<h3>Too much interfering matrix? Discover how to streamline your daily LC-MS analysis with turbulent flow chromatography.</h3>Sample preparation is a critical step in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis to achieve quantitative accuracy and precision. Directly injecting crude samples into your instrument without prior cleanup to remove interfering compounds can clog the flow path, damage your detector, and negatively impact your analyses through a “matrix effect.”<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Automated_LC_MS_Sample_Cleanup_Using_Turbulent_Flow_Chromatography_c7647c2c50.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Automated LC-MS Sample Cleanup Using Turbulent Flow Chromatography." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Automated_LC_MS_Sample_Cleanup_Using_Turbulent_Flow_Chromatography_c7647c2c50.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="512">Common approaches to clean up samples and suppress the matrix effect include simple dilution and centrifugation to extensive extraction techniques. The common scope of all these procedures is to minimize the possible contamination of your LC-MS system but, more importantly, to reduce to a minimum the interference of unrelated sample components on the detection and quantification of your analytes of interest.A point to note is the preparation method you choose often depends on the complexity of your sample. For instance, samples for clinical research applications or toxicology tend to have high levels of interfering matrix and require a more sophisticated clean-up approach.&nbsp; Let’s dive into what a matrix effect is, the impacts on your LC-MS data, and an effective method called turbulent flow chromatography you can use to clean complex samples.1<h3 id="h-what-exactly-is-matrix-effect">What exactly is matrix effect?</h3>Any chemical entity in your sample capable of coeluting or interacting with analytes of interest can generate matrix effect, ultimately impacting the integrity of your data.Interfering matrix compounds come from endogenous and exogenous sources, but biological samples like blood or serum, and food and environmental extracts inherently have higher levels of interfering compounds.Some examples of interfering matrix compounds include ion-suppressing salts, proteins, lipids, compounds capable of ion-pairing interactions, and polymers.<h3 id="h-how-does-matrix-effect-impact-your-lc-ms-data">How does matrix effect impact your LC-MS data?</h3>Because matrix compounds interfere with the detection and quantitation of your target analytes, the effects ultimately lead to an under- or overestimation in analyte quantification.In the case of LC-MS, the matrix effect triggers ion suppression2, which happens when compounds from the sample matrix inhibit charge transfer from the ion source to your target analytes – a prime example is electrospray ionization, where the detection relies on efficient charge transfer to analytes.Analytes and matrix components will naturally compete for the available charge from the MS ion source. And when compounds of your sample matrix are present in higher concentrations than your analytes, these unwanted molecules can capture more of the charge, leaving fewer ions available for charge transfer to your analytes.Hence suppression of charge transfer to your analytes leads to poor accuracy and limits of detection and quantitation.<h3 id="h-sample-preparation-methods-to-remove-interfering-matrix">Sample preparation methods to remove interfering matrix</h3>Using the example of ion suppression, you can see how eliminating the competition for charge transfer between matrix components and analytes through proper sample cleaning is essential to developing a method with quantitative accuracy.Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) and Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) are techniques used to clean samples before LC-MS analysis. 3,4<ul><li>In SPE, a liquid sample is loaded onto a column packed with a solid adsorbent material. The analytes of interest are retained on the adsorbent material while unwanted matrix components are washed away. The retained analytes are then eluted using a solvent. This approach is typically developed on a specific panel of target analytes.</li><li>LLE is based on the differential solubility of analytes between two immiscible solvents; once a partition equilibrium is reached, the enriched solvent is separated and, usually, evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in a solvent compatible with LC-MS.</li></ul>Regardless of the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/content/lifetech/global/en/home/industrial/chromatography/chromatography-learning-center/chromatography-consumables/sample-prep.html">sample preparation</a> approach you decide to use, these manual procedures are imprecise, time-consuming, and labor-intensive—even a quick and easy cleanup is subject to human errors like improper pipetting or sample mix-up.