<p><strong>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals that have been widely used since the 1940s in industries and consumer goods. They are found in products like water-repellent clothing, stain-resistant fabrics, cosmetics, firefighting foams, and grease-, water-, and oil-resistant items. For instance, PFAS are commonly present in non-stick cookware used in everyday life. Their persistence and long biological half-lives have resulted in measurable levels in nearly all people in developed countries, with associated PFAS human health effects reported worldwide.</strong></p><p>Evaluating PFAS health risks requires understanding their adverse health effects at real-world exposures, particularly during sensitive life stages, along with their modes of action, toxicokinetics, and dose-response relationships. This knowledge supports risk estimates that guide public health limits, exposure reduction, and environmental cleanup efforts.</p><h3><strong>Why are PFAS a Health Concern?</strong></h3><p>PFAS have a chemical structure with a perfluorinated carbon tail that repels both water and oil and an anionic head group that attracts water, making them highly resistant and persistent. As a result, they do not break down and instead accumulate in the bodies of people and animals worldwide through food and repeated exposures. They even bio-magnify through the food web. Growing evidence has raised concerns about the harmful effects of PFAS on human health.</p><p>In the human body, PFAS bind strongly to proteins due to their polar, hydrophobic nature and have been detected in serum, cord blood, and breast milk. Unlike many other bio-accumulative contaminants, they do not tend to accumulate in fat tissue.</p><h3><strong>PFAS Testing Techniques</strong></h3><p>PFAS have a chemical structure with a perfluorinated carbon tail that repels both water and oil and an anionic head group that attracts water, making them highly resistant and persistent. As a result, they do not break down and instead accumulate in the bodies of people and animals worldwide through food and repeated exposures. They even bio-magnify through the food web. Growing evidence has raised concerns about the harmful effects of PFAS on human health.</p><p>In the human body, PFAS bind strongly to proteins due to their polar, hydrophobic nature and have been detected in serum, cord blood, and breast milk. Unlike many other bio-accumulative contaminants, they do not tend to accumulate in fat tissue.</p><p>While animal studies show that most PFAS are primarily excreted through urine, renal clearance in humans is much slower, raising significant concerns for PFAS human health. The slow elimination contributes to the long-term effects of PFAS on humans.</p><p>PFAS have extended half-lives, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) persisting for approximately 3.5 years and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) for roughly 4.8 years. Some studies also report a range of 2.3 to 3.3 years. These findings highlight serious PFAS health risks, demanding the need for continued monitoring and risk assessment.</p><h3><strong>Known and Suspected Health Effects of PFAs in Humans</strong></h3><h4><strong>Immunological effects</strong></h4><p>Epidemiological studies have shown that PFAS exposure is linked to weakened immune responses, including reduced antibody levels after vaccinations such as diphtheria, tetanus, rubella, and mumps, with these effects persisting into adolescence and adulthood.</p><p>Prenatal and early-life exposure to PFAS has been linked to higher risks of infections such as airway, throat, and gastrointestinal illnesses, as well as conditions like atopic dermatitis. Overall, the evidence on PFAS and human health suggests that exposure to PFAS during infancy and childhood can suppress the immune system, though some effects may differ by sex.</p><h4><strong>Liver disease and cancer</strong></h4><p>The liver is a major site for long-chain PFAS accumulation, with experimental studies showing toxic effects such as fat infiltration in liver cells, apoptosis, disrupted fatty acid metabolism, and even tumor development. Animal toxicology and histology studies indicate that PFAS can alter liver metabolism, causing increased bile acid reuptake and lipid buildup. These findings demonstrate the effects of PFAS on liver function and long-term disease risk.</p><h4><strong>Kidney diseases</strong></h4><p>PFAS exposure has been consistently linked to higher uric acid levels, a biomarker of increased risk for kidney disease, in both adults and children. The prolonged half-lives of long-chain PFAS are largely due to strong kidney reabsorption. Human studies link legacy PFAS such as PFOA and PFOS exposure to reduced kidney function and chronic kidney disease. PFOA and PFOS health effects can also be seen in the body where these substances tend to accumulate in kidney tissues causing nephrotoxicity.</p><h4><strong>Reproductive outcomes</strong></h4><p>Exposure to PFOA has been linked to reduced sperm motility, lower sperm concentration and count, and hormonal changes in young men. PFAS can also cross the placenta and accumulate in breast milk, allowing transfer from mother to child. As a result, young children often have higher serum PFAS levels than their mothers.</p><h3><strong>How do PFAS enter the Environment and Food Chain?</strong></h3><p>Human exposure to PFAS occurs through multiple pathways. These may vary from exposure to indoor air and dust to ingestion of contaminated water and food, particularly in areas near industrial sites. Thus, PFAS human health concerns may arise from:</p><ul><li><strong>Water:</strong> PFAS contaminate public and private drinking water sources, rivers, and groundwater near industrial areas, landfills, and waste sites. Firefighting foams (AFFFs) used at airports, military bases, and training facilities are a major contributor, raising concerns about PFAS chemicals health effects on the communities dependent on these resources.</li><li><strong>Soil and Air: </strong>They spread through soil and air around hazardous waste sites, manufacturing facilities such as chrome plating, electronics, textiles, paper, and through biosolids used as fertilizers.</li><li><strong>Food:</strong> PFAS enter the food chain through contaminated fish, seafood, dairy, meat, crops, and animal products. Food packaging such as grease-resistant paper, fast-food wrappers, and microwave popcorn bags also contribute PFAS to the environment.</li><li><strong>Household and Consumer Products:</strong> Everyday items like stain- and water-resistant fabrics, non-stick cookware, cleaning agents, paints, sealants, and certain personal care products (shampoo, dental floss, cosmetics) release PFAS into homes.</li><li><strong>Exposure Pathways: </strong>This is an area of growing research, it is currently understood that people are being exposed to PFAS through various means, including drinking contaminated water, eating contaminated food, inhaling polluted air or dust, swallowing soil, using PFAS-containing products, or working in high-risk occupations such as firefighting and chemical manufacturing.</li></ul><h3><strong>Importance of Accurate PFAS Testing</strong></h3><p>Accurate<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/industries/pfas"><strong> PFAS testing solutions</strong></a> are essential to measure the presence of environmental chemicals and metabolites in human tissues and fluids. Testing can provide a clearer picture of total internal exposure from all sources and pathways. The wide diversity of PFAS, with varying chemical and physical properties, requires the development of tailored analytical procedures that depend on the sample type and medium.</p><p>The choice of biological sample depends on the specific PFAS of concern, with serum most often used to measure those with long half-lives, while urine or whole blood may be better for short-lived compounds. PFAS can also be detected in plasma, breast milk, and hair, each providing unique insights into exposure at different life stages. For example, hair can reflect historical exposures, and breast milk testing helps estimate infants intake, which is a significant concern for many communities that have been exposed to these substances.</p><p>Because PFAS detection limits are 1,000 times lower (ppt) than routine analyses (ppb), strict precautions such as verifying PFAS-free supplies are essential to prevent sample contamination, which can still occur from vendor or manufacturing changes. Extremely low detection limits and regulatory criteria is in the parts per trillion (ppt) range. Hence, field QC sample collection and analysis are crucial in investigating the effects of PFAS on humans.</p>

