EU Regulation 396/2005: Pesticide Residue Testing and the Critical Role of QuEChERS Evaporation in Food Safety

<div><div><p><strong>Researchers led by </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://kudova.group.uochb.cz/en"><strong>Eva Kudová</strong></a><strong> from IOCB Prague and Jitka Viktorová from UCT Prague have identified new androstane-based steroid derivatives that can significantly improve the effectiveness of existing antibiotics against multidrug-resistant </strong><i><strong>Staphylococcus aureus</strong></i><strong>.</strong></p></div></div><div><p>The team screened dozens of natural steroidal hormones and synthetic derivatives to see whether they could block bacterial efflux pumps – mechanisms that bacteria use to eject antibiotics and survive treatment. Two compounds emerged as particularly promising: they inhibited efflux pumps and lowered the effective doses of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and erythromycin.</p><p>Further analysis showed that one of the compounds also suppressed genes linked to bacterial virulence. Another key finding is that the most active molecules are non-toxic to human immune cells and showed no detectable endocrine activity, suggesting a favorable safety profile.</p><p>These findings support the idea that rationally designed steroid-based molecules could act as antibiotic adjuvants, helping existing drugs overcome bacterial resistance.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/IOCB_Prague_Steroidal_hormones_and_neurosteroids_novel_therapeutic_strategies_in_bacterial_infections_8e5d2a7b48.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague: Steroidal hormones and neurosteroids – novel therapeutic strategies in bacterial infections" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_IOCB_Prague_Steroidal_hormones_and_neurosteroids_novel_therapeutic_strategies_in_bacterial_infections_8e5d2a7b48.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="1258" height="886"></p><blockquote><h4><strong>Original Article</strong></h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0223523426001613?via%3Dihub"><strong>Steroidal hormones and neurosteroids - novel therapeutic strategies in bacterial infections: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation</strong></a></h4><p>Daniela Brdová, Bára Křížkovská, Jan Špaček, Zdeněk Míchal, Eva Jablonská, Ondřej Strnad, Hana Chodounská, Eszter Szánti-Pintér, Marina Morozovová, Václav Hanžl, Jan Tkadlec, Martijn Riool, Jan Lipov, Jitka Viktorová, Eva Kudová&nbsp;</p><p><i><strong>Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2026, 308, 118716</strong></i></p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2026.118716">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2026.118716</a></p><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><strong>CC-BY 4.0</strong></a></h6></blockquote><h4><strong>Abstract</strong></h4><p>The global rise of antibiotic resistance necessitates novel therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases. Inhibition of bacterial efflux pumps, which contribute to multidrug resistance, represents a promising approach to restore or even increase the efficacy of existing antibiotics. Using fluorescence-based ethidium bromide accumulation, broth microdilution, and checkerboard assays, we evaluated 26 endogenous steroidal hormones and neurosteroids, along with 30 synthetic derivatives, for their ability to enhance antibiotic susceptibility in multidrug-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. Structure-activity relationship analysis identified compounds <strong>13</strong> and <strong>16</strong> as lead candidates, exhibiting strong efflux pump inhibition and marked reductions in the minimum inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. Both compounds showed additive effects in checkerboard assays. Modifications at C-3 (polar substitution) and C-17 (3α,5β-stereochemistry and nonpolar substitution) were essential for potent efflux inhibition and sensitization, although these modifications were not additive when combined. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that compound <strong>13</strong> significantly downregulated <i>S. aureus</i> virulence-associated genes when administered alone or in combination with antibiotics. Cytotoxicity assessment in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and receptor transactivation assays for estrogen, androgen, and progesterone receptors indicated that the most active derivatives were non-toxic and lacked detectable endocrine activity, suggesting a favorable safety profile. Overall, these findings support the concept that rationally designed andostane-based steroidal scaffolds can function as competitive bacterial efflux pump inhibitors and serve as potential antibiotic adjuvants to mitigate efflux-mediated resistance.</p><h4><strong>Instrumentation</strong></h4><h5><strong>Structural characterization</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>AVANCE III 400 MHz NMR spectrometer</strong> (Bruker)</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=3&amp;search=LTQ+Orbitrap+XL"><strong>LTQ Orbitrap XL HRMS</strong></a> (Thermo Fisher Scientific, ESI)</li></ul></div>