<h3 id="h-automated-online-sample-cleanup-for-efficient-sample-preparations">Automated online sample cleanup for efficient sample preparations</h3>To overcome the bottlenecks and risks of manual approaches, automated sample cleanup is gaining popularity, thanks to much less human intervention combined with better speed and analytical reproducibility.Online SPE&nbsp;is an improvement over manual ones, where the extraction process integrates directly with your LC system. The sample is automatically injected onto an extraction cartridge, cleanup occurs, and your extracted sample transfers directly to the MS instrument (flow injection analysis) or to an analytical column for further separation and detection.Turbulent flow chromatography (TurboFlow) is a more advanced online sample cleanup approach combining the aspects of the chemical affinity of SPE with size exclusion chromatography (SEC).5<h3 id="h-how-does-turbulent-flow-chromatography-work">How does turbulent flow chromatography work?</h3>TurboFlow separates low molecular weight molecules from high molecular weight matrix components using a specialized sample extraction column on LC systems (Figure 2).Here’s a detailed look at how TurboFlow works:<ol><li>Your sample is directly injected into a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/CH-952434">TurboFlow column</a> (typically large &gt; 50 µm particle size with macropores).</li><li>The sample flows through the column at high linear velocities, creating turbulence to enhance the interaction between the sample components and the stationary phase.</li><li>Low molecular weight molecules diffuse into the pores faster than high molecular weight components and quickly flush to waste. Only the small molecules with an affinity for the particle chemistry bind to the internal pore surfaces.</li><li>A change in mobile phase composition elutes the small molecules bound by the TurboFlow column for further separation and detection.</li></ol><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Automated_LC_MS_Sample_Cleanup_Using_Turbulent_Flow_Chromatography_3_a261253a52.jpeg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Figure 1. Illustration showing how turbulent flow chromatography works." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Automated_LC_MS_Sample_Cleanup_Using_Turbulent_Flow_Chromatography_3_a261253a52.jpeg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="512"><h3 id="h-benefits-of-turbulent-flow-chromatography-for-sample-preparation-over-spe">Benefits of turbulent flow chromatography for sample preparation over SPE</h3>While both TurboFlow and online SPE streamline and automate the sample preparation process, TurboFlow has key differences and advantages to consider (Figure 2).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Automated_LC_MS_Sample_Cleanup_Using_Turbulent_Flow_Chromatography_4_221b9dda9b.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Figure 2. TurboFlow vs. SPE for sample cleanup." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Automated_LC_MS_Sample_Cleanup_Using_Turbulent_Flow_Chromatography_4_221b9dda9b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="700" height="410"><ol><li>TurboFlow provides a cleaner sample compared to SPE<ul><li>The more efficient dual mode of action (chemical affinity plus SEC)</li><li>The elution performed by a strong solvent plug potentially reduces the transfer of residual matrix components to your MS</li></ul></li><li>A cleaner sample means<ul><li>Reduced ion suppression, leading to increased sensitivity</li><li>Less mass spectrometer contamination</li><li>Extended analytical column lifespan</li><li>Faster analytical gradients</li></ul></li></ol>Moreover, the opportunity to modulate the strength of the mobile phase reaching the analytical column allows for better analyte focusing on the head of the column, significantly improving your chromatography.<h3 id="h-streamline-your-daily-lc-ms-analysis-with-turboflow-technology">Streamline your daily LC-MS analysis with TurboFlow technology</h3><div style="grid-template-columns:auto 60%;"><div>Automated sample cleanup using <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label="online TurboFlow technology - open in a new tab" data-uw-rm-ext-link="" uw-rm-external-link-id="https://assets.thermofisher.com/tfs-assets/cmd/brochures/br-74120-lc-ms-transcend-uhplc-systems-br74120-en.pdf$onlineturboflowtechnology"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/CMD/brochures/br-74120-lc-ms-transcend-uhplc-systems-br74120-en.pdf">online TurboFlow technology</a></a> is a rapid and efficient sample preparation approach that considerably improves method accuracy, reliability, and sensitivity. Adopting this technology can even enhance the competitiveness of your laboratory by allowing faster results, lower costs per sample, and improved reproducibility and MS sensitivity.