In closed communities such as the Amish in North America, rare genetic disorders occur more frequently. In children from this community, a condition has been described that affects the development of the nervous system and manifests, for example, as muscle weakness or epileptic seizures. The disorder is linked to a small change in a single protein, but for a long time it was unclear which cellular process this change disrupts. This question has now been answered by researchers from CEITEC Masaryk University, who show that the disease is caused by a disruption of a key mechanism required for the proper processing of genetic information in the cell.Every cell must first transcribe genetic information and then modify it before it can be used. From the original “working transcript,” unnecessary parts are removed and the remaining pieces are precisely joined together. This process, known as RNA splicing, consists of many consecutive steps and is tightly regulated. If the process does not proceed correctly or stops at any point, the cell cannot properly convert the copied genetic information into a usable form and therefore cannot function as it should.Researchers from CEITEC Masaryk University have now described one of the key steps in this process – a specific signal inside the cell. This signal acts as a checkpoint: only once it is fulfilled, the entire mechanism is activated and the process can continue.“We showed that during RNA splicing, a chemical modification of the protein SF3B1 is required at a precisely timed step. This modification allows another protein, SNIP1, to bind. If this signal is not transmitted correctly, the cell cannot proceed with the splicing process,” explains first author <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ceitec.eu/pavla-gajduskova-ph-d/u26136?page=publication">Pavla Gajdušková</a>.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_4_79e003984a.jpeg" alt="CEITEC: A Rare Genetic Disorder in the Amish Community Helped Confirm a Key Cellular Mechanism: Pavla Gajdušková" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_4_79e003984a.jpeg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1067">This is where the research connects to patients in the Amish community. In affected children, a small genetic change in the SNIP1 protein disrupts its ability to respond properly to the signal mediated by the modified SF3B1 protein, making RNA splicing less efficient than in healthy individuals. As a result, errors occur during RNA splicing that the cell cannot correct, impairing its function – especially in the nervous system.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_44a7e2ef17.jpg" alt="CEITEC/Blažek Lab: A Rare Genetic Disorder in the Amish Community Helped Confirm a Key Cellular Mechanism: Interaction between SF3B1 and SNIP1 proteins." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_44a7e2ef17.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1600"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_2_85826d711e.jpg" alt="CEITEC/Blažek Lab: A Rare Genetic Disorder in the Amish Community Helped Confirm a Key Cellular Mechanism: The effect of mutations in SNIP1 on cell proliferation." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_2_85826d711e.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1067">The researchers were thus able to clarify the cause of this rare neurodevelopmental disorder. “Additionally, the cause of this disease also confirms the correctness of the checkpoint we described. It shows that even a small change in one of the proteins involved can disrupt the RNA splicing mechanism on which the cell depends,” adds group leader <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ceitec.eu/dalibor-blazek-ph-d/u25918">Dalibor Blažek</a>.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_3_f95cfd68eb.jpeg" alt="CEITEC/Martin Indruch: A Rare Genetic Disorder in the Amish Community Helped Confirm a Key Cellular Mechanism: Dalibor Blažek." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_3_f95cfd68eb.jpeg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1067">Although the study focuses on basic research, its implications are broader. It suggests that the same mechanism may also play a role in regulating cell division – a process that is often disrupted in cancer.<blockquote>The research was carried out by scientists from CEITEC Masaryk University in collaboration with researchers from Spain and Germany. The study was published in the journal <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-71119-2">Nature Communications</a>.</blockquote>

A Rare Genetic Disorder in the Amish Community Helped Confirm a Key Cellular Mechanism

