<div><p><strong>Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) was introduced to overcome the limited peak capacity of one-dimensional LC (1D-LC), which often fails with highly complex mixtures. By coupling two separation dimensions with distinct retention mechanisms, 2D-LC enhances resolution, selectivity, and analytical depth.</strong></p><p>Its effectiveness stems from orthogonality—the deliberate use of complementary mechanisms, such as reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/techniques/hplc-hilic-chromatography"><strong>HILIC</strong></a>)—which maximizes peak capacity and enables the separation of compounds unresolved in 1D-LC.</p><p>2D-LC has become integral to diverse applications. In metabolomics and proteomics, it supports large-scale peptide, protein, and metabolite profiling. Pharmaceutical laboratories employ it for impurity profiling, stability studies, and regulatory testing, while environmental and food sciences use it to detect trace pollutants, pesticides, and other contaminants in complex matrices.</p><p>Recent advances, including integration with high-resolution mass spectrometry, automation, and AI-based data processing, have streamlined workflows and reduced labor intensity. Sustainability efforts, such as solvent recycling and miniaturization, further support its adoption. By combining precision, versatility, and scalability, 2D-LC represents a transformative platform for contemporary analytical science.</p></div><div><div><div><div><h3><strong>Principle and Working Mechanism of 2D-LC</strong></h3><p>Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) is based on the principle of orthogonality. This term refers to the degree of independence between two chromatographic separation mechanisms.</p><p>By selecting stationary and<strong> </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/resources/knowledge-center/hplc-knowledge-center/mobile-phase-in-chromatography"><strong>mobile phases</strong></a> that exploit different chemical properties such as polarity, hydrophobicity, ionic charge, or molecular size, 2D chromatography achieves superior resolving power. This orthogonality ensures that analytes co-eluting in the first dimension can be effectively separated in the second.</p><p>Peak capacity is one of the key performance metrics in 2D liquid chromatography. It approximates the product of the separation capacity of each dimension. For instance, a first dimension with a capacity of 100 and a second of 150 produces an estimated combined peak capacity of 15,000. This exponential gain enables comprehensive profiling of complex mixtures and enhances analytical confidence.</p><p>The workflow of 2D chromatography is systematic and highly automated. It begins with sample injection, after that, analytes are separated in the first column. Modulation or fractionation then transfers portions of this effluent to the second column, either in real-time or via fraction collection.</p><p>The second-dimension separation employs steep gradients and high-pressure systems to achieve rapid resolution. Finally, detection is carried out using UV-Vis, fluorescence, or mass spectrometry, providing both qualitative and quantitative insights.</p><p>Modern 2D-LC platforms incorporate advanced software and automation, which helps them to enable reproducibility, efficient data processing, and minimal operator intervention.</p></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><h3><strong>Modes of 2D-LC Operation</strong></h3></div></div></div></div><div><p>Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) can be performed in different modes. Each of these modes is designed to balance resolution, analysis time, and sample coverage. Two majorly used approaches are comprehensive 2D-LC (LC×LC) and heart-cutting 2D-LC (LC–LC). Comprehensive mode provides full sample coverage and the highest resolution; in contrast, heart-cutting mode offers a targeted and efficient approach for specific analytes.</p></div><div><div><div><div><h4><strong>Comprehensive 2D-LC (LC×LC)</strong></h4></div></div></div></div><div><p>In comprehensive 2D-LC, every fraction eluting from the first dimension undergoes further separation in the second dimension. This all-encompassing approach is ideal for untargeted studies, including metabolomics, proteomics, environmental monitoring, and materials science, where sample complexity is extreme.</p><p>LC×LC demands rapid second-dimension separations, generally executed on short sub-2 µm <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?category=48&amp;manufacturerItems=50">lc-columns</a> under ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/liquid-chromatography/formats-techniques/lc-formats-uhplc-columns"><strong>UHPLC</strong></a>) conditions. Its strength lies in delivering maximum peak capacity and ensuring no compound is mis-analyzed. However, this method generates large datasets, making advanced data handling, chemometric software, and visualization tools essential for interpretation.</p></div><div><div><div><div><h4><strong>Heart-cutting 2D-LC (LC–LC)</strong></h4></div></div></div></div><div><p>Heart-cutting 2D-LC is a selective mode in which only specific fractions from the first dimension are reanalyzed in the second. This targeted strategy reduces analysis time, conserves solvent, and focuses resolution where it is absolutely required. It is widely applied for impurity profiling, regulatory compliance testing, and focused metabolomics.</p><p>Innovations like multiple heart-cutting (mLC–LC) and selective comprehensive LC×LC (sLC×LC) combine precision with broader analytical coverage. It offers flexible workflows that can adapt to both discovery and routine quality control needs.</p></div><div><div><div><div><h3><strong>When and Why Use Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography</strong></h3><p>Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) is mainly chosen when traditional one-dimensional <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/resources/knowledge-center/hplc-knowledge-center/lc-an-indept-exploration"><strong>liquid chromatography</strong></a> (1D-LC) becomes inadequate to separate complicated mixtures. In most biological, pharmaceutical, and environmental samples, analytes tend to co-elute with similar physicochemical properties, which leads to difficult quantitation and identification.