<p><strong>He is one of only ten scientists working in Europe who secured the prestigious EMBO Installation Grant this year. After four years in the United States, immunologist Matouš Vobořil recently returned to the Faculty of Science at Charles University to build his own team and advance research focused on the development of immune cells and their training in the thymus. His efforts to combat autoimmune diseases have already caught the attention of numerous grant review panels.</strong></p><h5><strong>Reportedly, one of the motivations for your studies was the awareness that in science, there is still more that is unknown than what is known. You made this statement after receiving the Doctorandus Award for Natural Sciences in 2020, adding that during your lifetime you would like to shift something toward the “known” category. How has that been going so far?</strong></h5><p>The topic for which I&nbsp;take the greatest credit to date is one I&nbsp;began exploring during my doctoral studies and fully developed as a&nbsp;postdoctoral fellow in the U.S., and that is inflammation of the thymus. When you delve into the literature and articles focused on autoimmune diseases, eventually you begin to notice that autoimmune diseases often develop after undergoing some kind of infection. This is particularly evident in connection with long COVID. During inflammatory processes in the body, the immune system responds, and we were interested in whether there is a&nbsp;mechanism that recognises this inflammatory response and teaches T-lymphocytes (immune cells) that this is not a&nbsp;problem, but rather a&nbsp;process inherent to the body.</p><p>During my doctoral studies, I&nbsp;investigated the basic inflammatory response in the thymus, without the presence of actual bacterial or viral inflammation. This turned out to be extremely important. Over time, we discovered that the thymus contains many antiviral molecules and molecules that play a&nbsp;key role in allergic reactions or in the recognition of bacteria and viruses. These molecules create a&nbsp;specific environment in the thymus that mimics what may happen in our bodies later in life, and they train T-cells not to respond to these stimuli. I&nbsp;consider this to be my greatest contribution to the field. Of course, there are still many unexplored areas in this field.</p><h5><strong>The interview I was referring to was published in the magazine of the grammar school where you studied, and which proudly acknowledges your scientific achievements. Was that where your interest in science first began to show?</strong></h5><p>The fact that I&nbsp;studied in Dvůr Králové nad Labem was a&nbsp;huge stroke of luck. Not only is there a&nbsp;zoo, where my parents used to work, so I&nbsp;spent a&nbsp;lot of time there, but thanks to that, I&nbsp;also joined the local Natura club, which brought together people interested in nature and was led by the Dobroruk couple. When I&nbsp;was ten, my parents sent me to a&nbsp;nature-oriented summer camp with them, and I&nbsp;ended up staying with them – which is why I&nbsp;also attended the local high school, where Mrs. Dobroruková taught. She was a&nbsp;wonderful teacher. Her classes really encouraged students to think about what’s&nbsp;happening in nature. Thanks to that, I&nbsp;began participating in biology competitions and got involved in the Czech high school research competition. Although my first scientific experiments focused on ornithology, they gave me the opportunity to present scientific data and meet many people from the Faculty of Science at Charles University, including Professor Jan Černý, who lectured our class on immunology. Suddenly, while still in high school, I&nbsp;realized that this was the path I&nbsp;wanted to take.</p><h5><strong>During your master’s studies, you joined the team of immunologist Dominik Filipp at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, where you then continued as a doctoral student. How did working with him influence you, and where did it lead you?</strong></h5><p>Dominik Filipp had several ongoing projects related to the peripheral immune response, signalling, and identification of viruses and bacteria. The project I worked on focused on a rare population of cells found in lymph nodes or the spleen. I studied the effect of pathogen-recognising receptors on these cells. Since these cells are similar to those in the thymus and I needed a negative control, I used the thymus for that purpose. To our surprise, the result was not negative but positive. This led us to the phenomenon itself and prompted us to begin investigating its consequences in the thymus.