This study investigates the pathogenesis of neurosyphilis through cerebrospinal fluid proteomics using LC–MS/MS and ELISA validation. Comparative analysis identified 234 differentially expressed proteins, with major alterations linked to lysosomal dysfunction, axon guidance, and neurodegeneration pathways.Key lysosomal proteins, including PSAP and DNASE2, together with the axonal protein EPHA4, were significantly downregulated in neurosyphilis patients. These proteins showed potential as biomarkers for neurodegeneration and may provide new insights into disease mechanisms, diagnostics, and therapeutic targets.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689">Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteome Reveals Dysregulation of Lysosomal and Axonal Proteins in Neurosyphilis</a></h4>Huayang Tang*, Junjie Hu, Yifan Wu, Jinping Gao, Wenjun Wang, Xiaodong Zheng, Ran Zhang, Bo Liang, Fusheng Zhou, Ze Guo*J. Proteome Res. 2026, 25, 2, 713–722<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.<div>Neurosyphilis (NS) is a group of clinical syndromes characterized by neuroinflammation caused by Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum), which occurs in all stages of syphilis. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,2)</a> NS is classified based on clinical presentation as either asymptomatic (ANS) or symptomatic (SNS), and based on disease stage as either early (occurring 1–2 years after primary infection) or late. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> T. pallidum can cause local nonspecific and central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, leading to possible degenerative changes. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3)</a> The immune response of CNS in neurosyphilis is comparable to that observed in other neuroinflammatory diseases. Consequently, the presence of neurological symptoms may not reliably indicate active CNS inflammation in syphilis patients. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3)</a> A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomic study identified three biomarkers (SEMA7A, SERPINA3, and ITIH4) that contribute to NS and have potential implications for diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(4)</a> Through integrated proteomics and single-cell transcriptomics analyses, Toll-like/NF-κB signaling was identified as the key pathway involved in CNS damage caused by T. pallidum. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5)</a> Despite an increasing understanding of the biomarkers and possible neuroinflammatory damage mechanisms of neurosyphilis, the mechanisms of neurodegeneration caused by T. pallidum infection remain elusive. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(6)</a>Patients with neurosyphilis exhibit stage-specific profiles of soluble factors in their CSF, which are linked to both immune status and the extent of neuronal damage. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(7)</a> In this study, we analyzed differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the CSF proteomes from 28 individuals, including neurosyphilis (NS), suspected neurosyphilis (spNS) and non-neurosyphilis (nNS) individuals, by LC–MS/MS and analyzed a public data set of the neurosyphilis CSF proteome. Validation was then performed by ELISA in an independent group comprising 110 samples. The results revealed that neuroinflammation by T. pallidum infection results in dysregulation of the key proteins in lysosomal and axonal pathway, which suggesting a potential contribution to neurodegeneration in neurosyphilis.<h4>Materials and Methods</h4><h5>LC–MS/MS</h5>The tryptic peptides were dissolved in 0.1% formic acid (solvent A) and loaded onto a custom-made reversed-phase column (15 cm × 75 μm). Using an EASY-nLC 1000 UPLC system, a gradient was run at 400 nL/min as follows: 6% to 23% solvent B (0.1% formic acid in 98% acetonitrile) over 26 min, 23% to 35% in 8 min, up to 80% in 3 min, and held at 80% for 3 min. Peptides were ionized via an NSI source at 2.0 kV and analyzed online by a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/559">Q Exactive Plus mass spectrometer</a>. Full scans (m/z 350–1800) were acquired in the Orbitrap at 70,000 resolution. The top precursors were selected for MS/MS with an NCE of 28, and fragments were detected at 17,500 resolution. A data-dependent method cycled between one MS scan and 20 MS/MS scans with a 15.0 s dynamic exclusion. AGC was set at 5E4. MS/MS data were processed with MaxQuant (v.1.5.2.8) using Trypsin/P as the enzyme (up to 2 missed cleavages). Precursor mass tolerance was 20 ppm (first search) and 5 ppm (main search); fragment mass tolerance was 0.02 Da. Fixed modification: carbamidomethyl (C); variable modification: oxidation (M). The FDR threshold was &lt;1%, and the minimum peptide score was &gt;40.<h5>ELISA</h5>CSF levels of host proteins were quantified using commercial ELISA kits according to the manufacturers’ protocols. Proteins analyzed included PSAP (OKEH07124, Aviva, USA), CTSL (abx150963, Abbexa, UK), NPC2 (A-QEK07857, Biogradetech, USA), and DNASE2 (abx386953, Abbexa, UK). Briefly, 100 μL of CSF was added to precoated plates and incubated at 37 °C for 2 h. After washing, 100 μL of detection antibody was added to each well and incubated at 37 °C for another 2 h. Following a wash, 100 μL of streptavidin-HRP working solution was added and incubated at room temperature for 20 min in the dark. The reaction was stopped with 50 μL of stop solution, and the optical density was measured at 450 nm.