</p><p>The orthogonality of 2D-LC triumphantly overcomes these difficulties through high augmented peak capacity and resolution, providing an information depth that 1D-LC cannot possibly achieve. This strategy is especially useful in the study of intricate sample matrices. Plant extracts, biological fluids, foods, and environmental samples usually contain a vast number of compounds with comparable retention properties numbering in the thousands.</p><p>2D-LC enables the dissection of such chemical complexity to unmask minor constituents that might be biologically active or of environmental interest. It is now critical for untargeted metabolomics, lipidomics, environmental analysis, and natural product profiling, in which extensive coverage is preferred.</p><p>In regulated sectors like pharmaceuticals, two-dimensional chromatography is becoming commonly used to address stringent quality assurance and regulatory considerations. Where 1D-LC is unable to separate key impurities or degradation products, 2D-LC provides a robust platform for impurity profiling, stability testing, and lot-release assays. It reduces the effect of excipients and non-volatile buffer when using MS for impurity identification. The capacity to selectively target and define trace impurities delivers regulatory assurance and product safety.</p><p>Aside from resolution, 2D-LC provides greater sensitivity and quantitation. Simplifying matrix complexity reduces ion suppression in mass spectrometry processes, which enhances signal clarity and detection limits. This feature is essential for exploratory analysis, like finding new biomarkers or monitoring trace contaminants, where accuracy and reproducibility are of utmost importance.</p><p>With increasing analytical needs, 2D-LC is an ideal high-throughput, scalable, and future-proof solution for laboratories handling chemically complex and troublesome samples.</p></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><h3><strong>Common Applications of 2D-LC</strong></h3></div></div></div></div><div><p>Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has evolved into a versatile analytical tool capable of resolving chemically complex samples that challenge conventional methods. By offering dramatically increased peak capacity and orthogonal selectivity, 2D-LC supports diverse industries ranging from pharmaceuticals to materials science. Below are some of its most impactful applications:</p></div><div><div><div><div><h4><strong>Biopharmaceuticals: mAbs, ADCs, and peptides</strong></h4></div></div></div></div><div><p>Biopharmaceutical development relies on 2D-LC to characterize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and therapeutic peptides. It provides high-resolution profiling of charge heterogeneity, glycosylation, and other post-translational modifications, streamlining development and regulatory submissions.</p></div><div><div><div><div><h4><strong>Proteomics and metabolomics</strong></h4></div></div></div></div><div><p>In proteomics, LC×LC enables deep peptide coverage post-digestion, advancing biomarker discovery. In metabolomics, it resolves thousands of metabolites in biological fluids, especially when integrated with high-resolution mass spectrometry.</p></div><div><div><div><div><h4><strong>Natural products and herbal extracts</strong></h4></div></div></div></div><div><p>2D-LC efficiently separates structurally similar phytochemicals, revealing trace bioactives crucial for drug discovery and nutraceuticals.</p></div><div><div><div><div><h4><strong>Food and beverage testing</strong></h4></div></div></div></div><div><p>2D-LC identifies flavor compounds, pesticides, mycotoxins, and additives, supporting quality control and safety standards in food sectors.</p></div><div><div><div><div><h4><strong>Petrochemical and environmental analysis</strong></h4></div></div></div></div><div><p>From petroleum fractions to persistent organic pollutants, LC×LC offers detailed compositional profiling for compliance and environmental protection.</p></div><div><div><div><div><h4><strong>Polymer characterization</strong></h4></div></div></div></div><div><p>2D-LC is used to examine polymer branching, blends, and molecular weight distributions.</p></div><div><div><div><div><h3><strong>Future Trends and Innovations in 2D-LC</strong></h3></div></div></div></div><div><p>Advancements in technology are rapidly transforming two-dimensional liquid chromatography into a more accessible, routine technique:</p><ul><li><strong>Miniaturization:</strong> Micro- and nano-LC systems reduce sample requirements and environmental impact while improving sensitivity and speed.</li><li><strong>Automated modulation:</strong> Innovations like active solvent modulation (ASM) and transfer modulation resolve solvent compatibility issues between dimensions, improving method robustness.</li><li><strong>Integration with mass spectrometry:</strong> LC×LC–MS is increasingly used in omics and pharmaceutical research for comprehensive structural elucidation.</li><li><strong>AI-driven data analysis:</strong> Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms simplify data interpretation and reduce analysis times.</li><li><strong>Green analytical chemistry:</strong> Solvent recycling and energy-efficient workflows are making 2D-LC more sustainable, aligning with global eco-conscious initiatives.</li><li><strong>3D chromatography:</strong> Research into three-dimensional chromatography hints at future developments, where even higher resolving power may become available.</li><li><strong>User-friendly software development:</strong> Efforts are underway to create more intuitive and compliant software solutions, making 2D-LC suitable for GMP laboratory environments.</li></ul></div>

