This leaflet is intended to help participants in quantitative proficiency testing (PT) schemes to better understand the performance assessment made by the PT provider [1-4].<h3>Performance assessment parameters&nbsp;</h3><h4>Assigned value&nbsp;</h4>In order to assess individual performances, the results reported by participants are compared to the value assigned by the PT provider (xpt). ISO 13528 [1] suggests five different ways to obtain xpt (Figure 1). In this context, the design of the PT scheme must reflect the objectives of the scheme, comparing results either to a predetermined xpt (independent from the participant results), or to a value derived from the reported results. The PT provider is responsible for defining xpt , taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of the various possibilities when establishing metrological traceability or estimating the uncertainty of the assigned value, u(xpt).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Eurachem_Figure_1_e5ef5d1f9c.jpg" alt="Eurachem - Figure 1 Options for obtaining the assigned value, Xpt" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Eurachem_Figure_1_e5ef5d1f9c.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="640" height="382"><h4>Uncertainty of the assigned value&nbsp;</h4>The uncertainty of the assigned value u(xpt) can be estimated in at least five different ways [1], each corresponding to the value assignment strategy illustrated in Figure 1. The different uncertainty evaluation methods are listed in Figure 2. This uncertainty can be reported as a standard uncertainty (u (xpt)), or as an expanded uncertainty U (xpt) with a coverage factor k, where U (xpt) = k . u (xpt). The choice of k will impact the level of confidence (e.g. approximately 95 % for k = 2).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Eurachem_Figure_2_f41ebc0c61.jpg" alt="Eurachem: Figure 2 Options for obtaining the uncertainity of the assigned value, u(Xpt)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Eurachem_Figure_2_f41ebc0c61.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="727" height="378"><h4>Standard deviation for proficiency assessment&nbsp;</h4>Five possibilities are suggested by ISO 13528 to set the standard deviation for proficiency assessment spt (Figure 3). The chosen approach must comply with the objectives of the PT scheme.&nbsp;<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Eurachem_Figure_3_f09cb3969e.jpg" alt="Eurachem: Figure 3 Options for obtaining the standard deviation for proficiency assesment" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Eurachem_Figure_3_f09cb3969e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="638" height="355">Two approaches for performance assessments use spt as shown in Table 1.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Eurachem_Table_1_Scoring_for_performance_assessment_3dd03aa3fb.jpg" alt="Eurachem: Table 1 - Scoring for performance assessment." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Eurachem_Table_1_Scoring_for_performance_assessment_3dd03aa3fb.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1390" height="571"><h3>Performance assessment&nbsp;</h3>All performance assessments are based on the difference between the participant’s results (xi) and the assigned value (xpt) divided by a normalisation factor (Table 1).&nbsp;<ul><li>The percent difference D% is the normalised difference expressed as a percentage of xpt , for which a prescribed maximum relative permissible error (dE% = dE / xpt) is defined by the PT provider.&nbsp;</li><li>The z score (unitless) compares the participant’s deviation from the assigned value with the standard deviation for proficiency assessment (spt). When the uncertainty of the assigned value is significant (u(xpt) &gt; 0.3 spt), the z’ score should be used instead, to include the contribution of u(xpt) in the denominator.&nbsp;</li><li>The zeta (ζ) score (unitless) states whether the laboratory’s result agrees with the assigned value within the respective uncertainty. The denominator is the combined (standard) uncertainty of the assigned value u(xpt) and the (standard) measurement uncertainty reported by the laboratory u(xi). An unsatisfactory zeta score can either be caused by an inappropriate estimation of the measured quantity value (e.g. concentration, content), or of its measurement uncertainty, or both.&nbsp;</li><li>The En score (unitless), unlike the zeta score, uses a combination of expanded uncertainties as the normalisation factor. This combination corresponds to a confidence interval of approximately 95 %. En scores are often used in metrology comparisons among calibration laboratories.</li></ul><h3>Interpretation of performance scores&nbsp;</h3>According to ISO 13528:2022 clause 9.4.2, the conventional interpretation of the z, z’ and ζ scores is as follows:&nbsp;<ul><li>A result that gives |score| ≤ 2.0 is considered to be acceptable, indicating satisfactory performance.&nbsp;</li><li>A result that gives 2.0 &lt; |score| &lt; 3.0 is considered to give a warning signal, indicating questionable performance.&nbsp;</li><li>A result that gives |score| ≥ 3.0 is considered to be unacceptable (or action signal), indicating unsatisfactory performance.&nbsp;</li></ul>Similarly, |En| &lt; 1 and |D%| &lt; dE% indicate successful (acceptable) performance.