Health Risks Associated with PFAS Exposure

<div><div><p><strong>Scientists from UCT Prague contributed to a large-scale study showing that a small change in the so-called anticodon stem of transfer RNAs can expand their decoding capabilities – not only in eukaryotes but also in bacteria.</strong></p></div><div><p>Scientists from UCT Prague contributed to a large-scale study showing that even a small change in transfer RNA (tRNA) can fundamentally affect how a cell reads its genetic information. Computer simulations explained why certain tRNAs are able to ignore a signal that under normal circumstances marks the end of protein synthesis. Such tRNAs were previously known in higher organisms. The study, however, mapped how common these unusual tRNAs are in bacteria.</p><p>The genetic code is a&nbsp;set of rules by which cells translate genetic information during protein synthesis. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) play a&nbsp;key role in this process, recognising short stretches of mRNA known as codons through their anticodon. In addition to amino acid codons, there is one start codon and several termination (stop) codons. Stop codons are not recognised by transfer RNAs but by specialised enzymes that terminate protein synthesis. Standard tRNAs have five nucleobase pairs in their so-called anticodon stem. Recently, however, it has emerged that some organisms carry functional tRNAs with only four pairs. These "shortened" variants can recognise even codons that, according to the classical rules, should not correspond to them.</p><p>An international team led by the <strong>Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences in České Budějovice</strong> analysed over <strong>42,000&nbsp;</strong>bacterial genomes and found that tRNAs with a&nbsp;four-pair stem occur in bacteria surprisingly often. In some cases, these variants likely enable the reading of the stop codon UGA as the amino acid tryptophan, a&nbsp;phenomenon previously associated mainly with unicellular eukaryotes.</p><p>The<strong> </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://kolar.vscht.cz/"><strong>Kolář group</strong></a><strong> </strong>at the <strong>Department of Physical Chemistry, UCT Prague</strong>, focused on the question of why a&nbsp;four-pair stem alters the decoding properties of tRNA. To address this, they employed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, which make it possible to track the movement of every atom in a&nbsp;tRNA molecule over time.</p><p><strong>Jakub Žváček</strong>, a&nbsp;student on the Master's&nbsp;programme in Data Engineering in Chemistry, prepared a&nbsp;total of nine variants derived from the tryptophan tRNA of the bacterium Escherichia coli: the wild type with a&nbsp;five-pair stem, six mutants with a&nbsp;disrupted top base pair, and two previously described variants that promote reading of the stop codon UGA (the G24A&nbsp;and A9C&nbsp;mutations). The simulation results showed that disrupting the top base pair does not cause the overall three-dimensional structure of the tRNA to collapse. It remains stabilised by stacking interactions of neighbouring bases and non-canonical hydrogen bonds. The key finding, however, concerns a&nbsp;region at the interface of the D-arm and the stem – kind of hinge within the tRNA. In some mutants, the simulations revealed destabilisation of this region and increased flexibility of the anticodon stem, reminiscent of the behaviour of known mutations that promote stop codon readthrough. The simulations thus provided a&nbsp;structural explanation for the experimental observations and helped formulate predictions about which nucleotide combinations in the disrupted pair are functionally relevant.</p><p>The study proposed an extension of the so-called superwobble hypothesis to include non-canonical C:A&nbsp;pairing at the third codon position. If this hypothesis is confirmed for other types of tRNA as well, it will have profound implications for our understanding of how the genetic code — shared by all known organisms — has been shaped by evolution.</p><p>The results were published in the<strong> </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/54/7/gkag327/8659125"><strong>Nucleic Acids Research</strong></a> (2026, 54, gkag327).