2D-LC (Two-dimensional Liquid Chromatography): What, When and Why to Use it

<div><div><p><strong>For four days, Prague hosted experts in cellular metabolism, aging, and cancer. Researchers gathered at the Prague Metabolism and Signaling Symposium, organized by IOCB Boston, the U.S. branch of IOCB Prague. The symposium took place from June 24 to 27 at the National Library of Technology.</strong></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_3_b5de30c3fe.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague: Prague Metabolism and Signaling Symposium brought together leading researchers in metabolism" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_3_b5de30c3fe.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="2000" height="1335"></p></div></div><div><p>More than 30 speakers presented at the symposium, and nearly 200 researchers from leading European and American institutions – including <strong>MIT, Harvard, Stanford, Rockefeller University, the University of Basel, the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and the Francis Crick Institute</strong> – discussed the latest discoveries in cellular metabolism.&nbsp;</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_6_1e1e9ce397.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague: Prague Metabolism and Signaling Symposium brought together leading researchers in metabolism" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_6_1e1e9ce397.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="2000" height="1335"></p><p>The first keynote lecture was delivered by <strong>Swiss scientist Michael N. Hall from the Biozentrum at the University of Basel</strong>. He is a pioneer in cell growth research and discovered the TOR protein, which plays a key role in cell growth regulation. The second keynote lecture was presented by <strong>British biologist Karen Vousden from the Francis Crick Institute in London</strong>, who focuses on how metabolic changes influence the behavior of cancer cells.&nbsp;</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_2_dc03a0a75c.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague: Prague Metabolism and Signaling Symposium brought together leading researchers in metabolism" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_2_dc03a0a75c.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="2000" height="1331"></p><p>The symposium was chaired by <strong>David Sabatini of IOCB Prague and IOCB Boston</strong>, whose work has significantly contributed to the understanding of the mTOR signaling pathway, and <strong>Kateřina Rohlenová of the Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences</strong>, who investigates the metabolic relationships between cancer cells and healthy cells.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_8_148909a45d.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague: Prague Metabolism and Signaling Symposium brought together leading researchers in metabolism" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_8_148909a45d.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="2000" height="1331"></p><blockquote><p>More information about the program and speakers is available on the symposium <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://praguemetabolismsymposium.com/"><strong>website</strong></a>.</p></blockquote><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_5_18fa8680f9.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague: Prague Metabolism and Signaling Symposium brought together leading researchers in metabolism" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_5_18fa8680f9.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="2000" height="1331"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_7_40ea24f626.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague: Prague Metabolism and Signaling Symposium brought together leading researchers in metabolism" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_7_40ea24f626.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="2000" height="1331"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_2a489e8665.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague: Prague Metabolism and Signaling Symposium brought together leading researchers in metabolism" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_2a489e8665.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="2000" height="1331"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_4_759ee05820.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague: Prague Metabolism and Signaling Symposium brought together leading researchers in metabolism" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_UOCHB_Prague_Metabolism_and_Signaling_Symposium_privitalo_svetovou_spicku_vyzkumu_metabolismu_4_759ee05820.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="2000" height="1331"></p></div>

Prague Metabolism and Signaling Symposium brought together leading researchers in metabolism