Steroidal hormones and neurosteroids – novel therapeutic strategies in bacterial infections

<p><strong>Metformin is currently the first-line oral drug of choice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It reduces glucose production in the liver, improves tissue sensitivity to insulin, and does not cause weight gain or hypoglycemia, which sets it apart from some other antidiabetic drugs. Moreover, its long-term beneficial effects on the risk of cardiovascular complications and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes have been well established. Researchers from the Institute of Physiology CAS (IPHYS) have identified a new group of blood metabolites that could help physicians objectively monitor whether patients with type 2 diabetes are taking their metformin as prescribed.</strong></p><h4><strong>New biomarkers for metformin use</strong></h4><p>A team led by Tomáš Čajka from the Laboratory of Translational Metabolism at IPHYS analyzed plasma samples from <strong>637 patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin</strong> and <strong>143 non-diabetic controls</strong> using advanced metabolomics and lipidomics. Among 614 detected metabolites, they identified five from the group of <strong>N-lactoyl-amino acids </strong>(e.g. N‑lactoyl-phenylalanine), which had previously been seen as unknown signals due to missing reference spectra in databases. The levels of these metabolites in the blood closely reflected the plasma concentrations of metformin. In patients with the highest metformin exposure, the concentrations of these metabolites were up to 7.2 times higher than in controls.</p><h4><strong>A sensitive “fingerprint” of the drug’s effect</strong></h4><p>N-Lactoyl-amino acids are formed in cells by combining lactate and amino acids, thus reflecting the metformin-induced changes in cellular energy metabolism. “<i>Importantly, even though they occur in plasma only at nanomolar concentrations, they reliably distinguish patients who take metformin regularly from those who take it irregularly or not at all</i>,” emphasizes T. Čajka.</p><h4><strong>Metabolomics in practice and international collaboration</strong></h4><p>The study also provides a detailed description of broader metabolic changes in type 2 diabetes, including increases in lactate, organic acids, and branched-chain amino acids, as well as extensive remodelling of the lipid profile. In addition to T. Čajka’s team, collaborators from the Institute for <strong>Clinical and Experimental Medicine in Prague</strong> and the <strong>West Coast Metabolomics Center</strong> (University of California, Davis) also participated in the study.</p><p>The results demonstrate that advanced metabolomics approaches developed at IPHYS within the <strong>CarDia project</strong> can find highly practical applications both in clinical studies and in personalized monitoring of treatment in patients with diabetes.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>The original article</strong></h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpt.70205"><strong>Untargeted Metabolomics Identifies N-Lactoyl-Amino Acids as Dose-Responsive Plasma Biomarkers of Metformin Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes</strong></a></h4><p>Tomas Cajka, Jiri Hricko, Lucie Rudl Kulhava, Michaela Paucova, Michaela Novakova, Veronika Hola, Stanislava Rakusanova, Oliver Fiehn, Vojtech Skop, Ivana Lankova, Iva Miskova, Terezie Pelikanova, Martin Haluzik</p><p>Clin Pharmacol Ther, 119: 1057-1069</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70205">https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70205</a></p><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><strong>CC-BY 4.0</strong></a></h6></blockquote><h4><strong>Abstract</strong></h4><p>Metformin is the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drug, yet adherence remains difficult to objectively assess. Using untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics, we analyzed plasma from 637 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with confirmed metformin use and 143 nondiabetic controls, annotating 614 metabolites. Patients were stratified by plasma metformin into sub-therapeutic, therapeutic, and supra-therapeutic groups, and associations were evaluated by multiple linear regression and composite metabolite ranking. Five previously unannotated features were structurally identified as N-lactoyl-amino acids, whose levels correlated strongly with plasma metformin (ρ = 0.42–0.55, P &lt; 0.0001) and increased up to 7.2-fold in the supra-therapeutic group (&gt; 2000 ng/mL). While N-lactoyl-amino acids were consistently detected in the nanomolar range, they still displayed robust and dose-dependent associations with metformin. Broader metabolic changes in T2D included elevated lactate, organic acids, and branched-chain amino acids, together with reduced urea cycle metabolites. Lipidomics showed increases in saturated triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols and decreases in cholesteryl esters, sphingomyelins, and phospholipids. These findings establish N-lactoyl-amino acids as robust, dose-responsive plasma biomarkers of metformin exposure. Despite being up to four orders of magnitude less abundant than their amino acid precursors, they sensitively reflect mitochondrial lactate overflow and pharmacodynamic adaptation, offering objective assessment of adherence.</p>