</p></div><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/VSCHT_Praha_Pocitacove_simulace_osvetlily_jak_neobvykle_t_RNA_meni_pravidla_cteni_genetickeho_kodu_f6de6700a0.jpg" alt="VŠCHT Prague: Computer simulations shed light on how unusual tRNAs change the rules of reading the genetic code: Molecular architecture of the transfer RNA with the 5th anticodon-stem base pair labelled. This base pair affects the decoding ability of the tRNA anticodon." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_VSCHT_Praha_Pocitacove_simulace_osvetlily_jak_neobvykle_t_RNA_meni_pravidla_cteni_genetickeho_kodu_f6de6700a0.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="759" height="268"></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/VSCHT_Praha_Pocitacove_simulace_osvetlily_jak_neobvykle_t_RNA_meni_pravidla_cteni_genetickeho_kodu_2_c4296b9015.jpg" alt="VŠCHT Prague: Computer simulations shed light on how unusual tRNAs change the rules of reading the genetic code: Analysis of anticodon stem flexibility showed that the mutation of the 5th nucleobase pair (C27A), which enables stop-codon readthrough, loosens the anticodon stem in a manner similar to the previously known Hirsh mutation G24A. Conversely, the C27U mutation does not loosen the stem, which correlates with the absence of this mutation in the genomes of bacteria containing tRNAs with 4bp stems." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_VSCHT_Praha_Pocitacove_simulace_osvetlily_jak_neobvykle_t_RNA_meni_pravidla_cteni_genetickeho_kodu_2_c4296b9015.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="759" height="196"></p><blockquote><h4><strong>Original article&nbsp;</strong></h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/54/7/gkag327/8659125?login=false"><strong>Frequent occurrence and predicted functions of tRNAs with 4-base-pair anticodon stems in bacteria: extended superwobble hypothesis</strong></a></h4><p>Fadel Fakih, Satish Nandipati, Ambar Kachale, Jiří Heller, Jakub Žváček, Filip Brázdovič, Nawal Al-Chamy, Pragya Tripathi, Zdeněk Paris, Leoš Shivaya Valášek, Michal H Kolář, Vyacheslav Yurchenko, Marek Eliáš, Eugene V Koonin, Julius Lukeš, Anzhelika Butenko</p><p><i>Nucleic Acids Research</i>, Volume 54, Issue 7, 24 April 2026, gkag327</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkag327">https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkag327</a></p><h6>licenced by <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><strong>CC-BY 4.0</strong></a></h6></blockquote><h4><strong>Abstract</strong></h4><p>Recently, a tRNA<sup>Trp</sup><sub>CCA</sub> with a 4-base-pair (bp) anticodon stem (AS) was shown to efficiently recognize a near-cognate UGA codon in unicellular eukaryotes, such as some trypanosomatids and ciliates, thereby representing a novel codon reassignment mechanism. To determine whether this mechanism also evolved in bacteria, we analysed a dataset of 42 109 genomes, including previously reported cases of stop-to-tryptophan UGA reassignment and a newly identified instance in the phylum Patescibacteriota. We show that the 4-bp AS tRNA<sup>Trp</sup> species are present across diverse bacteria and in some cases likely function in decoding in-frame UGA codons. Most notable is the endosymbiotic bacterium <i>Candidatus</i> Zinderia insecticola, which contains only the near-cognate 4-bp AS tRNA<sup>Trp</sup><sub>CCA</sub>, while lacking both canonical 5-bp AS tRNA<sup>Trp</sup><sub>CCA</sub> and a tRNA<sup>Trp</sup><sub>UCA</sub>. The secondary structure of this 4-bp AS tRNA<sup>Trp</sup> resembles that of its eukaryotic counterpart, suggesting convergent evolution. We experimentally confirmed the UGA readthrough capacity of 4-bp AS tRNA<sup>Trp</sup><sub>CCA</sub> in <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and applied molecular dynamics simulations to suggest the underlying mechanism. Furthermore, we tested several predictions based on accepting the previously excluded possibility of C:A base pairing at the 3rd codon position. These findings provide new insights into the structural diversity of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and expand our understanding of genetic code evolution.</p></div>