<h4>Results</h4><h5>Downregulation of Key Lysosomal Proteins in CSF from Patients With Neurosyphilis</h5>By analyzing the DEPs in NS vs nNS, we observed a significant enrichment of downregulated proteins in the lysosome pathway (P = 0.007) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>A), with 9 lysosomal proteins showing significant downregulation (Padj &lt; 0.05) in the NS group (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S4</a>). To validate this finding, we examined the public CSF proteomics data set of neurosyphilis (PXD033034) and identified 18 proteins in the lysosomal pathway that were significantly downregulated in patients with NS (Padj &lt; 0.05) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S4</a>). PPI network analysis determined the top 10 hub genes within the lysosome pathway (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>B). A Venn diagram revealed 3 proteins (PSAP, CTSL, and NPC2) shared across our current data, the public data set (PXD033034) and the top 10 hub genes (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>C). The mass spectrometry results indicated that the levels of PSAP (Padj = 0.043), CTSL (Padj = 0.028) and NPC2 (Padj = 0.013) were significantly lower in the NS group compared to the nNS group (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>D). The PXD033034 data set revealed consistent changes in the PSAP, CTSL, and NPC2 levels in the NS group (Padj &lt; 0.05) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Figure S1 and Table S4</a>). In addition, associations between the lysosomal protein DNASE2 and NS were observed in both the present study (Padj = 0.003) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>D) and the PXD033034 data set (Padj &lt; 0.05) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Figure S1 and Table S4</a>), with subgroup analysis revealing a significantly lower expression level of DNASE2 in the SNS group compared to the ANS group (P = 0.035) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>D and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S3</a>). Further validation by ELISA (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S5</a>) in an independent group (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#tbl1">Table 1</a>) confirmed significantly downregulated CSF levels of PSAP (P &lt; 0.0001), CTSL (P &lt; 0.0001), NPC2 (P = 0.0024) and DNASE2 (P &lt; 0.0001) in patients with NS (n = 21) than in nNS individuals (n = 56) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>E) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S6</a>), as well as decreased in the SNS subgroup (P &lt; 0.05) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Figure S2 and Table S6</a>). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis supported PSAP (AUC = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.83–0.99) and DNASE2 (AUC = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91–0.99) for distinguishing NS from nNS and as potential biomarkers for assessing neurodegeneration in NS (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>F). These results indicate that T. pallidum infection may lead to lysosomal dysfunction in CNS.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/J_Proteome_Res_2026_25_2_713_722_Figure_2_Downregulation_of_key_lysosomal_proteins_in_the_cerebrospinal_fluid_of_neurosyphilis_patients_bbccd95f44.jpg" alt="J. Proteome Res. 2026, 25, 2, 713–722: Figure 2. Downregulation of key lysosomal proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid of neurosyphilis patients. (a) KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that downregulated proteins in patients with NS were significantly enriched in the lysosome pathway, as well as in axon guidance and neurodegeneration. (b) The top 10 hub genes involved in the lysosome pathway were identified using the STRING network data set and PPI analysis. (c) A Venn diagram revealed 3 proteins (PSAP, CTSL, and NPC2) shared across our current data, the public data set (PXD033034) and the top 10 hub genes. (d) The CSF levels of PSAP (Padj = 0.043), CTSL (Padj = 0.028), DNASE2 (Padj = 0.003) and NPC2 (Padj = 0.013) were significantly decreased in the NS group than in the nNS group. Subgroup analysis found a significantly lower expression level of DNASE2 in the SNS group than in the ANS group (P = 0.035). (e) PSAP, DNASE2, CTSL and NPC2 levels in CSF were tested by ELISA in the nNS (n = 56) and NS (n = 21) groups. Compared with those in the nNS group, significantly lower PSAP (P &lt; 0.0001), CTSL (P &lt; 0.0001), DNASE2 (P &lt; 0.0001) and NPC2 (P = 0.0024) levels were detected in the NS group. (f) ROC curve analysis for NS revealed that PSAP had an AUC = 0.91 (95% CI: 0.83–0.99), DNASE2 had an AUC = 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91–0.99), CTSL had an AUC = 0.85 (95% CI: 0.76–0.95), and NPC2 had an AUC = 0.72 (95% CI: 0.59–0.85). NS: neurosyphilis; nNS: non-neurosyphilis; ANS: asymptomatic neurosyphilis; SNS: symptomatic neurosyphilis. ROC: receiver operating characteristic; AUC: area under the curve. * P &lt; 0.05, ** P &lt; 0.01, ****P &lt; 0.0001." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_J_Proteome_Res_2026_25_2_713_722_Figure_2_Downregulation_of_key_lysosomal_proteins_in_the_cerebrospinal_fluid_of_neurosyphilis_patients_bbccd95f44.jpg 140w," sizes="100vw" width="2100" height="2339"><h5>Downregulation of Key Axonal Proteins Correlated with Lysosomal Protein Reduction in Neurosyphilis CSF</h5>Lysosomes play crucial roles in neuronal health by maintaining axonostasis. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(10)</a> The enrichment analysis indicated that the downregulated proteins in NS were implicated in the biological processes of axonostasis (such as axon development and axonogenesis) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig1">Figure 1</a>F) and the pathway of axon guidance (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>A). Our proteomic data revealed a total of 24 downregulated (Padj &lt; 0.05) axonal proteins and 1 upregulated (Padj &lt; 0.05) axonal protein in the CSF of patients with NS (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S9</a>). Furthermore, the PXD033034 data set revealed 55 downregulated (Padj &lt; 0.05) and 4 upregulated (Padj &lt; 0.05) axonal proteins in NS (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S9</a>). The top 10 hub genes involved in the biological processes of axon development and axonogenesis were identified by PPI network analysis (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig4">Figure 4</a>A). Considering the overlap of our current data, the PXD033034 data set and the top 10 hub genes (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig4">Figure 4</a>B), one key protein, EPHA4, was identified across 3 data sets, with significant downregulation in our current data (Padj = 0.011) and in the PXD033034 data set (Padj = 0.028) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig4">Figure 4</a>C). Correlation analysis further revealed a positive correlation between the levels of PSAP and EPHA4 (r = i 0.83, P &lt; 0.05) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig4">Figure 4</a>D). Reduced levels of PSAP and EPHA4 in CSF have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). <a href="javascript:void(0);">(11,12)</a> Our findings suggest that coordinated dysregulation of lysosomal and axonal proteins may contribute to neurodegeneration in NS.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/J_Proteome_Res_2026_25_2_713_722_Figure_4_Key_axonal_protein_downregulated_in_CSF_from_patients_with_neurosyphilis_66f5533e94.jpg" alt="J. Proteome Res. 2026, 25, 2, 713–722: Figure 4. Key axonal protein downregulated in CSF from patients with neurosyphilis. (a) The top 10 hub genes involved in axonostasis were identified by the STRING network data set and PPI analysis. (b) A Venn diagram revealed 1 protein (EPHA4) shared across DEPs related to axonostasis in our current data and in the public data set (PXD033034) and the top 10 hub genes. (c) EPHA4 was significantly downregulated both in our present study (Padj = 0.011) and in the PXD033034 data set (Padj = 0.028). (d) Correlation analysis demonstrated that the EPHA4 level was significantly positively correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with the levels of PSAP (r = 0.83), CTSL (r = 0.6), NPC2 (r = 0.69), DNASE2 (r = 0.61) and SEMA7A (r = 0.83). NS: neurosyphilis; nNS: non-neurosyphilis. * P &lt; 0.05." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_J_Proteome_Res_2026_25_2_713_722_Figure_4_Key_axonal_protein_downregulated_in_CSF_from_patients_with_neurosyphilis_66f5533e94.jpg 178w," sizes="100vw" width="1250" height="1096"><h4>Conclusions</h4>The present study reveals the associations of dysregulated proteins in lysosomal and axonal pathways with neurosyphilis, and potential evidence of shared pathophysiological mechanisms between neuroinflammation caused by T. pallidum infection and neurodegenerative diseases.However, this study has certain limitations. First, the use of ELISA to validate a limited number of proteins has certain limitations, such as the inherent cross-reactivity of ELISA. In the future, we can optimize the validation experiments by adding techniques such as Western blotting for verification. Second, this study uses a cross-sectional sampling method for research, which limits our ability to infer disease progression and treatment responses. In the future, we will conduct follow-up on the subjects, continue collecting cerebrospinal fluid samples after treatment, and observe whether the protein dysregulation is reversible after treatment. For spNS patients, follow-up should also be conducted to determine if they have transformed into NS, which will be very valuable for validating the predictive utility of our biomarkers. Finally, although multiple discovery and validation cohort studies have been conducted, we currently lack direct mechanistic evidence. Future work will investigate whether exposing neural cell coculture models to outer-membrane antigens of T. pallidum reproduces the lysosome and axon alterations observed in CSF, clarifying their role in neural damage of neurosyphilis and potential biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of neurodegeneration in neurosyphilis.</div>

Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteome Reveals Dysregulation of Lysosomal and Axonal Proteins in Neurosyphilis

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KNAUER LH 8.1 - Modular analytical XYZ Autosampler

KNAUER Liquid Handler offers finally an alternative in the world of robotic autosamplers. In-house design and development for a new level of simplicity and speed.

KNAUER Liquid Handler offers finally an alternative in the world of robotic autosamplers. In-house design and development for a new level of simplicity and speed, namely by:<h4>Performance</h4><ul><li>Highest repeatability of peak area in full loop or sandwich injection mode</li><li>Zero sample loss and high precision via Sandwich injection mode&nbsp;</li><li>Lowest carry over with active Fast wash station that cleans the injection syringe and needle on the in- and outside by delivering an adjustable cleaning solvent flow</li><li>User-friendly control via pre programmed injection parameters in Chromatography Software packages</li></ul><h4>Versatility</h4><ul><li>Modular design and wide selection of accessories</li><li>Flexible injection volumes by a variety of exchangeable injection syringes&nbsp;</li><li>Customizable lengths of the rail from standard &nbsp;557 or 887 mm up to 1200mm to increase the amount of modules</li></ul><h4>High throughput</h4><ul><li>Up to 390 x 1.5 mL vials or 6 well plates per Robotic Cooler</li><li>Maximum 1560 x 1.5 ml vials or 24 well plates per Liquid Handler</li><li>Short cycle times via fast and precise movements and the software option "overlapped injections" that allows for preparing the next injection while the previous is still running</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_AZURA_system1_7ad2b43571.jpg" alt="Knauer: Liquid Handler LH 8.1 with AZURA system" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_AZURA_system1_7ad2b43571.jpg 244w," sizes="100vw" width="1390" height="889"><h3>Great variety of modules available</h3>KNAUER offers a range of active and passive modules for easy customisation of your LH 8.1.<ul><li>Want to have more samples and need a cooling option? Use the Robotic Cooler!</li><li>Want a lower carry over? Install the Fast Wash Station with two different solvents for in- and outside syringe and needle cleaning!</li><li>Want to change the solvent in your syringe? Use a passive solvent option to draw liquid during the injection process!</li></ul>There are a variety of active and passive options available. Just mount the module on the sampler, configure it in your software and you are ready to go.<h4>Injection Valve</h4>The injection valve consists of a valve drive and a 6 Port 2-Position valve with a special injection port.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_standalone1_5f21514cca.jpg" alt="Knauer: Liquid Handler LH 8.1 - standalone" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_standalone1_5f21514cca.jpg 179w," sizes="100vw" width="1293" height="1127"><h4>Tray Holder</h4>The manual tray holder can store up to 130 standard HPLC vials and is recommended whenever no sample cooling is needed.<h4>Robotic Cooler</h4>The Robotic Cooler can store your samples at 4 - 40°C. You can insert up to 3 Sample Racks for 130 vials each, what means you can store up to 390 sample vials per Robotic Cooler.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_cooled_tray_2_c6fd0672e9.jpg" alt="Knauer: Liquid Handler LH 8.1 - cooled tray" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_cooled_tray_2_c6fd0672e9.jpg 239w," sizes="100vw" width="1595" height="1043"><h4>Fast Wash Station</h4>With the fast wash station, the injection syringe is cleaned on the in- and outside. It is always recommended, because it significantly reduces carry-over and offers a very user-friendly handling.&nbsp;<h4>Manual Wash Station</h4>Manual wash stations are an alternative to the fast wash station when carry-over is not the major concern. A manual wash station can be integrated in the manual tray holder with 5 x 10 ml vials or used as an additional module with 6 x 10 ml vials or 2 x 60 ml vials.<h4>Sample Trays</h4>Different sample trays can be used either in the manual rack holder or in the Robotic Cooler. Depending on your needs, they are made for analytical standard 1.5 ml vials or well plates.<h4>Syringes</h4>The most common syringes are implemented in the chromatography software packages. All optimized parameters are preconfigured to get quickly started.<h3>Special features</h3><h4>Injection modes</h4><h5>Sandwich loop: Zero sample loss with excellent reproducibility</h5>Tired of choosing between sample loss and high performance? The new injection mode offers both.<ul><li>KNAUER Liquid Handler LH 8.1 has a special injection mode. Next to standard injections like full loop and partial loop it has the opportunity to use the sandwich injection mode.</li><li>The sample is prepared inside a gastight syringe and then transferred into the HPLC System. In sandwich mode the sample is trapped between small gaps of air. This injection method only takes up the sample volume it needs and the air gaps prevent any peak broadening. Furthermore the pressure increase during the injection process will reduce the sample plug even more leading ot much narrower peak shapes and higher injection precision. &nbsp;</li><li>Ths injection method combines the zero sample loss of µl pickup and injection precision of partial loop injection.</li><li>Only the amount of sample that is injected is aspired by the syringe</li><li>Minimized sample widenening during injection process</li><li>Very high precision</li><li>No loss of sample</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_Sandwich_Injection_Mode_Big_fb713e65a0.jpg" alt="Knauer - Liquid Handler LH 8.1 - Sandwich Injection Mode" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_Sandwich_Injection_Mode_Big_fb713e65a0.jpg 179w," sizes="100vw" width="2832" height="2475"><h5>Full loop</h5><ul><li>Sample loop is completely filled with the sample</li><li>Maximum reproducibility is achieved</li><li>Injection volume equals the loop volume</li><li>The sample loop will be overfilled to ensure a complete and reproducible filling</li></ul><h5>Partial loop</h5><ul><li>Sample loop is partially filled with programmed amount of sample&nbsp;</li><li>Injection mode is recommended for preparative tasks</li><li>Maximum injection volume equals 50 % of the loop volume</li><li>No sample loss</li></ul><h3>Large number of samples for high-throughput applications</h3>The Robotic Cooler offers space for up to 390 x 1.5 ml standard sample vials while maintaining a stable temperature.&nbsp;<ul><li>The Robotic Cooler compartment offers 6 places for sample racks. Two per drawer with a variety of options. One place can be used by a 60 x 1.5 ml vial rack, or 384 well plates or 96 well plates. Furthermore a double rack can be used to offer 130 x 1.5 mL vial positions, taking the total sample capacity to 390 x 1.5 ml vials.</li><li>Depending on the rail length a multitude of Robotic Coolers can be installed and used seperatly. Up to 4 Robotic Coolers on the longest rail.</li><li>The Robotic Cooler is software controlled, which enables a higher response speed and only open the doors so the injection syringe can reach the sample, to protect other samples from temperature fluctuations.&nbsp;</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_cooled_tray_1_d2a6edf265.jpg" alt="Knauer: Liquid Handler LH 8.1 - high throughtput" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_cooled_tray_1_d2a6edf265.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1722" height="1040"><h3>Speed up your injection</h3>The LH 8.1 is optimized to save time during injection and movement.<ul><li>To safe time during the movement, the opening of the Robotic Cooler is software controlled and happens automatically.</li><li>To further speed up the injection, the sampler can apply the "overlapped injections" function, where the sample is already prepared inside the syringe.</li><li>Then the sample can be injected directly after the end of the previous run.&nbsp;</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_Method_overlapped_2_e94a888086.jpg" alt="Knauer: Liquid Handler LH 8.1 - Method_overlapped" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_Method_overlapped_2_e94a888086.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1121" height="310"><h3>Easy control via HPLC software&nbsp;</h3><ul><li>The LH 8.1 can be used just as comfortable as any HPLC Autosampler.</li><li>All parameters for recommended syringes, like injection speed, delay and sandwich build-up are already implemented and extensively tested in our Chromatography Software packages, so that you are ready to go!</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_Method_overlapped_af91cd2ba5.jpg" alt="Knauer: Liquid Handler LH 8.1 - SW control" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_Method_overlapped_af91cd2ba5.jpg 188w," sizes="100vw" width="928" height="771">

KNAUER High Precision AZURA P 6.1L HPLC Pump

KNAUER AZURA P 6.1L HPLC pump with up to 1000 bar, precise gradient control, and low pulsation for reliable UHPLC workflows.

