EU Regulation 396/2005: Pesticide Residue Testing and the Critical Role of QuEChERS Evaporation in Food Safety

<div><div>Researchers led by <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://kudova.group.uochb.cz/en">Eva Kudová</a> from IOCB Prague and Jitka Viktorová from UCT Prague have identified new androstane-based steroid derivatives that can significantly improve the effectiveness of existing antibiotics against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.</div></div><div>The team screened dozens of natural steroidal hormones and synthetic derivatives to see whether they could block bacterial efflux pumps – mechanisms that bacteria use to eject antibiotics and survive treatment. Two compounds emerged as particularly promising: they inhibited efflux pumps and lowered the effective doses of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and erythromycin.Further analysis showed that one of the compounds also suppressed genes linked to bacterial virulence. Another key finding is that the most active molecules are non-toxic to human immune cells and showed no detectable endocrine activity, suggesting a favorable safety profile.These findings support the idea that rationally designed steroid-based molecules could act as antibiotic adjuvants, helping existing drugs overcome bacterial resistance.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/IOCB_Prague_Steroidal_hormones_and_neurosteroids_novel_therapeutic_strategies_in_bacterial_infections_8e5d2a7b48.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague: Steroidal hormones and neurosteroids – novel therapeutic strategies in bacterial infections" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_IOCB_Prague_Steroidal_hormones_and_neurosteroids_novel_therapeutic_strategies_in_bacterial_infections_8e5d2a7b48.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="1258" height="886"><blockquote><h4>Original Article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0223523426001613?via%3Dihub">Steroidal hormones and neurosteroids - novel therapeutic strategies in bacterial infections: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation</a></h4>Daniela Brdová, Bára Křížkovská, Jan Špaček, Zdeněk Míchal, Eva Jablonská, Ondřej Strnad, Hana Chodounská, Eszter Szánti-Pintér, Marina Morozovová, Václav Hanžl, Jan Tkadlec, Martijn Riool, Jan Lipov, Jitka Viktorová, Eva Kudová&nbsp;Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2026, 308, 118716<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2026.118716">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2026.118716</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote><h4>Abstract</h4>The global rise of antibiotic resistance necessitates novel therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases. Inhibition of bacterial efflux pumps, which contribute to multidrug resistance, represents a promising approach to restore or even increase the efficacy of existing antibiotics. Using fluorescence-based ethidium bromide accumulation, broth microdilution, and checkerboard assays, we evaluated 26 endogenous steroidal hormones and neurosteroids, along with 30 synthetic derivatives, for their ability to enhance antibiotic susceptibility in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Structure-activity relationship analysis identified compounds 13 and 16 as lead candidates, exhibiting strong efflux pump inhibition and marked reductions in the minimum inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. Both compounds showed additive effects in checkerboard assays. Modifications at C-3 (polar substitution) and C-17 (3α,5β-stereochemistry and nonpolar substitution) were essential for potent efflux inhibition and sensitization, although these modifications were not additive when combined. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that compound 13 significantly downregulated S. aureus virulence-associated genes when administered alone or in combination with antibiotics. Cytotoxicity assessment in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and receptor transactivation assays for estrogen, androgen, and progesterone receptors indicated that the most active derivatives were non-toxic and lacked detectable endocrine activity, suggesting a favorable safety profile. Overall, these findings support the concept that rationally designed andostane-based steroidal scaffolds can function as competitive bacterial efflux pump inhibitors and serve as potential antibiotic adjuvants to mitigate efflux-mediated resistance.<h4>Instrumentation</h4><h5>Structural characterization</h5><ul><li>AVANCE III 400 MHz NMR spectrometer (Bruker)</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=3&amp;search=LTQ+Orbitrap+XL">LTQ Orbitrap XL HRMS</a> (Thermo Fisher Scientific, ESI)</li></ul></div>

Steroidal hormones and neurosteroids – novel therapeutic strategies in bacterial infections