</p><h5><strong>You then travelled overseas to study this discovery – which you actually made rather by chance – in detail. What was your experience like at American research institutions?</strong></h5><p>Amazing. I&nbsp;went to the University of Minnesota to work with particular people, especially my future supervisor, Kristin Hogquist. I&nbsp;had met her at several conferences while I&nbsp;was still in my PhD programme, and I&nbsp;had a&nbsp;feeling that our collaboration could work well both professionally and personally.</p><p>But we were also fortunate to pick Minnesota. It’s&nbsp;a&nbsp;great place to live, and at the same time, excellent science is being conducted there. The Center for Immunology, where I&nbsp;worked, rivals the world’s&nbsp;leading scientific institutions in terms of its research results. I&nbsp;think this is mainly down to the highly supportive environment there, which fosters collaboration. Thanks to this, you can really grow as a&nbsp;scientist there.</p><p>In addition, they focus on explaining and describing the chosen phenomenon as a&nbsp;whole, rather than worrying too much about whether it will result in one or five articles, or whether it will take ten years. Their method of funding supports this approach. In a&nbsp;system of short-term grants, as we know it here, you can’t structure research this way. That’s&nbsp;a&nbsp;major disadvantage for us.</p><h5><strong>How did you develop your own research there?</strong></h5><p>It was there that I&nbsp;fully realized the potential of what we had discovered in the lab in Prague. Kristin Hogquist and her team were working on something similar, but it wasn’t until we teamed up that we were able to take it further. I&nbsp;focused primarily on how various antiviral signals or signals triggered during allergic reactions influence T-cell training and defence against autoimmune diseases following viral infections or allergic reactions. Suddenly, it became clear that this was a&nbsp;vast topic and the foundation for establishing a&nbsp;separate subfield of research on tolerance (the training of immune cells in the thymus so that they do not harm the body while remaining capable of fighting pathogens).</p><p>One great thing was that two labs were coming together at the facility: the one led by Kristin Hogquist and the other led by her husband, Stephen Jameson, which focuses on how different types of infections affect T-cell activation and their response. I&nbsp;realised that these two areas needed to be connected, and I&nbsp;based my own research plan on that – namely, to study how the inflammatory environment, actual inflammation, and viral or bacterial infections can retroactively influence processes in the thymus. This is a&nbsp;topic that no one has addressed yet.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Forum_UK_Voboril_O_imunitnim_systemu_toho_stale_mnoho_nevime_2_b020119f2e.jpg" alt="Forum UK/Petr Jan Juračka: Vobořil: There is still much to learn about the immune system: As head of research, Matouš Vobořil strives to ensure that everyone on his team feels comfortable." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Forum_UK_Voboril_O_imunitnim_systemu_toho_stale_mnoho_nevime_2_b020119f2e.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1000" height="667"></p><h5><strong>You mentioned how important it was to you that you got along with Kristin Hogquist not only professionally but also on a&nbsp;personal level. To what extent did you take this “personal” aspect into account when putting together your own team at CU SCI?</strong></h5><p>This is tremendously important to me. Kristin Hogquist is not only an outstanding researcher, but also a&nbsp;very kind person. And that really helped me feel at home in the American environment, which sometimes tends to become highly competitive. I&nbsp;realized that I&nbsp;would like those who will one day work on my own team to feel the same way I&nbsp;did on hers.</p><h5><strong>So far, we’ve been talking about what led you to science. Have you, on the other hand, encountered anything during your career so far that has discouraged you from pursuing science?</strong></h5><p>Moving overseas with my family and my two-and-a-half-year-old son during the pandemic wasn’t the easiest thing to do. We had to apply for a&nbsp;national exemption just so that I&nbsp;and my family would be allowed into the U.S. at all. Fortunately, as an immunologist, I&nbsp;fell into a&nbsp;special category subject to less stringent pandemic restrictions. Packing up the family, moving overseas, and learning to navigate a&nbsp;completely different system is undoubtedly a&nbsp;major challenge. It required sacrifices not only from me, but above all from my wife, who had to put her own career on hold for several years because of mine. This is one of the biggest and most demanding obstacles that scientists and their families must overcome.