The KNAUER AZURA P 6.1L is a high-precision analytical HPLC pump designed for accurate and reproducible solvent delivery in both HPLC and UHPLC applications.The pump combines essential features of a modern pumping system, including low pulsation, high pressure capability, precise gradient formation, and flexible configuration. It is available in both HPG (high-pressure gradient) and LPG (low-pressure gradient) versions, with a flow range up to 50 mL/min.The system uses a dual serial piston mechanism with active pulsation compensation, ensuring excellent flow stability under all conditions. A low-dead-volume microfluidic mixer enables efficient and precise solvent mixing.Different pump heads are available:<ul><li>up to 10 mL/min at 862 bar</li><li>up to 5 mL/min at 1000 bar</li></ul>Optional configurations include biocompatible materials (PEEK, ceramic, titanium) and specialized setups for normal phase applications (e.g., hexane, heptane).<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>High-precision analytical HPLC/UHPLC pump</li><li>Pressure up to 1000 bar</li><li>Flow rates up to 50 mL/min</li><li>Dual piston system with low pulsation</li><li>Active pulsation compensation</li><li>HPG and LPG gradient configurations</li><li>Microfluidic mixer (50–600 µl)</li><li>RFID pump head detection</li><li>Optional degasser</li><li>Biocompatible configurations available</li><li>Robust operation with demanding solvents</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Solvent Delivery</h4><ul><li>Pump type: analytical HPLC pump</li><li>Mechanism: dual serial piston</li><li>Flow range: 0.001 – 50 mL/min</li><li>Max pressure: up to 1000 bar</li><li>Flow accuracy: ± 0.25%</li><li>Precision: ≤ 0.04% RSD</li></ul><h4>Gradient</h4><ul><li>Range: 0–100% (0.1% steps)</li><li>HPG accuracy: ± 0.3%</li><li>HPG precision: &lt; 0.1% RSD</li><li>LPG accuracy: ± 0.3% to ± 2%</li><li>LPG precision: &lt; 0.5% RSD</li></ul><h4>Mixing</h4><ul><li>Microfluidic mixer</li><li>Volumes: 50 / 100 / 200 / 400 / 600 µl</li><li>Low dead volume</li></ul><h4>Degasser (optional)</h4><ul><li>2–4 channels</li><li>Max flow: 10 mL/min per channel</li><li>Residual O₂: &lt; 0.5 ppm</li><li>Membrane: fluoropolymer</li></ul><h4>Materials</h4><ul><li>PEEK, Tefzel®, Systec AF</li><li>Optional biocompatible materials (titanium, ceramic)</li></ul><h4>Control &amp; Communication</h4><ul><li>LAN, analog inputs</li><li>Event outputs (TTL, relay)</li><li>Optional mobile control</li><li>RFID pump head detection</li></ul><h4>Operating Conditions</h4><ul><li>Temperature: 4–40 °C</li><li>Humidity: &lt; 90% non-condensing</li></ul><h4>Dimensions &amp; Power</h4><ul><li>Dimensions: 361 × 208 × 523 mm</li><li>Weight: 14.1 kg</li><li>Power supply: 100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li>Power consumption: max 100 W</li></ul>

KNAUER High Precision AZURA P 8.1L UHPLC Pump

KNAUER AZURA P 8.1L UHPLC pump with up to 1240 bar, adaptive pulsation compensation, and high precision for demanding UHPLC applications.