Metformin is currently the first-line oral drug of choice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It reduces glucose production in the liver, improves tissue sensitivity to insulin, and does not cause weight gain or hypoglycemia, which sets it apart from some other antidiabetic drugs. Moreover, its long-term beneficial effects on the risk of cardiovascular complications and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes have been well established. Researchers from the Institute of Physiology CAS (IPHYS) have identified a new group of blood metabolites that could help physicians objectively monitor whether patients with type 2 diabetes are taking their metformin as prescribed.<h4>New biomarkers for metformin use</h4>A team led by Tomáš Čajka from the Laboratory of Translational Metabolism at IPHYS analyzed plasma samples from 637 patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and 143 non-diabetic controls using advanced metabolomics and lipidomics. Among 614 detected metabolites, they identified five from the group of N-lactoyl-amino acids (e.g. N‑lactoyl-phenylalanine), which had previously been seen as unknown signals due to missing reference spectra in databases. The levels of these metabolites in the blood closely reflected the plasma concentrations of metformin. In patients with the highest metformin exposure, the concentrations of these metabolites were up to 7.2 times higher than in controls.<h4>A sensitive “fingerprint” of the drug’s effect</h4>N-Lactoyl-amino acids are formed in cells by combining lactate and amino acids, thus reflecting the metformin-induced changes in cellular energy metabolism. “Importantly, even though they occur in plasma only at nanomolar concentrations, they reliably distinguish patients who take metformin regularly from those who take it irregularly or not at all,” emphasizes T. Čajka.<h4>Metabolomics in practice and international collaboration</h4>The study also provides a detailed description of broader metabolic changes in type 2 diabetes, including increases in lactate, organic acids, and branched-chain amino acids, as well as extensive remodelling of the lipid profile. In addition to T. Čajka’s team, collaborators from the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine in Prague and the West Coast Metabolomics Center (University of California, Davis) also participated in the study.The results demonstrate that advanced metabolomics approaches developed at IPHYS within the CarDia project can find highly practical applications both in clinical studies and in personalized monitoring of treatment in patients with diabetes.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpt.70205">Untargeted Metabolomics Identifies N-Lactoyl-Amino Acids as Dose-Responsive Plasma Biomarkers of Metformin Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes</a></h4>Tomas Cajka, Jiri Hricko, Lucie Rudl Kulhava, Michaela Paucova, Michaela Novakova, Veronika Hola, Stanislava Rakusanova, Oliver Fiehn, Vojtech Skop, Ivana Lankova, Iva Miskova, Terezie Pelikanova, Martin HaluzikClin Pharmacol Ther, 119: 1057-1069<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70205">https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70205</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote><h4>Abstract</h4>Metformin is the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drug, yet adherence remains difficult to objectively assess. Using untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics, we analyzed plasma from 637 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with confirmed metformin use and 143 nondiabetic controls, annotating 614 metabolites. Patients were stratified by plasma metformin into sub-therapeutic, therapeutic, and supra-therapeutic groups, and associations were evaluated by multiple linear regression and composite metabolite ranking. Five previously unannotated features were structurally identified as N-lactoyl-amino acids, whose levels correlated strongly with plasma metformin (ρ = 0.42–0.55, P &lt; 0.0001) and increased up to 7.2-fold in the supra-therapeutic group (&gt; 2000 ng/mL). While N-lactoyl-amino acids were consistently detected in the nanomolar range, they still displayed robust and dose-dependent associations with metformin. Broader metabolic changes in T2D included elevated lactate, organic acids, and branched-chain amino acids, together with reduced urea cycle metabolites. Lipidomics showed increases in saturated triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols and decreases in cholesteryl esters, sphingomyelins, and phospholipids. These findings establish N-lactoyl-amino acids as robust, dose-responsive plasma biomarkers of metformin exposure. Despite being up to four orders of magnitude less abundant than their amino acid precursors, they sensitively reflect mitochondrial lactate overflow and pharmacodynamic adaptation, offering objective assessment of adherence.