Understanding PT performance assessment

The increasing focus on nitrosamine impurities has prompted analytical development teams across the industry to revisit long-standing assumptions about sensitivity, selectivity, and method versatility. Among the impurity classes now receiving heightened attention are nitrosamine drug substance–related impurities (NDSRIs), a group distinguished by their structural resemblance to parent APIs and their tendency to form under specific manufacturing or storage conditions. For beta blockers, which often contain amine functionalities susceptible to nitrosation, this presents a particularly relevant analytical challenge.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Exploring_a_Versatile_LC_HRMS_Strategy_for_NDSRI_Determination_in_Beta_Blocker_Drug_Substances_d824f864cd.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Exploring a Versatile LC–HRMS Strategy for NDSRI Determination in Beta Blocker Drug Substances" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Exploring_a_Versatile_LC_HRMS_Strategy_for_NDSRI_Determination_in_Beta_Blocker_Drug_Substances_d824f864cd.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="512">A recent <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_003910_pb_lc_hrms_beta_blocker_ndsri_an003910_na_en_61a31cd182.pdf">Thermo Fisher Scientific application note</a> examines this challenge through the lens of LC–HRMS, presenting a unified analytical approach capable of addressing NDSRI quantitation across six different beta blocker drug substances.<h3>Revisiting the complexity of NDSRIs</h3>The scientific and regulatory landscape surrounding NDSRIs continues to evolve. As outlined early in the study (pages 2–3), the scarcity of toxicological data for many of these impurities has led agencies to adopt structure-based frameworks such as the Carcinogenic Potency Categorization Approach (CPCA). These classifications, coupled with low acceptable-intake values, have placed new emphasis on achieving both trace-level sensitivity and high structural specificity.For many labs, that means rethinking the interplay between chromatographic separations, ionization behavior, adduct formation, and mass accuracy, especially when the impurity under investigation differs only subtly from its corresponding drug substance.<h3>A single method across six APIs</h3>One aspect of the work that may be of interest to analytical scientists is the decision to pursue one LC–HRMS method applicable across six beta blocker drug substances: atenolol, bisoprolol fumarate, carvedilol, labetalol HCl, metoprolol fumarate, and propranolol HCl.This required careful consideration of:<ul><li>Column chemistry and dimensions</li><li>Mobile phase composition and gradient design</li><li>Ion source settings suitable for diverse analyte structures</li><li>Product ion selection guided by theoretical fragmentation analysis (pages 6–8)</li><li>Valve switching to manage potential interferences</li></ul>The resulting method offers a perspective on how unified analytical strategies may help streamline workflows in environments where multiple drug substances must be assessed for similar impurity risks.<h3>Method performance: key observations</h3>The study presents a series of experimental evaluations, reproducibility, robustness, linearity, recovery, and ion-ratio confirmation, that provide insight into how the method behaves under different analytical conditions.A few noteworthy observations include:<ul><li>Linearity (R² &gt; 0.99 for all NDSRIs): Calibration plots (page 11) illustrate consistent detector response across a broad concentration range.</li><li>Sensitivity at low levels: LOQs aligned to 10% of each impurity specification limit (Table 14, page 10), with LODs at approximately one-third of the LOQ.</li><li>Long-run robustness: A 21-hour sequence showed stable peak-area performance, with cumulative %RSD values that speak to the system’s suitability for extended runs (page 9).</li><li>Chromatographic clarity: Representative chromatograms (pages 13–14) demonstrate distinct separation between NDSRIs and their related APIs, even within a 20-minute gradient.</li></ul>These results collectively provide a framework for understanding how LC–HRMS can be optimized for structurally similar, low-level impurities in complex matrices.<h3>Key considerations</h3>While every laboratory faces unique constraints, sample types, regulatory expectations, and throughput demands, the work offers several themes that may resonate with teams currently evaluating or refining nitrosamine methodologies:<ul><li>The emphasis on accurate mass and interference avoidance highlights the value of high-resolution MS when dealing with closely related structures.</li><li>The method’s consistency across structurally diverse beta blockers underscores how column and gradient design influence versatility.</li><li>The detailed precursor and product ion selection process illustrates a practical approach to balancing sensitivity and selectivity in impurity analysis.</li></ul>These elements, taken together, form a basis for discussion as laboratories consider how best to adapt their workflows to emerging impurity requirements.<h3>A closer look at the study</h3>For those interested in the nuances of CPCA-driven specification setting, chromatographic optimization, or the application of <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?category=134&amp;manufacturerItems=3">Orbitrap-based mass spectrometry</a> to low-level impurity work, the full application note provides additional technical depth. It includes complete parameter tables, ion-ratio confirmation data, chromatographic profiles, and experimental rationales that further illuminate the method’s development and evaluation.<blockquote>Visit us on&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/72003132/admin/dashboard/">LinkedIn:</a>&nbsp;#NitrosamineImpurities #NDSRI #NitrosamineAnalysis #ImpurityAnalysis</blockquote>

