maximize productivity. Get outstanding peak shapes in reversed phase, ion exchange, HILIC, or normal phase chromatography.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Hypersil_GOLD_Columns_41d5984b62.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Hypersil GOLD Columns" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Hypersil_GOLD_Columns_41d5984b62.jpg 150w," sizes="100vw" width="747" height="775"><ul><li>Excellent peak symmetry<ul><li>Hypersil GOLD columns produce highly symmetrical peaks, which facilitate the detection of low-level impurities that elute immediately after the main component. When there is even minor tailing, small impurity peaks can elute on the shoulder of the main peak, complicating the integration process.</li></ul></li><li>Narrow peaks for outstanding efficiency</li><li>Enhanced sensitivity and improved resolution</li><li>Exceptional reproducibility for reliable chromatography, column after column</li><li>Solutions for high-throughput screening</li><li>1.9, 3, and 5 μm particle sizes for all your separation needs</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Hypersil_GOLD_Peak_symmetry_641b946673.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Hypersil GOLD Columns: Peak symmetry" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Hypersil_GOLD_Peak_symmetry_641b946673.jpg 149w," sizes="100vw" width="880" height="925">

Thermo Scientific Acclaim 120 C8 HPLC Columns

For reversed-phase separation of analytes with moderate hydrophobicity, use Thermo Scientific™ Acclaim™ 120 C8 LC columns.

For reversed-phase separation of analytes with moderate hydrophobicity, use Thermo Scientific™ Acclaim™ 120 C8 LC columns. These high-performance columns provide selectivity that is similar to Acclaim 120 C18 columns with a predictable elution order but less retention. Compounds elute more quickly, yielding faster separations. The unique chemistry of densely bonded C8 ligands on an ultrapure, spherical, porous silica substrate gives the Acclaim 120 C8 columns excellent efficiencies.<h5>High Performance Reversed-Phase Columns for the Separation of Small Molecules</h5><ul><li>Low silanol activity for excellent peak shapes</li><li>Reproducible column-to-column performance</li><li>Extremely low bleed, fully compatible with MS</li><li>Stable between pH 2 and 8</li><li>Available in 2.2, 3, and 5μm particle sizes and 4.6, 3.0, and 2.1mm diameters, with an average pore diameter of 120Å</li><li>Also available in 2.2μm RSLC format for reliable, fast separations</li></ul><h4>Specifications</h4><ul><li>Endcapped: Yes</li><li>Max. Pressure: 4500 psi (310 bar)</li><li>Packing Material: Spherical, Porous, Ultrapure Silica</li><li>Stationary Phase: C8</li><li>Surface Area: 300 m²/g</li><li>Temperature: 60°C</li><li>USP Type: L7</li><li>Carbon load: 11%</li><li>Phase: Reversed phase</li><li>Pore Size: 120 Å</li><li>pH: 2 to 8</li></ul><h4>About the Acclaim Family of HPLC Columns</h4>Achieve the high standards set by modern HPLC and LC/MS methods with the Acclaim family of reversed-phase columns. These silica-based columns with advanced column bonding and endcapping technologies provide complementary selectivity, high column efficiencies, and ultra-high resolution for a wide variety of applications.<ul><li>Broad spectrum of stationary phases, including conventional C8 and C18 phases, polar embedded phases, and specialty phases including wide-pore, are available to meet your specific application needs</li><li>Performance tested to ensure high quality and reliability for pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical, environmental, food, and other industrial chromatographic separations</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Acclaim_column_Broad_range_of_HPLC_and_UHPLC_columns_2ec9c98a86.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Broad range of HPLC and UHPLC columns" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Acclaim_column_Broad_range_of_HPLC_and_UHPLC_columns_2ec9c98a86.jpg 191w," sizes="100vw" width="1172" height="958">

Thermo Scientific Syncronis C8 HPLC Columns

Improve the consistency and reliability of your liquid chromatography (LC) separations using Thermo Scientific™ Syncronis™ C8 LC columns.