Computer simulations shed light on how unusual tRNAs change the rules of reading the genetic code

<p><strong>Clarity 10.2 expands instrument control capabilities with new control modules and updates the MS extension to help you work more efficiently.</strong></p><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/999"><strong>Clarity</strong></a><strong> 10.2 highlights</strong></h4><ul><li>New and updated control modules</li><li>Improved MS data import and export</li><li>Obsolete hardware support ended</li></ul><h4><strong>Instrument control modules</strong></h4><p>Clarity 10.2 introduces new instrument control modules from Annuo (AS-3117, FAS-3823) and updated instrument controls form Sykam and Ecom.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Data_Apex_Instrument_control_modules_5de26782b0.jpg" alt="DataApex: Instrument control modules" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Data_Apex_Instrument_control_modules_5de26782b0.jpg 228w," sizes="100vw" width="380" height="260"></p><h4><strong>MS data import/export improvements</strong></h4><p>Clarity improves MS data exchange, especially for *.cdf files. MS instruments now support export and import of multiple spectral data and non-spectral signal data in the same CDF file. Import also better handles uniform sampling information, m/z Step values, scale factors, and file names with non-ASCII characters. Exporting individual chromatogram signals from MS instruments is now available through a separate Export Chromatogram dialog.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Data_Apex_MS_data_import_export_improvements_a7967a4020.jpg" alt="DataApex: MS data import-export improvements" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Data_Apex_MS_data_import_export_improvements_a7967a4020.jpg 228w," sizes="100vw" width="378" height="259"></p><h4><strong>Obsolete hardware support terminated</strong></h4><p>Due to changes in Windows driver security requirements, this update discontinues support for obsolete hardware, including INT7, INT9, U-PAD, U-PAD2, and CB20.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Data_Apex_Obsolete_hardware_support_terminated_24d9329419.jpg" alt="DataApex: Obsolete hardware support terminated" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Data_Apex_Obsolete_hardware_support_terminated_24d9329419.jpg 228w," sizes="100vw" width="378" height="259"></p><blockquote><p><strong>Explore the complete list of all changes, fixes, and additions in version 10.2.</strong></p><p><strong>👉</strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.dataapex.com/version_history?product=1"><strong>See the complete changelog&nbsp;</strong></a></p></blockquote>

Clarity Chromatography Software 10.2 released!