</p><p>The second major obstacle you have to deal with as a&nbsp;scientist is paperwork – something I’ve only fully realized now that I’m leading a&nbsp;research group. Even though you hear about it from those around you, it still doesn’t prepare you for when it comes. As a&nbsp;trainee, you do science and conduct experiments in the lab, but suddenly everything shifts, and you become a&nbsp;manager and administrator of all sorts of things. I&nbsp;spend about 30 percent of my time on paperwork. It’s&nbsp;not exactly fun.</p><h5><strong>You obtained a&nbsp;Primus grant, a&nbsp;Junior Star grant from the Czech Science Foundation, and most recently an EMBO Installation Grant. What research challenges do you now face with these grants?</strong></h5><p>I&nbsp;would also like to apply for an ERC Starting Grant this year as well. In the Junior Star project, we are studying cell migration to the thymus. We hypothesize that so-called dendritic cells migrate to the thymus from the periphery (skin, lungs, intestines) – that is, from sites exposed to the external environment and inflammation. These cells are thought to bring information about their own antigens to the thymus and teach developing T-cells tolerance. We aim to determine whether this migration actually occurs, under what circumstances, and how important it is for establishing tolerance to specific tissues. This could help answer the question of why autoimmune skin diseases, such as psoriasis, develop following inflammatory processes.</p><p>The second objective is broader. We would like to answer a&nbsp;major question in immunology: <strong>why do autoimmune diseases develop after a&nbsp;person has had an infection? </strong>We want to study how different types of inflammation (viral, bacterial, or yeast infections) affect the training of immune cells in the thymus.</p><p>We would like to introduce a&nbsp;system of so-called “dirty mice.” The entire field of immunological research is based on working with mice raised in sterile conditions so that we can easily manipulate them and observe how these manipulations affect the immune system. In reality, however, the immune system does not function this way. I&nbsp;brought this idea back from the University of Minnesota, where they placed standardized mice in the same cage with mice purchased from various pet stores around Minneapolis. After a&nbsp;few weeks to months, the mice contract almost everything the store-bought mice have, thereby developing a&nbsp;true physiological immune response. Yet they are still the same mice – genetically identical – that we can manipulate. This is an excellent system that allows us to study immune responses in a&nbsp;much more physiological context.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Forum_UK_Voboril_O_imunitnim_systemu_toho_stale_mnoho_nevime_3_c458457e12.jpg" alt="Forum UK/Petr Jan Juračka: Vobořil: There is still much to learn about the immune system " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Forum_UK_Voboril_O_imunitnim_systemu_toho_stale_mnoho_nevime_3_c458457e12.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1000" height="667"></p><h5><strong>Will you be applying for a&nbsp;European Research Council (ERC) grant with that goal in mind?</strong></h5><p>Exactly.</p><h5><strong>In order to succeed in the competition for ERC grants, the projects should push the boundaries of knowledge, which also involves a&nbsp;certain degree of risk. Where do you see the greatest risks in your own research?</strong></h5><p>There are many risks. One of the biggest is that although all the infections we plan to introduce are controlled and well-documented, you still never have full control over them. So it’s&nbsp;possible that not only will the mice become peripherally infected, but the thymus itself will also become infected, which could complicate the experiments. At the same time, this is a&nbsp;physiological system – and I’m talking mainly about the “dirty mice” – which means that each mouse will respond a&nbsp;little differently, and that will generate enormous variability in the samples. Immunologists strive to have the purest system possible, so that when they introduce, for example, a&nbsp;single infectious agent, they can then observe exactly what’s&nbsp;happening there. In this regard, we are actually taking a&nbsp;step back, so to speak, because we want it to be more variable and closer to reality. Setting up and analysing data from such experiments so that they’re reproducible and reveal a&nbsp;real phenomenon can be a&nbsp;real challenge. But that’s&nbsp;the only way we can get closer to real life.