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:700/410;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Automated_LC_MS_Sample_Cleanup_Using_Turbulent_Flow_Chromatography_2_0a20492c6a.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Figure 3. Transcend TLX TurboFlow UHPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Automated_LC_MS_Sample_Cleanup_Using_Turbulent_Flow_Chromatography_2_0a20492c6a.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="700" height="410"></figure><blockquote><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/content/lifetech/global/en/home/industrial/chromatography/liquid-chromatography-lc/hplc-uhplc-systems/transcend-turboflow-tlx-systems.html">Learn how TurboFlow can ease your lab’s daily LC-MS analysis of complex matrices today</a>.</blockquote><article aria-label="Automated LC-MS Sample Cleanup Using Turbulent Flow Chromatography"><div><blockquote>Visit us on <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label="LinkedIn: - open in a new tab" data-uw-rm-ext-link="" uw-rm-external-link-id="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/72003132/admin/dashboard/$linkedin:"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/72003132/admin/dashboard/">LinkedIn:</a></a> #TurbulentflowChromatography #lcms #IonSuppression</blockquote></div></article><section><blockquote><h4>Dan Kalu Appulage</h4>Dr. Dan Kalu Appulage is a Product Management Specialist in the HPCS business unit at Thermo Fisher Scientific. He holds a Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistry, an M.A., and B.S. in Chemistry. His professional background includes expertise in product management, LCMS method development, and teaching. Dan is passionate about education and loves sharing his knowledge and experiences with others. Outside of work, Dan enjoys playing volleyball and traveling with his family.</blockquote></section></div></div>

Automated LC-MS Sample Cleanup Using Turbulent Flow Chromatography

<h3>Smarter sample preparation for LC-MS: from simplicity to selectivity</h3>In any toxicology lab, sample preparation is more than a preliminary step—it’s the foundation for accuracy, reproducibility, and workflow efficiency. In a recent <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/3978">webinar</a>, we explored a range of sample preparation strategies—from minimal processing to highly selective techniques—with additional insights shared by Dr. William Clarke, PhD, MBA, DABCC, Professor of Pathology and Deputy Director of Quality and Regulatory Affairs at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. These discussions build on our latest white paper, “<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/CMD/Reference-Materials/wp-000861-lsms-clinical-tox-explorer-toxicology-wp000861-na-en.pdf">Context matters: selecting LC-MS sample preparation methods for LC-MS/MS in clinical research and toxicology applications</a>“, authored by Prof. Alain Verstraete (University Hospital Ghent). The paper highlights commonly used LC-MS sample preparation methods and provides practical guidance to help laboratories select the most appropriate approach for their needs.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Sample_Preparation_Strategies_Demystified_Choosing_the_Right_Fit_for_Your_Toxicology_Workflow_5_722a357221.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Sample Preparation Strategies Demystified: Choosing the Right Fit for Your Toxicology Workflow: Thermo Scientific SOLAμ SPE Plates—Explore SOLA." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Sample_Preparation_Strategies_Demystified_Choosing_the_Right_Fit_for_Your_Toxicology_Workflow_5_722a357221.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="700" height="340"><h3>The power of simplicity: dilute-and-shoot and protein precipitation</h3>For relatively clean matrices like urine, a dilute-and-shoot approach can be effective. This method involves minimal handling and is low-cost but generally best suited for low-protein samples to avoid ion suppression or instrument issues. For samples rich in proteins, such as plasma, serum, or whole blood, protein precipitation (PPT) is a common and straightforward method. It uses organic solvents—often methanol—to denature and precipitate proteins. After incubation at low temperatures and centrifugation, the supernatant is collected and may be further diluted. Additives like zinc sulfate can be added to enhance protein precipitation or aid cell lysis. While PPT is less selective, it effectively reduces matrix complexity and is compatible with <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/content/lifetech/global/en/home/industrial/forensics/forensic-toxicology/tox-explorer-collection-lc-ms.html">robust LC-MS instrumentation</a>. As a plug-and-play approach, the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/content/lifetech/global/en/home/industrial/forensics/forensic-toxicology/tox-explorer-collection-lc-ms.html">Thermo Scientific Tox Explorer</a> method, with over 2,000 compounds in its library, includes sample preparation recommendations for varying matrices, including dilute-and-shoot and protein precipitation.