Exploring a Versatile LC–HRMS Strategy for NDSRI Determination in Beta Blocker Drug Substances

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Eurachem is a European network promoting international traceability of chemical measurements and good analytical practice. It provides expert guidance, supports method validation, uncertainty evaluation, proficiency testing, and facilitates discussion on technical and policy issues in analytical quality.

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Watrex Deltasil 100 C18 Preparative HPLC columns

Need a high quality column at an affordable price? Deltasil™ columns are filled with standard reversed phase for a wide range of applications.

<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/?s=watrex+deltasil+100+C18&amp;post_type=product&amp;dgwt_wcas=1?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty">Watrex DeltaSil™ 100 C18</a> column is a standard reversed phase for wide field of applications in analysis of drugs, organic compounds, peptides and others.Stationary phase is based on synthetic 5 μm silica-gel with 100 Å pores and 15% carbon content. The column has a good peak symmetry and efficiency.Theoretical plate count value for non-polar compounds, such as naphthalene, reaches up to 90.000 theoretical plates per meter.A wide range of column sizes is available, with additional dimensions available on request.We are committed to the sustainability of our columns and therefore also offer backfill.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_Watrex_Deltasil_HPLC_column_Mobile_phase_85_ACN_Flowrate_0_65_mlmin_Pressure_54_bar_Detection_254_nm_Injection_2_ml_de7068538f.jpg" alt="Watrex: Watrex Deltasil HPLC column (Mobile phase 85% ACN; Flowrate 0.65 mlmin; Pressure 54 bar; Detection 254 nm; Injection 2 μl)"><h3>Ordering information:</h3><h5>PN/Component:</h5><ul><li>WI02241 Watrex Deltasil™ 100 C18, 10 μm, 250x20 mm column</li><li>WI02242 Watrex Deltasil™ 100 C18, 10 μm, 300x20 mm column</li><li>WI02243 Watrex Deltasil™ 100 C18, 5 μm, 250x20 mm column &nbsp;(Price 1 294 € ex VAT)</li><li>WI02244 Watrex Deltasil™ 100 C18, 5 μm, 300x20 mm column</li><li>WI02245 Watrex Deltasil™ 100 C18, 5 μm, 250x30 mm column</li><li>WI02246 Watrex Deltasil™ 100 C18, 10 μm, 250x30 mm column</li><li>WI02247 Watrex Deltasil™ 300 C18, 5 μm, 250x20 mm column</li><li>WI02248 Watrex Deltasil™ 300 C18, 10 μm, 250x20 mm column</li><li>WI02249 Watrex Deltasil™ 300 C18, 10 μm, 250x30 mm column</li><li>WI02153 Guard column insert 10x4.0 mm, Deltasil C18, 5 um, 10 pcs</li></ul>

Watrex Deltasil 100 C18 HPLC columns

<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/?s=watrex+deltasil+100+C18&amp;post_type=product&amp;dgwt_wcas=1?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty">Watrex DeltaSil™ 100 C18</a> column is a standard reversed phase for wide field of applications in analysis of drugs, organic compounds, peptides and others.Stationary phase is based on synthetic 5 μm silica-gel with 100 Å pores and 15% carbon content. The column has a good peak symmetry and efficiency.Theoretical plate count value for non-polar compounds, such as naphthalene, reaches up to 90.000 theoretical plates per meter.A wide range of column sizes is available, with additional dimensions available on request.We are committed to the sustainability of our columns and therefore also offer backfill.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_Watrex_Deltasil_HPLC_column_Mobile_phase_85_ACN_Flowrate_0_65_mlmin_Pressure_54_bar_Detection_254_nm_Injection_2_ml_de7068538f.jpg" alt="Watrex: Watrex Deltasil HPLC column (Mobile phase 85% ACN; Flowrate 0.65 mlmin; Pressure 54 bar; Detection 254 nm; Injection 2 μl)"><h3>Ordering information:</h3><h5>PN/Component:</h5><ul><li>WI02DC181254 Watrex Deltasil™ 100 C18, 5 μm, 125x4 mm column (Price 234 € ex VAT)</li><li>WI02DC181504 Watrex Deltasil™ 100 C18, 5 μm, 150x4 mm column (Price 234 € ex VAT)</li><li>WI02DC1815046 Watrex Deltasil™ 100 C18, 5 μm, 150x4,6 mm column</li><li>WI02DC182504 Watrex Deltasil™ 100 C18, 5 μm, 250x4 mm column (Price 296 € ex VAT)</li><li>WI02DC1825046 Watrex Deltasil™ 100 C18, 5 μm, 250x4,6 mm column</li><li>WI02DC182508 Watrex Deltasil™ 100 C18, 5 μm, Semi-prep 250x8 mm column (Price 482 € ex VAT)</li></ul>