<p><strong>Join us for an in-depth conversation with Holly Lee, Global Technical Marketing Specialist at SCIEX, as we explore the cutting edge of food and environmental safety testing. Holly shares her expertise on analyzing ultra-short chain PFAS like TFA, masked mycotoxins, pesticide residues, and the latest LC-MS/MS workflows transforming laboratory efficiency.</strong></p><p><strong>🎤 Holly Lee </strong>is a Global Technical Marketing Specialist for Food Applications at <strong>SCIEX</strong> with a PhD from the University of Toronto studying PFAS environmental processes. She has hands-on experience in analytical method development, LC-MS/MS analysis, and worked at the Ontario Ministry of the Environment before joining SCIEX.</p><h4><strong>In this episode of Concentrating on Chromatography, we discuss:</strong></h4><h5><strong>PFAS Analysis &amp; Challenges</strong></h5><ul><li>Why ultra-short chain PFAS compounds like trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) are among the toughest analytes to detect</li><li>Background contamination issues and how labs can minimize them</li><li>Column selection strategies and method development for comprehensive PFAS panels</li><li>Combining different stationary phase chemistries to broaden selectivity</li></ul><h5><strong>Mycotoxin Detection</strong></h5><ul><li>What are masked mycotoxins and why they evade conventional detection</li><li>Climate-driven changes in mycotoxin co-occurrence patterns</li><li>Achieving ultra-trace sensitivity for regulated limits in food matrices</li><li>EU regulations vs. global standards for mycotoxin testing</li></ul><h5><strong>Food Residue Testing Innovations</strong></h5><ul><li>Multi-residue pesticide methods covering 100+ compounds</li><li>Overcoming challenges with complex food matrices like tea, juice, and extracts</li><li>Veterinary drug residue analysis and validation strategies</li><li>The role of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in resolving matrix interferences</li></ul><h5><strong>Laboratory Workflow Optimization</strong></h5><ul><li>Sample preparation strategies: when to use direct injection vs. SPE cleanup</li><li>Automation, AI, and machine learning for peak integration and data processing</li><li>Green chemistry practices and sustainability in food testing</li><li>Getting the most from your LC-MS/MS software features</li></ul><h5><strong>Holly's Background &amp; Insights</strong></h5><ul><li>Journey from studying PFAS fate at University of Toronto to food safety applications</li><li>Experience spanning Ontario Ministry of Environment, SCIEX R&amp;D, and global technical marketing</li><li>Emerging contaminants on the horizon, including microplastics analysis with LC-MS/MS</li><li>Partnership between SCIEX and Phenomenex for advancing chromatography solutions</li></ul><h5><strong>Resources Mentioned:</strong></h5><ul><li>NIST PFAS Interference List (PIL) database</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1530"><strong>Phenomenex Luna Omega PSC18 column</strong></a> for ultra-short chain PFAS</li><li>SCIEX 7500 and 7600 ZenoTOF systems</li><li>Science of the Total Environment journal article on microplastics</li></ul><p>Whether you're a food safety analyst, environmental chemist, or chromatography enthusiast, this conversation offers practical insights into method development, troubleshooting, and the future of analytical testing.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast</strong></h4><p>Dive into the frontiers of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation with host David Oliva. Each episode features candid conversations with leading researchers, industry innovators, and passionate scientists who are shaping the future of analytical chemistry. From decoding PFAS detection challenges to exploring the latest in AI-assisted liquid chromatography, this show uncovers practical workflows, sustainability breakthroughs, and the real-world impact of separation science. Whether you’re a chromatographer, lab professional, or researcher you'll discover inspiring content!</p><p>You can find <strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast </strong>in podcast apps:</p><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/1wZg67rCjoGju4yhqxI3tL"><strong>Spotify</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/tz/podcast/concentrating-on-chromatography/id1788429185"><strong>Apple podcast</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podscan.fm/podcasts/concentrating-on-chromatography"><strong>podscan</strong></a></li></ul><p>and on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@ChromatographyTalk/videos"><strong>YouTube channel</strong></a></p></blockquote>

PFAS, Mycotoxins & Food Safety Testing with SCIEX's Holly Lee

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The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IOCB Prague) is a leading scientific institution in the Czech Republic, recognized internationally. Its primary mission is basic research in the fields of chemical biology and medicinal chemistry, organic and material oriented chemistry, chemistry of natural compounds, biochemistry and molecular biology, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, and analytical chemistry. 

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences

Phenomenex is a global technology leader committed to developing novel analytical chemistry solutions that solve the separation and purification challenges of researchers in industrial, government and academic laboratories.

Phenomenex

Organomation, founded in 1959, designs and manufactures high-quality nitrogen evaporators and extraction systems. Known for innovation and durability, their lab instruments are used globally for efficient sample preparation with strong customer support.