Improve the consistency and reliability of your liquid chromatography (LC) separations using Thermo Scientific™ Syncronis™ C8 LC columns. High-purity, high surface area silica and dense stationary phase coverage minimize secondary interactions and deliver reproducible, high-efficiency separations.&nbsp;Double end-capping provides extra surface coverage and inertness toward basic compounds. Manufactured and rigorously tested in ISO 9000 facilities, these columns are designed to meet a range of analytical needs including fast method development, quantitative analysis, and quality control where less retention is required than when using a C18 column.<h5>Excellent Peak Shapes for Enhanced Resolution and Sensitivity</h5><ul><li>Dense surface coverage of silica minimizes secondary interactions and peak tailing</li><li>Double endcapped for extra surface coverage</li></ul><h5>Exceptional Column-to-Column Consistency</h5><ul><li>Manufactured, packed, and tested in ISO-9000-accredited facilities</li><li>Every column individually tested to meet stringent retention, efficiency, and peak symmetry specifications</li><li>Enhanced automated packing process</li></ul><h5>Lower Hydrophobic Retention</h5><ul><li>Recommended for moderately hydrophobic analytes or for when a less hydrophobic phase provides optimum retention</li></ul><h5>Available in Three Particle Sizes</h5><ul><li>1.7 μm for rapid ultrahigh-performance LC (UHPLC) separations, and 3 μm and 5 μm for more traditional HPLC analysis</li></ul><h4>Specifications</h4><ul><li>Column type: Reversed Phase</li><li>Endcapped: yes</li><li>Max. Pressure: 5800 psi (400 bar)</li><li>Packing Material: Spherical, Fully Porous, Ultrapure Silica</li><li>Stationary phase: C8</li><li>USP Type: L7</li><li>Surface Area: 320 m2/g</li><li>Temperature: 60°C</li><li>Carbon load: 10%</li><li>Phase: Reversed Phase</li><li>Pore Size: 100 Å</li><li>pH: 2 to 8</li></ul><h4>Syncronis HPLC and UHPLC Columns</h4><h5>Enter a new world of chromatography</h5>When developing a new method, one of the most important goals for the chromatographer is to achieve a consistent, reproducible separation. This makes selecting an HPLC column that offers highly-reproducible results essential to attaining this goal.<h5>Features of Syncronis columns</h5>Thermo Scientific Syncronis LC columns achieve high levels of consistency and reproducibility through:<ul><li>Highly-pure, high-surface-area silica</li><li>Dense bonding and double endcapping</li><li>Stringent manufacturing and testing protocols</li></ul>

Thermo Scientific Accucore C8 HPLC Columns

Improve separation speed and resolution while maintaining low backpressures using Thermo Scientific™ Accucore™ C8 LC Columns. 

Improve separation speed and resolution while maintaining low backpressures using Thermo Scientific™ Accucore™ C8 LC Columns. Rugged 2.6μm solid-core particles ensure high efficiencies and enable compatibility with both HPLC and UHPLC platforms.&nbsp;The high coverage C8 bonded phase provides optimal retention of analytes with moderate hydrophobicity. Robust bonding technology and automated packing procedures ensure excellent reproducibility and long column lifetimes.<h5>Lower Hydrophobic Retention</h5><ul><li>Recommended for moderately hydrophobic analytes or for when a less hydrophobic phase provides optimum retention</li></ul><h5>Fast Separations</h5><ul><li>2.6μm core-enhanced technology particles enable operation at high flow rates without generating excessive backpressures.</li></ul><h5>Excellent Peak Shapes for Enhanced Resolution and Sensitivity</h5><ul><li>Solid core 2.6μm particles and narrow particle size distribution reduce band broadening and improve separation efficiencies.</li><li>High surface coverage of silica minimizes secondary interactions and peak tailing.</li></ul><h5>Low Backpressures</h5><ul><li>Solid core 2.6μm particles for less backpressure compared to UHPLC sub-2μm particles</li><li>Compatible with conventional HPLC instrumentation and UHPLC platforms</li></ul><h5>Excellent Reproducibility and Robustness</h5><ul><li>Advanced bonding technology</li><li>Automated packing process</li></ul><h4>Specifications</h4><ul><li>Endcapped: Yes</li><li>For Use With: HPLC</li><li>Max. Pressure: 14500 psi (1000 bar)</li><li>Packing Material: Spherical, Solid Core, Ultrapure Silica</li><li>Stationary Phase: C8</li><li>Surface Area: 130 m²/g</li><li>Temperature: 70°C</li><li>USP Type: L7</li><li>Carbon Load: 5%</li><li>Phase: Reversed Phase</li><li>Pore Size: 80 Å</li><li>pH: 2 to 9</li></ul>

Products from category C8 HPLC columns - page 1

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Oligos Made Easy - Part 2: AEX