</p><h5><strong>The most recent Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to three immunologists: Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi, who recently gave a&nbsp;lecture in Prague. Did you meet him? How much did awarding the Nobel Prize to immunologists motivate you further in your work?</strong></h5><p>When Shimon Sakaguchi was in Prague, I&nbsp;was still in the U.S., but I&nbsp;did meet him several times at various conferences and even had the opportunity to talk with him on multiple occasions, given that we’re both involved in T-cell research. In our community, people have long been placing bets on when they’ll finally get the Nobel Prize. For me, their discoveries are truly inspiring, but the Nobel Prize itself doesn’t motivate me that much anymore. I&nbsp;find the story behind it to be more interesting. It took a&nbsp;very long time for the scientific community to accept their findings. One of the seminal articles was published in the <i>Journal of Immunology</i>, which isn’t a&nbsp;journal with as high a&nbsp;profile as <i>Nature</i> or <i>Science,</i> and not one where you’d expect to read about such a&nbsp;groundbreaking discovery. It took several years before it became clear just how significant this discovery was. Now I&nbsp;often remind my students of this – even an article in the <i>Journal of Immunology</i> can win you a&nbsp;Nobel Prize, and that is incredibly inspiring.</p><blockquote><h5><strong>Matouš Vobořil, PhD</strong></h5><p>Graduate of the Faculty of Science at Charles University. His research focuses on the development of immune cells in the thymus, the onset of autoimmune diseases, and the function of antigen-presenting cells. After spending four years as a&nbsp;postdoctoral fellow at the University of Minnesota on Kristin Hogquist’s&nbsp;team, he returned to Europe in 2025. Thanks to a&nbsp;Primus grant from Charles University, he established his own research group at the Faculty of Science. He subsequently received a&nbsp;Junior Star grant from the Czech Science Foundation and, this January, an EMBO Installation Grant. For his dissertation, he was awarded the Doctorandus Prize as part of the Česká hlava initiative.</p></blockquote>

Vobořil: There is still much to learn about the immune system 

<h3><strong>How are PFAS regulations changing, and what role will ion chromatography play in the future of environmental testing?</strong></h3><p>In this episode, &nbsp;David interviews <strong>Jay Gandhi, PhD, </strong>Vertical Markets Manager at <strong>Metrohm USA</strong>, for an in-depth discussion on PFAS analysis, the rise of AOF (Adsorbable Organic Fluorine) testing, and the development of EPA 1621 and ISO 18127 standards.</p><p>With more than 30 years of experience in ion chromatography, Jay shares valuable perspective on how the field has evolved—from early applications and NASA water recovery projects to today’s challenges involving PFAS, TFA, and emerging contaminants.</p><h4><strong>Topics covered in this episode include:</strong></h4><ul><li>What PFAS are and why they matter</li><li>The difference between targeted PFAS methods and AOF analysis</li><li>How combustion ion chromatography works</li><li>Behind the scenes of EPA 1621 and ISO 18127 method development</li><li>Regulatory trends in water, textiles, and food packaging</li><li>TFA analysis using IC-MS and IC-MS/MS</li><li>The future of ion chromatography in environmental labs</li></ul><h3><strong>Video Transcription</strong></h3><p>For more than three decades, Jay Gandhi has worked with ion chromatography (IC), watching the technique expand from a specialized tool for water analysis into an analytical platform used across environmental testing, food and beverage analysis, semiconductor manufacturing, battery applications, and, increasingly, PFAS analysis.</p><p>In an interview for <i>Concentrating on Chromatography</i>, Gandhi discusses his introduction to IC during his work on a NASA Mars exploration project, the emergence of PFAS as a major analytical challenge, and why techniques such as adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) determination and combustion ion chromatography (CIC) can provide information that targeted LC-MS analysis alone cannot deliver. He also examines the development of standardized methods, sample preparation challenges, and the future role of IC-MS and total fluorine approaches in PFAS monitoring.