The KNAUER AZURA P 8.1L is a high-performance UHPLC pump designed for ultra-fast and high-resolution chromatographic applications. With a maximum pressure of 1240 bar (124 MPa) and flow rates up to 5 mL/min, it meets the demands of modern UHPLC workflows.The pump features a dual serial piston mechanism combined with adaptive pulsation compensation, which operates independently of flow rate, pressure, and solvent type through real-time monitoring of eluent compressibility and variable piston stroke.Together with KNAUER’s advanced piston drive technology, this results in exceptional flow reproducibility under all operating conditions. High-precision in-house manufacturing ensures long piston seal lifetime and maximum system uptime.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>UHPLC pump up to 1240 bar</li><li>Flow rates up to 5 mL/min</li><li>Dual serial piston system</li><li>Adaptive pulsation compensation</li><li>Excellent flow reproducibility</li><li>HPG gradient capability</li><li>Integrated 4-channel degasser</li><li>RFID pump head detection</li><li>Low baseline noise</li><li>High durability and long lifetime</li><li>Compatible with UHPLC and LC-MS systems</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Solvent Delivery</h4><ul><li>Pump type: analytical UHPLC pump</li><li>Mechanism: dual serial piston</li><li>Max pressure: 1240 bar</li><li>Flow rate: up to 5 mL/min</li><li>Flow accuracy: ± 0.25%</li><li>Precision: ≤ 0.04% RSD</li></ul><h4>Gradient</h4><ul><li>Type: HPG (high-pressure gradient)</li><li>Range: 0–100% (0.1% steps)</li><li>Accuracy: ± 0.3%</li><li>Precision: &lt; 0.1% RSD</li></ul><h4>Degasser</h4><ul><li>Channels: 4</li><li>Max flow: 5 mL/min per channel</li><li>Residual O₂: &lt; 0.5 ppm</li><li>Technology: fluoropolymer membrane</li></ul><h4>Connections</h4><ul><li>Inlet: UNF 1/4-28 (1/8” tubing)</li><li>Outlet: UNF 10-32 (1/16” capillary)</li></ul><h4>Materials</h4><ul><li>PEEK, Tefzel®, Systec AF</li><li>Compatible with most solvents (except HCl and halogenated hydrocarbons)</li></ul><h4>Control &amp; Communication</h4><ul><li>LAN, analog inputs</li><li>Event outputs (TTL, relay)</li><li>Optional mobile control</li><li>RFID pump head detection</li></ul><h4>Safety &amp; Operating Conditions</h4><ul><li>Leak sensor</li><li>Soft start and programmable pressure limits</li><li>Temperature: 4–40 °C</li><li>Humidity: &lt; 90% non-condensing</li></ul><h4>Dimensions &amp; Power</h4><ul><li>Dimensions: 361 × 208 × 523 mm</li><li>Weight: 26.7 kg</li><li>Power supply: 100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li>Power consumption: max 310 W</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA Autosampler AS 6.1L

KNAUER AZURA AS 6.1L autosampler with up to 768 samples, ultra-low carryover, and fast injection cycles for HPLC/UHPLC workflows.

The KNAUER AZURA® AS 6.1L is a high-performance autosampler designed for automated sample injection in HPLC/UHPLC systems, offering high capacity, precision, and flexibility for both routine and high-throughput applications.The autosampler supports:<ul><li>up to 768 sample positions (microtiter plates)</li><li>up to 108 standard 1.5 mL vials</li></ul>A highly effective internal and external needle wash system minimizes carryover to extremely low levels. The system is also fast, with a complete injection cycle taking less than one minute, including needle washing.Three injection modes are supported:<ul><li>full loop filling (highest precision)</li><li>partial loop filling (variable volumes)</li><li>µl pickup (loss-free injection of small volumes)</li></ul>The integrated ILD™ (Intermediate Loop Decompression) valve ensures accurate high-pressure injections without sample dilution and reduces pressure spikes, protecting the column.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Autosampler for HPLC/UHPLC systems</li><li>Up to 768 sample positions</li><li>Up to 108 vials (1.5 mL)</li><li>Ultra-low carryover (&lt; 0.0003%)</li><li>Fast injection cycle (&lt; 1 min)</li><li>3 injection modes (full loop, partial loop, µl pickup)</li><li>ILD™ technology for high-pressure injection</li><li>PASA™ (pressure-assisted sample aspiration)</li><li>Optional sample cooling (4–40 °C)</li><li>Missing vial/plate detection</li><li>Supports precolumn derivatization</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Sample Injection</h4><ul><li>Injection volume range: 0.1 µl – 10 mL</li><li>Precision:<ul><li>Full loop: &lt; 0.3% RSD</li><li>Partial loop: &lt; 0.5% RSD</li><li>µl pickup: &lt; 1.0% RSD</li></ul></li><li>Accuracy: 0.2 µl (250 µl syringe)</li></ul><h4>Performance</h4><ul><li>Carryover:<ul><li>&lt; 0.0015% (standard)</li><li>&lt; 0.0003% (extended wash)</li></ul></li><li>Injections per vial: max. 9</li><li>Cycle time:<ul><li>7 s (same vial)</li><li>14 s (different vials)</li><li>&lt; 60 s total</li></ul></li></ul><h4>Capacity &amp; Compatibility</h4><ul><li>Microtiter plates: ANSI SLAS standard</li><li>Max vial/plate height: 47 mm</li></ul><h4>Additional Features</h4><ul><li>Headspace pressure (bubble prevention)</li><li>Precolumn derivatization</li><li>Sample tray cooling (optional, 4–40 °C)</li><li>Vial detection sensor</li></ul><h4>Materials</h4><ul><li>ETFE, PTFE, stainless steel, glass, Vespel</li><li>Wide chemical compatibility</li></ul><h4>Control &amp; Communication</h4><ul><li>LAN / Ethernet</li><li>Analog inputs</li><li>TTL inputs (start, stop, freeze)</li><li>Relay output (alarm, marker)</li></ul><h4>Operating Conditions</h4><ul><li>Temperature: 10–40 °C</li><li>Humidity: 20–80%</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA CT 2.1 Column Thermostat

KNAUER AZURA CT 2.1 column thermostat with Peltier control (5–85 °C), high stability, and optional eluent pre-heating for precise HPLC separations.