New blood biomarkers reveal how faithfully diabetes patients take metformin

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The Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS) was established by Act No. 283/1992 Coll. as the Czech successor of the former Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. It is set up as a complex of 54 public research institutions.

Czech Academy of Sciences

The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IOCB Prague) is a leading scientific institution in the Czech Republic, recognized internationally. Its primary mission is basic research in the fields of chemical biology and medicinal chemistry, organic and material oriented chemistry, chemistry of natural compounds, biochemistry and molecular biology, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, and analytical chemistry. 

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences

Organomation, founded in 1959, designs and manufactures high-quality nitrogen evaporators and extraction systems. Known for innovation and durability, their lab instruments are used globally for efficient sample preparation with strong customer support.

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Waters ACQUITY Arc LC System

The ACQUITY™ Arc™ System is an all-in-one platform for HPLC and UHPLC, designed for robust method development and seamless transfer between modern LC systems, addressing a wide range of analytical challenges.

<p class="cke-user_style-important"><strong>Built upon a foundation of reliability</strong></p><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []"><strong>The method development process is changing. New regulations, software and analytical technologies are rapidly changing how methods are designed, transferred, and monitored over their lifecycle. An all-in-one platform for HPLC and UHPLC separations, the ACQUITY™ Arc™ System is designed to meet the spectrum of challenges you face from robust method development to seamless transfer between any modern LC systems.</strong></p><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">With the <strong>ACQUITY Arc System</strong>, you can experience true plug-and-play method compatibility for HPLC and UHPLC separations. Significant productivity gains can be realized by deploying a single LC platform that allows for the efficient transfer, adjustment, and improvement of methods from any LC platform without compromise in method integrity.</p><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:768/886;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_63246061ea.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Arc System" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_63246061ea.jpg 136w," sizes="100vw" width="768" height="886"></figure><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">Laboratory-driven organizations have relied on Waters for over 60 years to deliver reliable, robust, and reproducible solutions to ensure confidence in their analytical results. With over 100,000 LC systems installed, we understand the significant impact the right technology has on your business, and the implications it has on characterizing the quality and safety of your products.</p><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">Methods with greater agility, robustness, and capacity for change can help you reduce regulatory burden, risk of failure and costs. Visit <a disabled="true">www.methods.waters.com</a> to learn more about how method life cycle management (MLCM) connects your method today to your method tomorrow.</p><h3><strong>Designed for discovery to routine QC applications</strong></h3><p>The <strong>ACQUITY Arc System</strong> is the only available LC system with regulatory compliant-ready hardware and software for both HPLC and UHPLC separations in one instrument. With unrivaled column capacity and Arc Multi-flow path™ technology, the<strong> ACQUITY Arc System</strong> allows you to generate new methods and modernize legacy HPLC methods faster than ever before.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_2_c06ba42baa.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Arc System: The ACQUITY Arc System can replicate your established HPLC methods by compensating for these differences with unique features such as the Arc Multi-Flow Path technology and Gradient SmartStart. These innovative attributes enable seamless replication of your existing chromatographic results to meet your acceptance criteria without changes to validated gradient tables." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_2_c06ba42baa.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="682"></p><h4><strong>Comprehensive detector portfolio</strong></h4><p>High-performance analytical detectors designed to maximize HPLC and UHPLC performance, delivering exceptional sensitivity and linearity for your assays.</p><p>Photodiode array, UV/Vis, fluorescence, refractive index, evaporative light scattering, and mass detection, including the ACQUITY QDa™ Detector.</p><h4><strong>Gradient SmartStart</strong></h4><p>Automatically manage gradient start time and pre-injection steps to maximize sample throughput. 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Conditions: 15 to 35% B in 3 min, 35 to 95% B in 2 min; Mobile phase A: 0.1% HCOOH in H 2 O, mobile phase B: 0.1% HCOOH in ACN; Flow rate = 2.0 mL/min; Column: XSelect™ CSH C 18 , 4.6 x 150 mm, 5 μm; Temp. = 30 °C; UV@ 260 nm; 10.0 μL injection volume." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_3_c8c7901de3.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1099" height="596"></p><p>Upgrade your laboratory with a versatile, modern LC system that delivers HPLC and UHPLC method compatibility at the flip of a switch.</p><h3><strong>Modernize your methods</strong></h3><p>The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is championing pharmacopeial harmonization and modernization efforts, and international organizations are following suit. 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These LC assays are often adapted to accommodate the technology available from one stage to the next, in some cases requiring an adjustment from a smaller particle size (sub-2-μm) to a larger particle size (2.5 μm–5 μm).</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_5_d9dd95135c.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Arc System: The ACQUITY Arc System enables the support of HPLC and UHPLC methods on a single platform." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_5_d9dd95135c.jpg 173w," sizes="100vw" width="959" height="860"></p><p>The <strong>ACQUITY Arc System</strong> provides the flexibility to maximize productivity through efficient and rapid 2.5 μm–2.7 μm UHPLC separations, or to accommodate larger 3.0 μm–5 μm HPLC particles.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_6_1ebc2c67e7.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Arc System: Save time. 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Waters Alliance HPLC System