Watrex Polymer IEX HPLC columns

Do you need HPLC columns for the determination of organic acids, alcohols and sugars? Columns filled with a monodisperse sorbent based on sulfonated styrenedivinylbenzene.

<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/?s=watrex+polymer+iex&amp;post_type=product&amp;dgwt_wcas=1?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty">Watrex Polymer IEX™</a> is the Europe’s leading sorbent for ion exclusion analysis of alcohols, carboxylic acids, sugars, and polysacharides<ul><li>H⁺, Ca²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Na⁺ forms</li><li>Unique monodispersed sorbent based on sulfonated polystyrene</li><li>Bulk packing materials available</li></ul><h3>H form</h3>The hydrogen form is suitable for organic acids, alcohols and some sugars in natural materials. The column is particularly suitable for the analysis of fruit drinks, wine, etc. Its great advantage is the high stability of retention times and the wide concentration range of analytes.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_Column_250x8mm_IEX_H_4da682fa13.jpg" alt="Watrex: Column 250x8mm IEX H"><h3>Ca form</h3>The calcium form is characterized by good selectivity for the separation of mono- and disaccharides in natural materials. The column must be protected from anions forming insoluble calcium salts (phosphates, sulphates, etc.) and cations with a higher affinity for the sorbent than calcium ions.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_Column_250x8mm_IEX_Ca_b840dddcce.jpg" alt="Watrex: Column 250x8mm IEX Ca"><h3>Pb form</h3>The lead form is suitable for the separation of mono- and disaccharides in natural materials. The column must be protected from anions forming insoluble lead salts (phosphates, sulphates, etc.) and cations with a higherUse the appropriate pre-column to extend the life of the analytical column.<h3>Ordering information:</h3><h5>PN/Component:</h5><ul><li>WI020223 Watrex 300x8 mm Polymer IEX H form, 8 um</li><li>WI020213 Watrex 300x8 mm Polymer IEX Ca form, 8 um</li><li>WI020253 Watrex 300x8 mm Polymer IEX Pb form, 8 um</li><li>WI02022 Watrex 250x8 mm Polymer IEX H form, 8 um (Price 926 € ex VAT)</li><li>WI02021 Watrex 250x8 mm Polymer IEX Ca form, 8 um (Price 926 € ex VAT)</li><li>WI02025 Watrex 250x8 mm Polymer IEX Pb form, 8 um (Price 926 € ex VAT)</li><li>WI02122 Guard column insert 10x4.0 mm PEEK Polymer IEX H 8 um, 10 pcs</li><li>WI02121 Guard column insert 10x4.0 mm PEEK Polymer IEX Ca 8 um, 10 pcs</li><li>WI029012 Guard column holder (for 10x4.0 mm PEEK insert)</li></ul>

Watrex IonPlus HPLC columns

Do you perform cation or anion analysis and need the right column at an affordable price? Our Watrex IonPlus™ columns are just what you are looking for!