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Sample_Preparation_Strategies_Demystified_Choosing_the_Right_Fit_for_Your_Toxicology_Workflow_4_658266d072.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Sample Preparation Strategies Demystified: Choosing the Right Fit for Your Toxicology Workflow: Tox Explorer compound library shown in mzVault." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Sample_Preparation_Strategies_Demystified_Choosing_the_Right_Fit_for_Your_Toxicology_Workflow_4_658266d072.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="480">Enhancing selectivity: Phospholipid Removal, Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE), Supported Liquid Extraction (SLE), and Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE)When higher selectivity and sensitivity are required, extraction-based methods are employed:<ul><li>Phospholipid Removal uses commercial solutions to reduce matrix components that can cause ion suppression. Though relatively simple, it requires some specialized materials and does not concentrate analytes.</li><li>Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) separates analytes based on their solubility differences between aqueous biological fluids and immiscible organic solvents. This technique removes many matrix interferences but is labor-intensive and challenging to automate.</li><li>Supported Liquid Extraction (SLE)&nbsp;improves upon LLE by using a porous support to retain the aqueous phase, allowing nonpolar analytes to partition into an organic solvent, which can be collected more efficiently as flow-through. SLE offers cleaner extracts and better reproducibility, making it more compatible with higher-throughput workflows.</li><li>Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) selectively retains analytes on sorbent phases based on chemical characteristics such as polarity or charge. Impurities are washed away, and analytes are eluted with strong organic solvents, often followed by drying and reconstitution. SPE improves consistency and reduces matrix effects, especially in complex samples or high-throughput environments. Various sorbents, including ion exchange types, can be selected, or even combined, depending on analyte chemistry.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Sample_Preparation_Strategies_Demystified_Choosing_the_Right_Fit_for_Your_Toxicology_Workflow_2_fee3c7bdd8.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Sample Preparation Strategies Demystified: Choosing the Right Fit for Your Toxicology Workflow: Common sample preparation methods for LC-MS featured in table 1 of white paper 000861." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Sample_Preparation_Strategies_Demystified_Choosing_the_Right_Fit_for_Your_Toxicology_Workflow_2_fee3c7bdd8.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1000" height="548"><h3>Unlocking efficiency: how automation is transforming sample preparation</h3>As labs face staffing shortages and increasing sample volumes, automation is becoming essential. Solutions from providers like Hamilton and Tecan help streamline sample preparation tasks, including pipetting, plate transfers, and offline SPE. This can dramatically reduce hands-on time and standardize processes. In the webinar, Dr. Clarke shares that one lab, for example, was able to cut total sample preparation time in half—from six hours to three—and reduce hands-on analyst time from three hours to just 10 minutes by using a Tecan platform with SPE plates. Each of the extraction methods discussed can be readily programmed onto these liquid handling robots. Still, automation brings new challenges—like programming robots, accounting for sample variability, managing liquid classes (e.g., whole blood vs. serum), and replicating the precision of skilled human pipetting, which remains difficult to fully automate and underscores the continued importance of human expertise<h3>Emerging trends: dried blood spots and microsampling</h3>Dried blood spots (DBS) and microsampling techniques promise minimally invasive collection and improved sample logistics. Fixed-volume devices with or without pre-punched filter cards can simplify automation and downstream analysis. However, challenges remain: hematocrit effects, uneven sample spread, storage issues, and potential for contamination or hemolysis.Capillary sampling from fingersticks may seem like a step toward decentralized testing, but it’s not without challenges—sample quality can be affected by peripheral blood differences or inconsistent collection techniques.To address some of these limitations, particularly the need for extensive sample prep for screening purposes, direct analysis methods are gaining traction. The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/content/lifetech/global/en/home/industrial/mass-spectrometry/liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry-lc-ms/lc-ms-accessories/verispray-paperspray-ion-source-mass-spectrometry.html">Thermo Scientific VeriSpray PaperSpray ion source</a> offers a direct MS-based ionization approach for analyzing dried samples, eliminating the need for time-consuming sample preparation and chromatographic separation. This can be especially useful for complex matrices like whole blood, which often require more intensive extraction to remove proteins.