New blood biomarkers reveal how faithfully diabetes patients take metformin

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The Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS) was established by Act No. 283/1992 Coll. as the Czech successor of the former Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. It is set up as a complex of 54 public research institutions.

Czech Academy of Sciences

The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IOCB Prague) is a leading scientific institution in the Czech Republic, recognized internationally. Its primary mission is basic research in the fields of chemical biology and medicinal chemistry, organic and material oriented chemistry, chemistry of natural compounds, biochemistry and molecular biology, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, and analytical chemistry. 

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences

Organomation, founded in 1959, designs and manufactures high-quality nitrogen evaporators and extraction systems. Known for innovation and durability, their lab instruments are used globally for efficient sample preparation with strong customer support.

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Waters/Wyatt ViscoStar HPLC viscometer

Waters ViscoStar is a highly sensitive, on-line differential viscometer used in conjunction with SEC-MALS-IV to determine the size and conformation of all types of biopolymers, synthetic polymers and even proteins and peptides.

<h4>Highly Sensitive</h4>A highly sensitive, on-line differential viscometer used in conjunction with SEC-MALS-IV to determine the size and conformation of all types of biopolymers, synthetic polymers and even proteins and peptides.<h4>Multiple Novel Technologies</h4>The ViscoStar incorporates multiple novel technologies to provide the highest sensitivity, stability and solvent compatibility of any available viscometer for GPC. Its ease-of-use and serviceability make it the perfect companion for Wyatt's DAWN™ light scattering and Optilab™ refractive index detectors.<h4>Another path to polymer and protein characterization: SEC-MALS-IV</h4>When coupled with size-exclusion chromatography and a concentration detector such as the Optilab™ , the ViscoStar derives the intrinsic viscosity (IV) of polymers. An inherently valuable physico-chemical property in itself, IV is best utilized together with molar mass information from multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS-IV) to derive the hydrodynamic radius, conformation, and branching ratio of a macromolecule in solution.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Visco_Star_pump_pulse_suppression_with_inset_e8c2fbfc18.jpg" alt="Waters ViscoStar: Patented pulse compensation technology in the ViscoStar eliminates pump fluctuations. At the hardware level, the bridge is impedance matched for dynamic balance, greatly reducing the effect of pump pulses. An additional layer of software filtering eliminates residual pump pulses." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Visco_Star_pump_pulse_suppression_with_inset_e8c2fbfc18.jpg 233w," sizes="100vw" width="348" height="233"><h5>Key benefits of the ViscoStar</h5><ul><li>High sensitivity, equivalent to 100 ng of 100 kDa polystyrene in THF at 1.0 mL/min injected onto a standard GPC column</li><li>High dynamic range of over 135,000:1. The full measurement range corresponds to over 13 mg/mL of 100 kDa polystyrene in THF</li><li>Extended solvent compatibility with all-316 stainless steel transducers</li><li>Temperature range from 4 °C to 70 °C for polymers or proteins that require a range of temperatures</li><li>Minimal band broadening thanks to fast pressure transducers</li><li>Pump pulse suppression to below 4 Pa (hardware alone) or 1 Pa (hardware + software) without loss of chromatographic resolution</li><li>Automated capillary bridge tuning with no moving parts, to guarantee a perfectly balanced bridge, every run</li><li>Enhanced thermal stability with drift of &lt;2.5 Pa/hour</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Visco_Star_cmc_plga_intrinsic_viscosity_graphs_be99c5d115.jpg" alt="Waters ViscoStar: The ViscoStar provides the highest available dynamic range and sensitivity in online viscometry. This graph shows the intrinsic viscosities of 1) poly(lactic co-glycolic acid), or PLGA, in THF and 2) carboxymethyl cellulose, or CMC, in aqueous mobile phase, both measured with a ViscoStar and Optilab, spanning a range from tens to thousands of mL/g. The same instruments readily measure intrinsic viscosity values in the low single digits with excellent signal-to-noise, even at very low concentrations." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Visco_Star_cmc_plga_intrinsic_viscosity_graphs_be99c5d115.jpg 236w," sizes="100vw" width="406" height="268"><h5>SEC-IV without MALS?</h5>Yes, as much as we love MALS for optimal polymer analysis, it's true that there are occasions when it just won't fit the bill.Universal calibration is a parallel technique to SEC-MALS for determining molecular weight, commonly used to characterize linear polymers. While universal calibration overcomes some of the problematic issues associated with column calibration by reference molecules, it does not account for non-ideal column behavior caused by chemical solute-column interactions or hyperbranching.Universal calibration is particularly-well suited to replace MALS for:<ul><li>Strongly fluorescent polymers, in particular those not adequately addressed by a DAWN™ with long-wavelength (785 nm) laser or a standard DAWN (685 nm) with fluorescence-blocking filters.</li><li>Weakly-scattering polymer/solvent systems with very low dn/dc values</li></ul>The Mark-Houwink-Sakurada relationship makes use of empirical relationships between intrinsic viscosity and molar mass, specific to each polymer and solvent, to estimate molar mass from SEC-IV measurements. Of course, the best way to determine MHS coefficients is to measure them using SEC-MALS-IV and ASTRA™!<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Visco_Star_v3_protein_rh_measurements_0951d3769a.jpg" alt="Waters ViscoStar: Three IgG proteins with similar MWs eluted at different elution volumes. To understand their different elution properties, online DLS is typically used to measure the hydrodynamic radius, R h , of a protein. However, online DLS did not provide reliable insights, in this case due to the relatively high experimental uncertainty of the DLS. The precise Rh values obtained with a MALS detector and the ViscoStar III, on the other hand, clearly revealed the causes. IgG B eluted later than IgG A due to its more compact structure; IgG C had a slight interaction with the SEC column." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Visco_Star_v3_protein_rh_measurements_0951d3769a.jpg 237w," sizes="100vw" width="401" height="264"><h4>Specifications</h4><h5>Measurement Capabilities – Differential Viscosity</h5><ul><li>Sensitivity: Detects as little as 0.1 µg of 100 kDa polystyrene in THF at 1 mL/min under typical GPC conditions.</li><li>Differential Pressure Performance:<ul><li>Noise: &lt; 0.05 Pa</li><li>Range: 6.9 kPa, with built-in overpressure protection</li><li>Drift: &lt; 2.5 Pa/hr</li><li>Linearity: Within 0.5% of full scale</li><li>Dynamic Range: 135,000:1</li></ul></li><li>Capillary Bridge Autobalance: Thermally regulated, leak-free mechanism ensures stable baseline and precision.</li><li>Sample Shear Rate: Up to 5000 Hz with water at 1 mL/min</li></ul><h5>Fluidics and Flow Compatibility</h5><ul><li>Maximum Flow Rate:<ul><li>Aqueous: 1.5 mL/min</li><li>THF: 3 mL/min</li></ul></li><li>Delay Volume Options: Configurable at 16.2, 10.8, or 5.4 mL; optional factory-installed upgrade to 32.4 mL (Note: actual column fluid volume is approx. half the listed value)</li><li>Maximum Inlet-to-Outlet Pressure: 690 kPa</li><li>Wetted Materials: 316 stainless steel, PTFE, zirconium silicate, Kalrez, Inconel, and 26-1 stainless steel – all selected for chemical resistance and long-term durability</li></ul><h5>Temperature Control</h5><ul><li>Operating Range: 4 °C to 70 °C</li><li>Stability: Maintains temperature within &lt; 0.005 °C for precise measurements</li><li>Ambient Conditions: 0 °C to 40 °C; relative humidity 20% to 70%</li></ul><h5>Electronics and Connectivity</h5><ul><li>Digital Output: 20-bit resolution at 10 Hz for high-fidelity data</li><li>Auxiliary I/O:<ul><li>Inputs: Autoinject contact closure, Alarm In, and 2 analog inputs (18-bit, ±10 V)</li><li>Outputs: Autoinject retransmit, Alarm Out, Recycle Out</li></ul></li><li>Communication Interface: Ethernet for seamless integration into lab networks and data systems</li></ul><h5>User Interface</h5><ul><li>Front Panel Display: 7” (178 mm) high-resolution capacitive touchscreen for monitoring signals, diagnostics, and adjusting settings with ease</li></ul><h5>Instrument Dimensions</h5><ul><li>Size: 58 cm (L) × 36 cm (W) × 18 cm (H)</li></ul><h4>Other Viscometers</h4><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1267">microViscoStar™ </a>- Similar to the ViscoStar but designed specifically for use with UHPLC/APC.</li></ul>