The KNAUER AZURA CT 2.1 is a cost-effective column thermostat designed for precise and stable temperature control in HPLC applications.The instrument uses a microprocessor-controlled Peltier element, enabling both heating and cooling in the range of 5–85 °C. Its high temperature stability allows for programming linear and non-linear temperature gradients, improving separation performance.For advanced applications, the system can be optionally equipped with an eluent pre-heating cartridge, ensuring consistent temperature conditions, improved selectivity, and better peak shapes.Its compact design supports flexible integration and accommodates multiple columns.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Column thermostat for HPLC applications</li><li>Temperature range 5–85 °C</li><li>Peltier technology (heating and cooling)</li><li>High temperature stability (±0.1 °C)</li><li>Accurate temperature control (±0.2 °C)</li><li>Programmable temperature gradients</li><li>Optional eluent pre-heating</li><li>Supports multiple columns</li><li>Compact and robust design</li><li>Built-in safety features</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Thermostatting</h4><ul><li>Technology: Peltier (heating &amp; cooling)</li><li>Temperature range: 5–85 °C</li><li>Heating/cooling rate: 2 °C/min</li><li>Accuracy: ± 0.2 °C</li><li>Stability: ± 0.1 °C</li><li>Air circulation: fan-assisted bidirectional flow</li></ul><h4>Column Compartment</h4><ul><li>Max number of columns: up to 8</li><li>Max length: 325 mm</li><li>Max diameter: 35 mm</li><li>Compatibility:<ul><li>125 mm × 4.6 mm ID (with precolumn)</li><li>300 mm × 4.6 mm ID</li><li>300 mm × 16 mm ID</li></ul></li></ul><h4>Internal Dimensions</h4><ul><li>90 × 390 × 47 mm</li></ul><h4>Safety</h4><ul><li>Self-check and auto-calibration at startup</li><li>Adjustable shut-off temperature</li><li>Leak sensor with acoustic alarm</li></ul><h4>Control &amp; Communication</h4><ul><li>LAN interface</li><li>Optional Mobile Control (stand-alone operation)</li></ul><h4>Power &amp; Dimensions</h4><ul><li>Power supply: 90–230 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li>Power consumption: 100 W</li><li>Dimensions: 150 × 470 × 310 mm</li><li>Weight: 8.4 kg</li></ul><h4>Optional Accessories</h4><ul><li>Eluent pre-heating cartridge<ul><li>for capillaries 0.1 mm / 0.18 mm ID</li></ul></li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA Valve Unifier VU 4.1

KNAUER AZURA VU 4.1 valve drive enables fast automated valve switching with RFID identification for HPLC/UHPLC systems.

The KNAUER AZURA VU 4.1 Valve Unifier is a compact valve drive unit designed for automated valve switching in HPLC/UHPLC systems. It enables precise and fast control of liquid flow paths, which is essential for applications such as column switching, sample injection, eluent selection, and fractionation.Due to its ultra-fast switching speed, the flow path is interrupted only briefly, significantly reducing pressure spikes and improving system stability.The device uses RFID technology for automatic valve identification, ensuring easy and error-free valve exchange. Integrated GLP data monitoring simplifies maintenance tasks such as rotor seal replacement.The unit can be operated:<ul><li>stand-alone via display</li><li>via software</li><li>through LAN or analog I/O</li></ul>This makes it easy to integrate into almost any LC system.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Universal valve drive for &gt;40 valve types</li><li>Ultra-fast switching (minimal pressure spikes)</li><li>RFID valve identification</li><li>GLP data monitoring for maintenance</li><li>Standalone operation via display</li><li>Integration into LC systems (LAN, analog, software)</li><li>Compact design</li><li>Easy maintenance and valve exchange</li><li>Flexible use in LC and industrial applications</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Communication &amp; Control</h4><ul><li>Interfaces: LAN, display, terminal strip</li><li>Control:<ul><li>display (stand-alone)</li><li>software</li><li>event control</li></ul></li><li>Inputs:<ul><li>Home</li><li>Backward/Inject</li><li>Forward/Load</li><li>Start</li></ul></li><li>Outputs:<ul><li>Trigger out</li><li>Event output</li></ul></li></ul><h4>Performance &amp; Features</h4><ul><li>Ultra-fast valve switching</li><li>Reduced pressure peaks</li><li>Supports &gt;40 valve types</li><li>RFID valve recognition</li><li>GLP maintenance tracking</li></ul><h4>Operating Conditions</h4><ul><li>Temperature: 4–40 °C</li><li>Humidity: &lt; 90% non-condensing</li></ul><h4>Power &amp; Dimensions</h4><ul><li>Power supply: external 24 V DC</li><li>Power consumption: 65 W</li><li>Dimensions: 80 × 123 × 192 mm</li><li>Weight: 1.9 kg</li></ul><h4>Typical Applications</h4><ul><li>Column switching</li><li>Eluent selection</li><li>Sample injection</li><li>Fraction collection</li><li>LC workflow automation</li><li>Dosing systems in chemical industry</li></ul>

Products from category HPLC components distributed by KNAUER - page 1

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