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The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods

The third edition of Eurachem’s flagship guide provides updated, practical guidance on method validation, verification, sampling, and fitness for purpose, aligned with ISO/IEC 17025:2017.

<h3><strong>The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods: A Laboratory Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics: Third edition (2025)</strong></h3><p><strong>Author: </strong>H. Cantwell</p><p>This guide was first issued in 1998 and the second edition published in 2014. Over the years it has been one of the most popular of the Eurachem guides. Since the release of the first edition, however, there have been many changes in terminology, working practices, reference documents and requirements. This third edition, produced by the Eurachem Method Validation Working Group, forms a thorough revision of the 2014 edition.</p><p>This third edition includes a section on sampling and sample handling as <strong>ISO/IEC 17025:2017</strong> introduced a focus on sampling associated with the testing or calibration being carried out by the laboratory and further guidance on assessing the calibration function has been included. The Guide is also now supported by a number of supplementary guidance documents – please see the section on supplementary guidance below.</p><h4><strong>Contents</strong></h4><p>This third edition includes guidance on:</p><ul><li>The importance of fitness for purpose;</li><li>The concept of method validation and verification;</li><li>How a method validation or verification study should be performed and how much should be done;</li><li>Sampling and sample handling in relation to method validation;</li><li>A thorough explanation of the various validation parameters (performance characteristics) and related topics;</li><li>Follow-up on the validation study (reporting, use of performance data in Internal Quality Control);</li><li>Documentation of analytical methods.</li></ul><p>Annexes also describe the statistical basis of detection limits and analysis of variance for precision studies, and add a check list to aid users in selecting and determining the validity of a test kit.</p><p>In preparing this guidance, the Working Group has aimed at the right balance between giving a solid theoretical background for method validation studies and providing practical guidelines on how to plan, perform and evaluate such studies in the laboratories.</p><p>The approach is generic in the sense that the Guide does not focus on particular fields of application (food, environment, pharmaceuticals etc.). However, the guide includes references to a number of specific guides in fields where different practices have been developed and become common.</p><p>The guide also includes a full bibliography. Further literature references on method validation can be found in the section "Validation of analytical methods" in the Reading list on this website.</p>

Terminology in Analytical Measurement: Introduction to VIM 3

This Eurachem guide introduces VIM 3 terminology relevant to analytical laboratories, explaining key metrological concepts for chemical, biological, and clinical measurements with practical examples.

<h3><strong>Terminology in Analytical Measurement: Introduction to VIM 3 (Second Edition 2023)</strong></h3><p><strong>Author: </strong>V. J. Barwick (Ed.)</p><h4><strong>Contents</strong></h4><p>This guide has been produced by members of the Eurachem Education and Training Working Group and others co-opted to the Project group for this task.</p><p>In the world of metrology – the science of measurement and its application – there is a language which has to be learned. The International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM) was produced to provide a common language, primarily for physical measurements. The VIM 3 is a consistent set of concepts each described by a unique term, the ‘label’ of the concept. VIM 3 is applicable across all scientific disciplines thus making it relevant to those involved in performing measurements in chemistry and biology. Consistent definitions of concepts with their associated terms and symbols are essential if analysts and customers across the globe are to understand each other.</p><p>This Eurachem Guide discusses a selection of the concepts in VIM 3, focusing on those most likely to be encountered in analytical laboratories. It aims to cover chemical, biological and clinical measurements and gives examples over and above those in the notes accompanying the definitions in VIM 3. The guide is intended for laboratory staff, accreditation bodies, for those commissioning measurements and for those using measurement results. Lecturers and trainers may also find this guide useful when teaching aspects of metrology.</p><p>In this second edition the scope and structure, and the terms and concepts discussed, remain unchanged from the first edition. However, all sections have been reviewed and, where necessary, the text has been revised to improve clarity and ensure consistency with current international guidance at the time of publication.</p>

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