Waters/Wyatt microViscoStar viscometer

The Waters microViscoStar incorporates multiple novel technologies to provide the highest sensitivity, stability and solvent compatibility of any available viscometer for UHPLC. 

<h4>Highly Sensitive</h4>A highly sensitive, on-line differential viscometer used with SEC-MALS-IV to determine the size and conformation of polymers, proteins and peptides separated by UHPLC.<h4>Multiple Novel Technologies</h4>The microViscoStar™ incorporates multiple novel technologies to provide the highest sensitivity, stability and solvent compatibility of any available viscometer for UHPLC. Its ease-of-use and serviceability make it the perfect companion for Wyatt's microDAWN™ light scattering and microOptilab™ refractive index detectors for UHPLC.<h4>Another path to polymer and protein characterization: SEC-MALS-IV</h4>When coupled with size-exclusion chromatography and a concentration detector such as the Optilab™ , the microViscoStar derives the intrinsic viscosity (IV) of polymers. An inherently valuable physico-chemical property in itself, IV is best utilized together with molar mass information from multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS-IV) to derive the hydrodynamic radius, conformation, and branching ratio of a macromolecule in solution.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Visco_Star_pump_pulse_suppression_with_inset_e8c2fbfc18.jpg" alt="Waters microViscoStar: Patented pulse compensation technology in the microViscoStar eliminates pump fluctuations. At the hardware level, the bridge is impedance-matched for dynamic balance, greatly reducing the effect of pump pulses. An additional layer of software filtering eliminates residual pump pulses." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Visco_Star_pump_pulse_suppression_with_inset_e8c2fbfc18.jpg 233w," sizes="100vw" width="348" height="233"><h5>Key benefits of the ViscoStar</h5><ul><li>High sensitivity, equivalent to 5 ng of 100 kDa polystyrene in THF at 1.0 mL/min injected onto a standard GPC column</li><li>High dynamic range of over 135,000:1. The full measurement range corresponds to over 13 mg/mL of 100 kDa polystyrene in THF</li><li>Extended solvent compatibility with all-316 stainless steel transducers</li><li>Temperature range from 4 °C to 70 °C for polymers or proteins that require a range of temperatures</li><li>Minimal band broadening thanks to fast pressure transducers</li><li>Pump pulse suppression to below 4 Pa (hardware alone) or 1 Pa (hardware + software) without loss of chromatographic resolution</li><li>Automated capillary bridge tuning with no moving parts, to guarantee a perfectly balanced bridge, every run</li><li>Enhanced thermal stability with drift of &lt;1.25 Pa/hour</li></ul><h4>SEC-IV without MALS?</h4>Yes, as much as we love MALS for optimal polymer analysis, it's true that there are occasions when it just won't fit the bill.Universal calibration is a parallel technique to SEC-MALS for determining molecular weight, commonly used to characterize linear polymers. While universal calibration overcomes some of the problematic issues associated with column calibration by reference molecules, it does not account for non-ideal column behavior caused by chemical solute-column interactions or hyperbranching.Universal calibration is particularly-well suited to replace MALS for:<ul><li>Strongly fluorescent polymers</li><li>Weakly-scattering polymer/solvent systems with very low dn/dc values</li></ul>The Mark-Houwink-Sakurada relationship makes use of empirical relationships between intrinsic viscosity and molar mass, specific to each polymer and solvent, to estimate molar mass from SEC-IV measurements. Of course, the best way to determine MHS coefficients is to measure them using SEC-MALS-IV and ASTRA™<h4>Specifications</h4><h5>Measurement Capabilities – Differential Viscosity</h5><ul><li>Sensitivity: Detects as little as 5 ng of 100 kDa polystyrene in THF at 1 mL/min under typical UHPLC-SEC conditions.