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Sample_Preparation_Strategies_Demystified_Choosing_the_Right_Fit_for_Your_Toxicology_Workflow_3_cb6f7e0282.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Sample Preparation Strategies Demystified: Choosing the Right Fit for Your Toxicology Workflow: VeriSpray paper spray ionization is a rapid and user-friendly sample introduction technique that delivers samples directly to the mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization. The process is straightforward—just add the sample and solvent to the paper." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Sample_Preparation_Strategies_Demystified_Choosing_the_Right_Fit_for_Your_Toxicology_Workflow_3_cb6f7e0282.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="271"><h3>Final takeaway: clean samples, better results</h3>The overarching message: cleaner samples drive better assay performance. Whether you’re processing high-throughput toxicology screens or quantifying small molecules and peptides, aligning your sample preparation strategy with both analytical and operational goals is essential. From simple dilute-and-shoot methods to advanced approaches or fully automated workflows, thoughtful preparation can enhance instrument uptime, improve assay accuracy, and reduce long-term operational costs. A recent technical note—linked under the SPE section in the supporting documents below—demonstrates this effectively using a large urine drug panel. Solid-phase extraction plates improved both assay robustness and accuracy. By extracting just 200 µL of sample and minimizing solvent use, the workflow successfully reduced reagent costs and waste without sacrificing data quality. As mass spectrometry continues to expand into more complex and decentralized applications, laboratories that invest in fit-for-purpose sample prep strategies will be best positioned to deliver confident, high-quality results at scale. To support these efforts, Thermo Fisher Scientific offers a variety of aligned resources, including those discussed in the webinar and this blog:<ul><li>Dilute-and-shoot: See the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/tn_000794_lsms_tox_explorer_orbitrap_exploris_120_drugs_of_abuse_tn000794_na_en_3286411f97/tn-000794-lsms-tox-explorer-orbitrap-exploris-120-drugs-of-abuse-tn000794-na-en.pdf">Thermo Scientific Tox Explorer method for Orbitrap-based screening of 120 drugs of abuse</a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/CMD/Reference-Materials/wp-000861-lsms-clinical-tox-explorer-toxicology-wp000861-na-en.pdf">this white paper highlighting the comparison of sample prep methods.</a></li><li>Protein Precipitation: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/tn_73168_lc_ms_drugs_of_abuse_tn73168_en_6ff028434e/tn-73168-lc-ms-drugs-of-abuse-tn73168-en.pdf">Quantification of 78 drugs of abuse in human blood by liquid chromatography – HRAM Orbitrap mass spectrometry for clinical research</a>.</li><li>Solid phase extraction (SPE): Learn more through our tox drugs of abuse <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/CMD/Technical-Notes/tn-002363-clinical-lc-ms-homestead-tn002363-na-en.pdf">Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Exploris 120 MS</a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/CMD/Technical-Notes/tn-002606-lsms-clinical-toxicology-doa-tn002606-na-en.pdf">Thermo Scientific TSQ Quantis Plus MS method for clinical toxicology</a> technical notes.</li><li>Automation: See how oral fluid extraction is streamlined using automation in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/CMD/Technical-Notes/tn-003851-cl-lcms-stellar-oral-fluid-tn003851-na-en.pdf">this technical note featuring Thermo Scientific Stellar MS.</a></li><li>Dried sample workflows: Explore simplified prep using the Thermo Scientific VeriSpray PaperSpray Ion Source in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/tn_73467_ps_ms_paperspray_tandem_ms_drugs_of_abuse_urine_tn73467_en_d81464d205/tn-73467-ps-ms-paperspray-tandem-ms-drugs-of-abuse-urine-tn73467-en.pdf">this technical note on urine drug analysis.</a></li></ul><blockquote>Visit us on&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/72003132/admin/dashboard/">LinkedIn:</a>&nbsp;#SamplePreparation, #ForensicToxicology, #toxicology, #lcms</blockquote><blockquote><h4>Ema Ruzic</h4>Vertical Marketing Manager, Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Division (CMD)</blockquote>

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