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KNAUER AZURA MWD 2.1L Multiwavelength Detector

KNAUER AZURA® MWD 2.1L is an 8-channel UV/VIS detector with 190–700 nm coverage, LightGuide technology, high sensitivity, and upgradeability to a DAD system.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA® MWD 2.1L is a sensitive 8-channel UV/VIS multiwavelength detector designed for analytical, semi-preparative, and preparative liquid chromatography. Combining excellent performance, user-friendly operation, and affordability, it provides a versatile solution for routine and advanced LC applications.</strong></p><p>The detector features a newly developed optical unit and intelligent temperature management to ensure maximum sensitivity with minimal baseline drift. Optional LightGuide flow cells based on total internal reflection technology maximize light throughput and minimize peak dispersion, resulting in an optimized signal-to-noise ratio. An optional fiber-optic adapter allows physical separation of the flow cell from the detector, increasing safety when handling hazardous, explosive, or toxic materials.</p><p>The <strong>AZURA® MWD 2.1L</strong> can also be upgraded to a full <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2423"><strong>AZURA® DAD 2.1L diode array detector</strong></a>, protecting future investments and enabling greater analytical flexibility.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li>Sensitive <strong>8-channel UV/VIS multiwavelength detector</strong></li><li>Wavelength range<strong> from 190 to 700 nm</strong></li><li>Simultaneous monitoring of <strong>up to 8 digital channels</strong></li><li>LightGuide flow cell technology for improved sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio</li><li>Intelligent temperature management for minimal baseline drift</li><li>Wide selection of analytical, semi-preparative, and preparative flow cells</li><li>Optional fiber-optic adapter for remote flow cell positioning</li><li>Internal holmium filter for wavelength verification</li><li>Integrated leak sensor</li><li>Front-access lamp replacement</li><li>Upgradeable to the AZURA® DAD 2.1L diode array detector</li><li>Compatible with <strong>ClarityChrom®, OpenLAB®, Chromeleon™, PurityChrom®</strong>, and <strong>Mobile Control</strong></li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></h3><h4><strong>Detection System</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Detector type: </strong>Multiwavelength Detector (MWD)</li><li><strong>Digital channels: </strong>8</li><li><strong>Analog channels:</strong> 4</li><li><strong>Light source: </strong>Deuterium lamp with integrated GLP chip</li><li><strong>Wavelength range: </strong>190–700 nm</li><li><strong>Spectral resolution: </strong>&lt;10 nm (FWHM)</li><li><strong>Slit width: </strong>7.0 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength accuracy: </strong>±1 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength repeatability: </strong>±0.1 nm</li></ul><h4><strong>Performance</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Noise:</strong> ±5 µAU at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Drift:</strong> 400 µAU/h at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Linearity:</strong> &gt;2.0 AU at 274 nm</li><li><strong>Maximum data rate:</strong><ul><li>100 Hz via LAN</li><li>12.5 Hz via analog output</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Flow Cells</strong></h4><ul><li>Flow cells sold separately</li><li>Stainless-steel and bio-inert configurations available</li><li>Optional LightGuide total-reflection technology</li></ul><h4><strong>Control and Communication</strong></h4><ul><li>LAN (RJ-45)</li><li>USB service interface</li><li>Analog inputs and outputs</li><li>Mobile Control stand-alone operation</li><li>Full software integration with chromatography data systems</li></ul><h4><strong>GLP Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Lamp identification</li><li>Lamp operating hours</li><li>Lamp ignition count</li><li>Comprehensive GLP reporting</li></ul><h4><strong>Power and Dimensions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Power supply:</strong> 100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li><strong>Power consumption: </strong>75 W</li><li><strong>Dimensions (W × H × D):</strong> 361 × 158 × 523 mm</li><li><strong>Weight:</strong> 12.2 kg</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA VWD 2.1L Variable Wavelength Detector