</li><li>Differential Pressure Performance:<ul><li>Noise: &lt; 0.05 Pa</li><li>Range: Up to 6.9 kPa, with overpressure protection</li><li>Drift: &lt; 1.25 Pa/hr</li><li>Linearity: Within 0.5% of full scale</li><li>Dynamic Range: 135,000:1</li></ul></li><li>Capillary Bridge Autobalance: Thermal, leak-free mechanism ensures stable baseline performance.</li><li>Sample Shear Rate: Up to 15,000 Hz with water at 1 mL/min for high-resolution viscosity profiling.</li></ul><h5>Fluidics and Compatibility</h5><ul><li>Maximum Flow Rate: Aqueous and THF: up to 1 mL/min (Note: Using an inline UV detector may reduce allowable flow rate.)</li><li>Delay Volume: 5.4 mL</li><li>Maximum Inlet-to-Outlet Pressure: 3000 kPa (435 psi)</li><li>Wetted Materials: 316 stainless steel, PTFE, zirconium silicate, Kalrez®, Inconel, 26-1 stainless steel, and nickel</li></ul><blockquote>Note: Due to the location of wetted components, this instrument is primarily recommended for use with organic solvents. High-ionic-strength buffers may cause corrosion.</blockquote><h5>Temperature Control</h5><ul><li>Operating Range: 4 °C to 70 °C</li><li>Stability: Maintains temperature within &lt; 0.005 °C</li><li>Ambient Conditions: 0 °C to 40 °C; 20% to 70% relative humidity</li></ul><h5>Electronics and Connectivity</h5><ul><li>Digital Output: 20-bit resolution at 10 Hz</li><li>Auxiliary I/O:<ul><li>Inputs: Autoinject contact closure, Alarm In, and 2 analog inputs (16-bit, ±10 V)</li><li>Outputs: Autoinject retransmit, Alarm Out, Recycle Out</li></ul></li><li>Communication Interface: Ethernet</li></ul><h5>User Interface</h5><ul><li>Front Panel Display: 7” (178 mm) high-resolution, capacitive multi-touch screen for real-time monitoring, configuration, and diagnostics</li></ul><h5>Instrument Dimensions</h5><ul><li>Size: 60 cm (L) × 36 cm (W) × 17 cm (H)</li></ul><h4>Other Viscometers</h4><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1117">ViscoStar™</a> - A highly sensitive, on-line differential viscometer used in conjunction with SEC-MALS to determine the size and conformation of all types of biopolymers, synthetic polymers and even proteins and peptides.</li><li>The ViscoStar incorporates multiple novel technologies to provide the highest sensitivity, stability and solvent compatibility of any available viscometer for GPC. Its ease-of-use and serviceability make it the perfect companion for Wyatt's DAWN® light scattering and Optilab® refractive index detectors. Temperature-controlled from 4 °C to 70 °C .</li></ul>

Products from category Viscometer detector focused on GPC/SEC distributed by Waters Corporation (Europe) - page 1

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New blood biomarkers reveal how faithfully diabetes patients take metformin

Steroidal hormones and neurosteroids – novel therapeutic strategies in bacterial infections

EU Regulation 396/2005: Pesticide Residue Testing and the Critical Role of QuEChERS Evaporation in Food Safety