Watrex IonPlus™ are special columns for ion chromatography. The matrix used is styrene-divinylbenzene based and can withstand higher organic modifier content in the mobile phase.<h3><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/obchod/chromatography/hplc-columns/watrex-columns/ion-exchange/watrex-ionplus-cs19-ic-column-250x46mm/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty">Watrex IonPlus™ CS19</a></h3><ul><li>Styrene-divinylbenzene, 55% cross-linking (7 μm particle i.d.)</li></ul>The Watrex IonPlus™ CS19 is an optimized column designed for the separation of common cations, small polar amines and moderately hydrophobic and polyvalent cations using simple aqueous eluents and elevated temperatures. They provide excellent separation of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, alkylamines, alkanolamines and biogenic amines.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/HPLC_kolona_Watrex_Ion_Plus_CS_19_738c29ff57/HPLC-kolona-Watrex-IonPlus-CS19.png" alt="Watrex: Separation of anions in a Watrex IonPlus CS19 HPLC column"><h3><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/obchod/chromatography/hplc-columns/watrex-columns/ion-exchange/watrex-ionplus-as19-ic-column-250x46mm/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty">Watrex IonPlus™ AS19</a></h3><ul><li>Styrene-divinylbenzene, 55% cross-linking (12 μm particle i.d.).</li></ul>Watrex IonPlus™ AS19 is a column analyzing common inorganic anions including fluorides, chlorites, bromates, chlorides, nitrates, phosphates and sulphates in drinking, underground and waste water or other matrices.<h3><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/obchod/chromatography/hplc-columns/watrex-columns/ion-exchange/watrex-150x4mm-ic-anion-i-7um/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty">Watrex IC Anion I</a></h3><ul><li>Styrene-divinylbenzene (7 μm particle i.d.)</li></ul><h3>Ordering information:</h3><h5>PN/Component:</h5><ul><li>WCS19250046 Watrex IonPlus™ CS19 IC Column 250x4,6mm, 7 um (Price 1 169 € ex VAT)</li><li>WCS19150030 Watrex IonPlus™ CS19 IC Column 150x3mm, 7 um</li><li>WCS19150040 Watrex IonPlus™ CS19 IC Column 150x4mm, 7 um</li><li>WCS19250030 Watrex IonPlus™ CS19 IC Column 250x3mm, 7 um</li><li>WAS19250046 Watrex IonPlus™ AS19 IC Column 250x4,6mm, 7 um (Price 1 090 € ex VAT)</li><li>WAS19150030 Watrex IonPlus™ AS19 IC Column 150x3mm, 7 um</li><li>WAS19150040 Watrex IonPlus™ AS19 IC Column 150x4mm, 7 um</li><li>WAS19250030 Watrex IonPlus™ AS19 IC Column 250x3mm, 7 um</li><li>WAS1925046 Watrex IonPlus™ AS19 IC Column 250x4.6mm, 12 μm</li><li>WI021540 Watrex IC Anion I 150x4mm, 7 μm (Price 731 € ex VAT)</li><li>CAT12546 WATREX 125×4.6mm Universal Cat II, 7um (Price 584 € ex VAT)</li></ul>

Watrex DeltaGel GPC/SEC columns

Do you need a GPC column for SEC chromatography in organic solvents at an affordable price? Our Watrex Deltagel™ are just what you are looking for!

Watrex DeltaGel™ are special mixed-bed GPC columns for SEC chromatography in organic solvents.The columns are based on polystyrene and are intended especially for separation of synthetic polymers in organic solvents.We offer 4 variants of columns that differ in their separation range.Columns are available in various sizes for both analytical and preparative applications.<h3>Linear range:</h3><ul><li>DeltaGel Mixed-E (0 - 33 000 Da)</li><li>DeltaGel Mixed-D (1 000 - 200 000 Da)</li><li>DeltaGel Mixed-C (5 000 - 500 000 Da)</li><li>DeltaGel Mixed-B (20 000 - 7 000 000)</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_Delta_Gel_GPC_SEC_kolony_7dfd459a06/Watrex-DeltaGel-GPC-SEC-kolony.jpg" alt="Watrex: DeltaGel GPC SEC columns for the separation of synthetic polymers"><h3>Ordering information:</h3><h5>PN/Component:</h5><ul><li>DGB.25020 Watrex 250x20 mm DeltaGel™ Mixed-B, 5 um</li><li>DGC.25020 Watrex 250x20 mm DeltaGel™ Mixed-C, 5 um</li><li>DGD.25020 Watrex 250x20 mm DeltaGel™ Mixed-D, 5 um</li><li>DGE.25020 Watrex 250x20 mm DeltaGel™ Mixed-E, 5 um</li><li>DGB.3008 Watrex 300x8 mm DeltaGel™ Mixed-B, 5 um (Price 1 269 € ex VAT)</li><li>DGC.3008 Watrex 300x8 mm DeltaGel™ Mixed-C, 5 um (Price 1 269 € ex VAT)</li><li>DGD.3008 Watrex 300x8 mm DeltaGel™ Mixed-D, 5 um (Price 1 269 € ex VAT)</li><li>DGE.3008 Watrex 300x8 mm DeltaGel™ Mixed-E, 5 um (Price 1 269 € ex VAT)</li><li>DGB.25020G WATREX 30x20 mm DeltaGel™ Mixed-B, 5um, Guard Column</li><li>D2K4101927 Derivatizating agents AQC 5x3 mg</li><li>DGB.0508 WATREX 50×8mm DeltaGel 5 um, Guard column (Price 390 € ex VAT)</li></ul>

Products from category HPLC columns focused on LC columns from Watrex Prague - page 1

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Understanding PT performance assessment