Flexible UV/VIS detector with up to four wavelengths, conductivity, temperature, and optional pH monitoring. Ideal for HPLC, FPLC, and purification applications.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA® VWD 2.1L is a versatile variable wavelength detector designed for analytical HPLC, FPLC, and purification applications. Combining UV/VIS detection with optional conductivity, temperature, and pH monitoring, it provides exceptional flexibility for a wide range of chromatographic workflows.</strong></p><p>The detector supports simultaneous monitoring of up to four UV/VIS wavelengths across a broad spectral range from 190 to 900 nm. When equipped with KNAUER’s patented <strong>CombiLight flow cell</strong>, it can simultaneously measure UV absorbance, conductivity, and eluent temperature. An optional pH electrode further extends functionality by enabling real-time pH monitoring during chromatographic separations.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li>Variable wavelength UV/VIS detector <strong>for analytical HPLC and FPLC</strong></li><li>Simultaneous monitoring of <strong>up to 4 UV/VIS wavelengths</strong></li><li>Broad wavelength range from <strong>190 to 900 nm</strong></li><li>Optional conductivity monitoring up to <strong>1000 mS/cm</strong></li><li>Integrated temperature monitoring</li><li>Optional real-time pH measurement</li><li>Compatible with patented KNAUER CombiLight flow cell technology</li><li>Convertible between flow-cell and fiber-optic configurations</li><li>Internal holmium oxide filter for wavelength verification</li><li>Adjustable leak sensor for enhanced operational safety</li><li>Front-access lamp and flow-cell replacement</li><li>Comprehensive GLP functionality with component recognition</li><li>Suitable for analytical, preparative, and purification workflows</li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></h3><h4><strong>Detection System</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Detection channels:</strong><ul><li>4 × UV/VIS</li><li>1 × Conductivity</li><li>1 × Temperature</li><li>1 × pH</li></ul></li><li><strong>Wavelength range:</strong> 190–900 nm</li><li><strong>Light source:</strong><ul><li>High-brightness deuterium lamp</li><li>Halogen lamp</li><li>Integrated GLP chip</li></ul></li><li><strong>Flow cell:</strong> Not included</li><li><strong>Optional display:</strong> Mobile Control</li></ul><h4><strong>UV/VIS Performance</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Spectral bandwidth:</strong> 6 nm (FWHM)</li><li><strong>Wavelength accuracy: </strong>±1.5 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength precision:</strong> 0.4 nm</li><li><strong>Baseline noise: </strong>±7.5 µAU at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Baseline drift:</strong> 200 µAU/h at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Linearity: </strong>&gt;2.5 AU at 274 nm</li><li><strong>Maximum data rate:</strong><ul><li>100 Hz (single UV channel)</li><li>5 Hz (four UV channels)</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Conductivity Monitoring</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Measurement range: </strong>0.1–1000 mS/cm</li><li><strong>Accuracy:</strong> ±2% or ±0.5 mS/cm (whichever is greater)</li></ul><h4><strong>pH Monitoring</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Measurement range: </strong>pH 0–14</li><li><strong>Accuracy: </strong>±0.1 pH (between pH 2–12)</li></ul><h4><strong>Temperature Monitoring</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Measurement range</strong>: 1–99 °C</li><li><strong>Accuracy</strong>: ±1.5 °C (4–40 °C)</li></ul><h4><strong>System Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Internal holmium oxide filter for wavelength verification</li><li>Adjustable leak sensor</li><li>Automatic integration time</li><li>User-selectable time constants:</li></ul><h4><strong>GLP Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Lamp recognition</li><li>Operating hours tracking</li><li>Light source lifetime monitoring</li><li>Flow-cell recognition</li><li>Detailed GLP reporting</li></ul><h4><strong>Maintenance</strong></h4><ul><li>Front-accessible deuterium lamp</li><li>Front-accessible halogen lamp</li><li>Front-accessible flow cell</li><li>Simplified service procedures</li></ul><h3><strong>Applications</strong></h3><ul><li>Analytical HPLC</li><li>FPLC systems</li><li>Protein purification</li><li>Biopharmaceutical analysis</li><li>Process chromatography</li><li>Preparative chromatography</li><li>Method development</li><li>Quality control laboratories</li><li>UV/VIS monitoring of purification processes</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA UVD 2.1L UV/VIS Detector