</p><h4><strong>From NASA to ion chromatography</strong></h4><p>Gandhi's introduction to ion chromatography came through his work as a principal scientist on a NASA Mars exploration project focused on water recovery under zero-gravity conditions. IC played an important role because it enabled researchers to establish the ionic balance of anions and cations in water.</p><p>The technology was used both to investigate micronutrients relevant to agricultural applications and to evaluate water purity for potential astronaut consumption. During approximately three years of this work, Gandhi gained extensive experience with ion chromatography. This ultimately led him deeper into IC instrumentation and, 24 years ago, to joining Metrohm.</p><p>At the beginning of his career, IC was strongly associated with relatively straightforward anion and cation analysis in water. The technique itself had been used for water analysis since the 1970s, but Gandhi has seen its application range expand dramatically.</p><p>Food and beverage testing and environmental analysis became important fields, supported by both direct and indirect detection strategies. More recently, IC has also found applications in areas such as the semiconductor industry and battery recycling.</p><p>In Gandhi's words, ion chromatography has effectively "bloomed" into numerous application areas.</p><h4><strong>PFAS changes the analytical challenge</strong></h4><p>PFAS represent a particularly important chapter in this development. These chemicals have been used for decades in numerous consumer and industrial products, including non-stick materials, firefighting foams, water-resistant textiles and other applications.</p><p>Gandhi recalls work on PFOA and PFOS using ion chromatography with conductivity detection as early as 2008. However, the achievable detection limits were insufficient for the extremely low concentrations that later became important in PFAS analysis.</p><p>A major turning point for him came in 2015, when he encountered research from Sweden using <strong>combustion ion chromatography to investigate total fluorine</strong>. Subsequent collaboration with researchers at Clarkson University and Harvard University, particularly on aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), further demonstrated the importance of looking beyond individual targeted PFAS compounds.</p><h4><strong>Why targeted LC-MS does not tell the whole story</strong></h4><p>Targeted LC-MS is highly sensitive and selective and can provide detailed information about individual PFAS compounds. However, according to Gandhi, the number of possible PFAS structures in the environment is vastly greater than the number routinely included in targeted methods.</p><p>A targeted method may monitor dozens or perhaps around one hundred compounds, while the overall PFAS universe can include thousands of chemical structures. Consequently, targeted analysis may characterize only a small fraction of the total PFAS burden.</p><p>There are other practical considerations. LC-MS measurements can be affected by matrix-dependent ion suppression, while accurate quantification frequently relies on isotope-labelled internal standards. Such standards are available for only a limited number of compounds and can be expensive.</p><p>This is where measurements of total or adsorbable organic fluorine can provide complementary information. Rather than asking <i>which specific PFAS compounds are present?</i>, these approaches can help answer a broader question: <i>how much fluorine associated with this chemical space is present in the sample?</i></p><h4><strong>AOF as a complementary approach</strong></h4><p>Adsorbable organic fluorine analysis provides a different perspective from targeted LC-MS. In the workflow discussed by Gandhi, organic fluorine compounds are captured during sample preparation and subsequently measured using combustion ion chromatography.</p><p>The principle of CIC builds upon older total organic halogen analysis. The sample is combusted at temperatures above approximately 1,000 °C, breaking carbon-halogen bonds. In PFAS-related analysis, carbon-fluorine bonds are broken and the resulting fluoride is collected in an absorption solution.</p><p>Ion chromatography is then used to separate and quantify the fluoride.</p><p>Replacing older detection approaches with IC provides both sensitivity and selectivity for the halogens being measured. Effective combustion is critical: oxygen supports the combustion process, while a carrier gas transports the products into the absorption solution for subsequent IC analysis.</p><h4><strong>The challenge of inorganic fluoride</strong></h4><p>The broad response of CIC is simultaneously one of its strengths and one of its analytical challenges. Combustion does not distinguish fluorine originating from PFAS from fluorine present in inorganic compounds such as fluoride salts.