 With its proven performance history, the Alliance HPLC is the industry’s analytical HPLC system of choice, ideally suited for methods development and routine analysis.

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Get <strong>accurate and reproducible results</strong> with <strong>Waters flagship HPLC technology</strong>, which provides <strong>consistent and reliable performance</strong>. Whether your Alliance HPLC System is newly manufactured, or you're working on one that is several years old, the Alliance HPLC System is a <strong>time-tested, dependable,</strong> and <strong>robust </strong>workhorse for your HPLC separations.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_dfafc334c1.jpg" alt="Waters Alliance HPLC System: Comparison of the separation of carbamates using two different Alliance HPLC Systems, manufactured 7 years apart. The results are equivalent." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_dfafc334c1.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="532"></p></div></div><div><div><h3><strong>Performance that exceeds your method requirements</strong></h3><p>The <strong>Alliance HPLC System</strong> ensures the <strong>reliability of your results</strong> via <strong>high injection precision</strong> and <strong>repeatable and accurate flow rates</strong>, resulting in <strong>easy peak identification</strong>, <strong>precise quantification</strong>, and <strong>exceptional retention time repeatability</strong>.</p><p>The integrated solvent delivery system features <strong>quaternary blending with a fixed delay volume</strong> for <strong>consistent and predictable results</strong>, regardless of system back pressure. The sample managers’ <strong>flexible injection capabilities</strong> cover a wide injection volume range (up to 2 mL) with <strong>excellent carryover performance</strong>, typically <strong>below 0.005%</strong>.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_2_6dab43c365.jpg" alt="Waters Alliance HPLC System: USP method for Budesonide on the Alliance HPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_2_6dab43c365.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="580"></p></div></div><div><div><h3><strong>Advancements in column chemistry and mass detection</strong></h3><p>The <strong>Alliance HPLC</strong> can leverage <strong>smaller particle size column chemistry</strong> to improve your laboratory's efficiency. With <strong>CORTECS 2.7 µm particle size columns</strong>, your lab will benefit from <strong>improvements in resolution</strong> and <strong>faster run times</strong> when transferring from a 5 µm size particle chemistry.</p><p>Further <strong>increase confidence in your data</strong> by adding <strong>mass confirmation with the ACQUITY QDa Detector</strong>, which is <strong>simple to use</strong> and can easily integrate into your existing workflow. <strong>Analysis in Empower 3 Software</strong> combines data from <strong>UV/Vis and mass spectrometry (MS)</strong> peaks to give <strong>mass information to each peak</strong> in the separation.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_3_3711671b2e.jpg" alt="Waters Alliance HPLC System: Mass detection with the ACQUITY QDa Detector with UV detection." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_3_3711671b2e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="550"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_4_bf40981882.jpg" alt="Waters Alliance HPLC System: Mass detection with the ACQUITY QDa Detector with UV detection." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_4_bf40981882.jpg 240w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="666"></p></div></div><div><div><h3><strong>Features and benefits</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Quaternary solvent blending. </strong>Support isocratic and gradient applications with 11 unique gradient profile curves and blend up to 4 solvents in any proportion with Auto-Blend Technology. Compatible with solvent types such as reversed-phase, normal-phase, GPC, SEC, and IEX.</li><li><strong>Advanced solvent delivery capabilities. </strong>Serial flow path with pulse-free solvent delivery without the use of dampeners. Online solvent degassing and automated solvent compressibility compensation for accurate flow. Integrated seal wash for robust operation with all solvent types is standard.</li><li><strong>Optional, temperature-controlled environment.</strong> House up to 120 vials in an optional, temperature-controlled environment. Achieve low carryover with active and user programmable needle wash. Variable injection volumes from 0.1 to 100 μL standard, and up to 2 mL optional. Support STAT samples and auto-addition.</li><li><strong>Detection and column options. </strong>Get optional column heating, heating/cooling, or column switching capabilities. Detection capabilities include photodiode array, UV/Vis, fluorescence (FLR), refractive index (RI), evaporative light scattering (ELS), electrochemical, conductivity, and mass detection.</li><li><strong>Intuitive interface and software. </strong>Get instant access to system settings through the large LCD screen with simplified daily set-up with SystemPREP. Supports Empower, MassLynx, and 3<sup>rd</sup> party software packages.</li><li><strong>Compliance-ready. </strong>Supports Waters Empower-based automated system qualification tool (SQT), minimizing the time and cost of annual qualification with standards like GMP, GLP, ISO 17025, and USP &lt;1058&gt;.</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_2_47fe8951d2/Waters-Alliance-HPLC-System-2.jpg" alt="Waters Alliance HPLC System: Alliance HPLC System provides powerful functionality for all your application needs." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_2_47fe8951d2/thumbnail_Waters-Alliance-HPLC-System-2.jpg 161w," sizes="100vw" width="903" height="874"></p><h3><strong>Specifications</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Maximum operating pressure</strong>: 5,000 psi</li><li><strong>Front panel display</strong>: Easy to use control panel</li><li><strong>Mobile phases</strong>: Up to 4 with Auto-Blend Technology</li><li><strong>Flow rate range</strong>: Up to 10 mL/min</li><li><strong>Sample carryover</strong>: ≤0.0025% (Caffeine) under specified conditions</li><li><strong>Sample compartment</strong>: 4–40 °C</li><li><strong>Pump options</strong>: Quaternary</li><li><strong>Solvent conditioning</strong>: Vacuum Degas</li><li><strong>Column capacity</strong>: Standard up to 3 columns</li><li><strong>Maximum sample capacity</strong>: 120</li><li><strong>Detector options</strong>:&nbsp;<ul><li>Tunable UV</li><li>Photo Diode Array</li><li>Fluorescence</li><li>Refractive Index</li><li>Evaporative Light Scattering</li><li>Electrochemical</li><li>Conductivity</li><li>Mass Spectrometry</li></ul></li><li><strong>External control</strong>:&nbsp;<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/627">Empower Software</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/635">MassLynx Software</a></li></ul></li><li><strong>Physical specifications</strong>:<ul><li><strong>Width:</strong> 45.7 cm (18.0 in.) or 58.4 cm (23.0 in.) with column heater</li><li><strong>Height:</strong> 57.1 cm (22.5 in.)</li><li><strong>Depth:</strong> 57.1 cm (22.5 in.) or 64.8 cm (25.5 in.) with sample heater/cooler</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>

Products from category HPLC - page 2

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