Compact and affordable UV/VIS detector for routine HPLC and fast LC applications, featuring 190–750 nm wavelength range and flexible flow-cell options.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA® UVD 2.1L is a cost-effective UV/VIS detector designed for routine HPLC applications, including fast liquid chromatography methods. Combining reliable performance, compact dimensions, and flexible flow-cell options, it provides an ideal solution for analytical and preparative chromatography laboratories seeking dependable UV detection at an attractive price point.</strong></p><p>The detector utilizes a deuterium lamp covering the wavelength range <strong>from 190 to 750 nm</strong> and offers excellent sensitivity and stability for everyday chromatographic analysis. Its smart mechanical design allows quick and easy access to the flow cell, minimizing maintenance time and maximizing instrument uptime.</p><p>A wide range of interchangeable flow cells is available, including stainless-steel and bio-inert versions suitable for analytical, semi-preparative, and preparative LC applications with <strong>flow rates ranging from 10 μL/min up to 10 L/min</strong>. The detector integrates seamlessly into virtually any LC system through LAN communication, analog I/O, and compatibility with leading chromatography software packages.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Cost-effective UV/VIS detector </strong>for routine HPLC applications</li><li>Suitable for fast LC methods</li><li>Wavelength range <strong>from 190 to 750 nm</strong></li><li>Single-channel variable wavelength detection</li><li><strong>Deuterium lamp </strong>with integrated GLP chip</li><li>Compact and robust instrument design</li><li>Easily accessible flow cell for rapid replacement</li><li>Wide selection of interchangeable flow cells</li><li>Compatible with analytical and preparative LC applications</li><li><strong>Flow rates from 10 μL/min up to 10 L/min</strong></li><li>Integrated leak sensor</li><li>Automatic integration time adjustment</li><li>LAN and analog communication interfaces</li><li>Comprehensive GLP functionality</li><li><strong>Compatible with ClarityChrom®, OpenLAB®, Chromeleon™, ChromGate®, PurityChrom®</strong>, and <strong>Mobile Control</strong></li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></h3><h4><strong>Detection System</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Detection channels:</strong> 1</li><li><strong>Light source: </strong>Deuterium (D₂) lamp with integrated GLP chip</li><li><strong>Wavelength range:</strong> 190–750 nm</li><li><strong>Spectral bandwidth: </strong>11 nm (FWHM)</li><li><strong>Wavelength accuracy:</strong> ±2.5 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength precision:</strong> 0.3 nm</li></ul><h4><strong>Performance</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Noise:</strong> ±15 µAU at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Drift: </strong>300 µAU/h at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Linearity:</strong> &gt;2.0 AU at 274 nm</li><li><strong>Maximum data rate:</strong><ul><li>50 Hz via LAN</li><li>20 Hz via analog output</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Flow Cells</strong></h4><ul><li>Flow cells sold separately</li><li>Stainless-steel and bio-inert options available</li><li>Suitable for analytical and preparative chromatography</li><li>Flow rates from 10 μL/min to 10 L/min</li></ul><h4><strong>Communication and Control</strong></h4><ul><li>LAN communication</li><li>Analog input/output</li><li>Mobile Control software</li><li>Event control</li><li>Terminal protocol</li></ul><h4><strong>Inputs</strong></h4><ul><li>Error (IN)</li><li>Start (IN)</li><li>Autozero</li><li>0–10 V Analog (IN)</li></ul><h4><strong>Outputs</strong></h4><ul><li>Events 1–3</li><li>+5 V</li><li>24 V Valve</li></ul><h4><strong>Analog Output</strong></h4><ul><li>1 × 0–5 V scalable</li><li>20-bit resolution</li><li>Adjustable offset</li></ul><h4><strong>Programming Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Timed wavelength programming</li><li>Event programming</li><li>Fraction valve control</li><li>Wake-up functions</li><li>Up to 9 programs</li><li>Up to 50 program lines</li></ul><h4><strong>GLP Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Lamp recognition</li><li>Operating hours tracking</li><li>Lamp operating hours</li><li>Lamp ignition counter</li><li>Detailed GLP reports</li></ul><h4><strong>Safety and Maintenance</strong></h4><ul><li>Integrated leak sensor</li><li>Easy-access flow cell compartment</li><li>Front-access maintenance</li><li>Minimal downtime for service operations</li></ul><h4><strong>Environmental Conditions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Operating temperature:</strong> 4–40 °C</li><li><strong>Humidity:</strong> &lt;90% non-condensing</li></ul><h4><strong>Power and Dimensions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Power supply: </strong>100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li><strong>Power consumption: </strong>65 W</li><li><strong>Dimensions (W × H × D):</strong> 361 × 158 × 523 mm</li><li><strong>Weight: </strong>5.9 kg</li></ul><h3><strong>Applications</strong></h3><ul><li>Routine HPLC analysis</li><li>Fast LC methods</li><li>Pharmaceutical quality control</li><li>Food and beverage analysis</li><li>Environmental testing</li><li>Chemical analysis</li><li>Preparative liquid chromatography</li><li>Academic and research laboratories</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA UVD 2.1S UV Detector