</p><p>This becomes particularly important when analyzing water containing relatively high concentrations of inorganic fluoride while attempting to quantify organic fluorine at very low levels.</p><p>Sample preparation therefore has a critical role. Inorganic fluoride must be effectively separated from the fraction of interest, while materials used during sample preparation must themselves have sufficiently low fluoride backgrounds.</p><p>Contamination can come from unexpected sources. Gandhi points out that background fluoride may originate not only from reagents and sample preparation materials but potentially from the laboratory environment. Careful blank control, appropriate materials and rigorous evaluation of interferences are therefore essential when moving toward increasingly low detection limits.</p><h4><strong>From research method to international standardization</strong></h4><p>The development of standardized AOF methods illustrates the importance of collaboration between academia, industry, regulatory organizations and analytical laboratories.</p><p>Gandhi describes work that began in Europe around 2015 and subsequently progressed through German standardization activities, ISO development, ASTM-related collaboration and the U.S. EPA. The process eventually contributed to methods such as <strong>EPA Method 1621</strong>.</p><p>He emphasizes that this was not the work of a single scientist or organization. Developing a robust method required years of experiments, discussions and sometimes difficult technical debates among numerous stakeholders.</p><p>For Gandhi, the essential principle was that experimental evidence ultimately had to determine the outcome. Collaboration becomes possible when scientists focus on the data rather than the organizations they represent.</p><h4><strong>PFAS monitoring is moving beyond drinking water</strong></h4><p>Regulatory attention to PFAS is also expanding beyond drinking water. Gandhi describes a broader strategy that begins with reducing the manufacture and use of PFAS-containing materials and continues with removing existing contamination from the environment.</p><p>Wastewater represents an important part of this picture because PFAS can enter it from numerous sources. Historical contamination from landfills and contaminated sites can also migrate into groundwater and ultimately affect drinking-water supplies.</p><p>Consumer products are another area of increasing attention. Food packaging, disposable containers, automotive fabrics, outdoor clothing and water-repellent textiles have historically used fluorinated substances to provide properties such as grease, water or stain resistance.</p><p>Reducing PFAS use in such products could therefore gradually decrease the amount entering waste streams and the wider environment.</p><h4><strong>Screening first, regulation later?</strong></h4><p>Gandhi expects AOF to be particularly valuable as a <strong>screening tool</strong>, providing an estimate of broader fluorine contamination before laboratories proceed to more specific analyses.</p><p>Its importance becomes clear when AOF results are compared with targeted PFAS measurements. Gandhi reports that laboratories working with EPA Method 1621 have observed differences between targeted PFAS results and broader AOF measurements ranging from approximately <strong>300- to 4,000-fold in the total fluorine mass balance</strong>.</p><p>Such discrepancies suggest that targeted methods can leave a substantial portion of fluorine unexplained.</p><p>Rather than competing with LC-MS, AOF and CIC therefore provide complementary information. A broad screening method can reveal the magnitude of total contamination, while targeted mass spectrometry identifies and quantifies specific compounds of interest.</p><h4><strong>Where IC-MS fits into the PFAS toolbox</strong></h4><p>No single technique can cover the entire PFAS problem. Gandhi highlights very short-chain, highly polar fluorinated compounds as another analytical challenge.</p><p>Compounds such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) are highly water-soluble and may not be quantitatively retained by the carbon materials used for AOF sample preparation. Direct ion chromatography can provide an alternative route for separating such compounds from common inorganic anions.</p><p>Coupling IC with mass spectrometry adds another level of sensitivity and selectivity. Gandhi therefore sees <strong>IC-MS and IC-MS/MS</strong> as increasingly important tools for highly polar fluorinated compounds. Similar approaches can also be useful beyond PFAS, including the determination of polar pesticides such as glyphosate and glufosinate.