Compact single-wavelength UV detector for routine HPLC applications with 190–500 nm range, flexible flow-cell options, and seamless software integration.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA® UVD 2.1S is a compact, cost-effective single-wavelength UV detector designed for routine HPLC applications. Despite its small footprint, it delivers reliable performance and excellent technical specifications, making it one of the most compact HPLC UV detectors available on the market.</strong></p><p>Equipped with a deuterium lamp covering the <strong>wavelength range from 190 to 500 nm</strong>, the detector is suitable for a broad range of analytical chromatography applications. Its intelligent design provides quick access to the flow cell, enabling fast replacement and simplified maintenance. A wide selection of interchangeable flow cells is available, including bio-inert and stainless-steel versions for analytical and preparative LC applications with <strong>flow rates ranging from 10 μL/min up to 10 L/min</strong>.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li>Compact single-wavelength UV detector for HPLC</li><li>One of the smallest HPLC UV detectors available</li><li>Wavelength range <strong>from 190 to 500 nm</strong></li><li>Deuterium lamp with integrated GLP chip</li><li>Suitable for routine analytical applications</li><li>Compact AZURA® housing design</li><li>Easily accessible flow cell for rapid replacement</li><li>Wide range of interchangeable flow cells available</li><li>Compatible with analytical and preparative LC applications</li><li><strong>Flow rates from 10 μL/min up to 10 L/min</strong></li><li>Stand-alone operation via front panel</li><li><strong>LAN, RS-232</strong>, and analog communication interfaces</li><li>Compatible with major chromatography data systems</li><li>Available as a module for <strong>AZURA® ASM 2.2L</strong></li><li>Low maintenance requirements</li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></h3><h4><strong>Detection System</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Detection channels: </strong>1</li><li><strong>Light source:</strong> Deuterium (D₂) lamp with integrated GLP chip</li><li><strong>Wavelength range:</strong> 190–500 nm</li><li><strong>Spectral bandwidth: </strong>13 nm (FWHM)</li><li><strong>Wavelength accuracy: </strong>±3 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength precision: </strong>0.7 nm</li></ul><h4><strong>Performance</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Noise:</strong> ±20 µAU at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Drift:</strong> 300 µAU/h at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Linearity:</strong> &gt;2.0 AU at 274 nm</li><li><strong>Maximum data rate:</strong><ul><li>50 Hz via LAN</li><li>20 Hz via analog output</li><li>10 Hz via RS-232</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Flow Cells</strong></h4><ul><li>Flow cells sold separately</li><li>Bio-inert and stainless-steel options available</li><li>Suitable for analytical and preparative chromatography</li><li>Flow rates from 10 μL/min to 10 L/min</li></ul><h4><strong>Communication and Control</strong></h4><ul><li>Front panel operation</li><li>Mobile Control software</li><li>Software control</li><li>Event control</li><li>Analog control</li><li>Terminal protocol</li></ul><h4><strong>Interfaces</strong></h4><ul><li>LAN (RJ-45)</li><li>RS-232 (SUB-D 9)</li><li>Multi-pin connector</li><li>Analog interface (RCA connector)</li></ul><h4><strong>Inputs</strong></h4><ul><li>Autozero</li><li>Start (IN)</li><li>Error (IN/OUT)</li><li>0–10 V Analog Input</li></ul><h4><strong>Outputs</strong></h4><ul><li>Error (OUT/IN)</li></ul><h4><strong>Analog Signals</strong></h4><ul><li>Analog wavelength input: 0–10 V</li><li>Analog output: 1 × ±2.5 V scalable</li><li>Resolution: 20-bit</li></ul><h4><strong>GLP Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Lamp operating hours monitoring</li></ul><h4><strong>Display</strong></h4><ul><li>LED display</li></ul><h4><strong>Environmental Conditions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Operating temperature:</strong> 4–40 °C</li><li><strong>Humidity</strong>: &lt;90% non-condensing</li></ul><h4><strong>Power and Dimensions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Power supply:</strong><ul><li>Input: 100–240 V</li><li>Output: 24 V DC</li></ul></li><li><strong>Power consumption: </strong>60 W</li><li><strong>Dimensions (W × H × D):</strong> 121 × 129 × 187 mm</li><li><strong>Weight: </strong>1.5 kg</li></ul><h3><strong>Applications</strong></h3><ul><li>Routine HPLC analysis</li><li>Quality control laboratories</li><li>Pharmaceutical analysis</li><li>Food and beverage testing</li><li>Environmental analysis</li><li>Academic research</li><li>Preparative liquid chromatography</li><li>Compact and space-limited laboratory environments</li></ul>

Products from category UV-Vis HPLC detectors focused on HPLC from KNAUER - page 1

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