</p><h4><strong>Toward lower detection limits and more complete PFAS analysis</strong></h4><p>For Gandhi, current standardized methods represent a beginning rather than an endpoint. Improvements in instrumentation and particularly sample preparation could push total fluorine analysis to substantially lower concentrations.</p><p>He notes that current combustion IC configurations can reach approximately <strong>0.5 ppb</strong>, or 500 parts per trillion, and believes that improvements in sample volume, preparation procedures and mitigation of inorganic fluoride backgrounds could eventually move detection below 100 ppt and potentially toward 50 ppt.</p><p>Extractable organic fluorine workflows could provide another bridge between broad fluorine screening and targeted LC-MS methods. Combining improved extraction with CIC could allow samples to be screened for organic fluorine before more detailed compound-specific characterization.</p><p>The broader message from Gandhi's career is that PFAS analysis is unlikely to be solved by a single analytical technique. <strong>Targeted LC-MS provides compound-specific sensitivity and selectivity; AOF and combustion IC reveal a broader fluorine picture; and IC-MS can address highly polar compounds that are difficult to capture using conventional workflows.</strong> Used together, these techniques can provide laboratories with a much more complete understanding of PFAS contamination than any one approach alone.</p><blockquote><p><strong>This text has been automatically transcribed from a video presentation using AI technology. It may contain inaccuracies and is not guaranteed to be 100% correct.</strong></p></blockquote><blockquote><h4><strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast</strong></h4><p>Dive into the frontiers of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation with host David Oliva. Each episode features candid conversations with leading researchers, industry innovators, and passionate scientists who are shaping the future of analytical chemistry. From decoding PFAS detection challenges to exploring the latest in AI-assisted liquid chromatography, this show uncovers practical workflows, sustainability breakthroughs, and the real-world impact of separation science. Whether you’re a chromatographer, lab professional, or researcher you'll discover inspiring content!</p><p>You can find <strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast </strong>in podcast apps:</p><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/1wZg67rCjoGju4yhqxI3tL"><strong>Spotify</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/tz/podcast/concentrating-on-chromatography/id1788429185"><strong>Apple podcast</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podscan.fm/podcasts/concentrating-on-chromatography"><strong>podscan</strong></a></li></ul><p>and on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@ChromatographyTalk/videos"><strong>YouTube channel</strong></a></p></blockquote>

The Future of Ion Chromatography | PFAS Testing, EPA 1621 & AOF Explained

<p><strong>In late February 2025, a train carrying benzene derailed in Hustopeče nad Bečvou, and within hours, a race was on to save the groundwater and surface water. One of the most toxic industrial substances began seeping into the gravel-sand subsoil. While fieldwork was underway to prevent the spread of contamination, decisions were already being made in the CXI TUL laboratories regarding how to subsequently clean up the contaminated rock environment.</strong></p><p>The accident ranks among the <strong>most serious environmental incidents in the Czech Republic in recent years</strong>. After a tanker train derailed, hundreds of<strong> metric tons of benzene leaked</strong>; due to the highly permeable geological subsoil, it quickly seeped into deeper soil layers and into the groundwater. The combination of the substance’s high toxicity and local conditions complicated both the emergency response and the subsequent remediation. The key was to stop further spread, determine the extent of the contamination, and establish a remediation strategy for the entire site.</p><p>It was at this stage that CXI TUL became involved in the solution. At the request of the renowned remediation company DEKONTA, a.s., a team led by <strong>RNDr. Jan Němeček, Ph.D.</strong>, began testing the feasibility of the<strong> in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) method</strong>. This technology is designed to<strong> break down benzene directly within the rock matrix</strong>, without the need for extensive excavation of contaminated soil or the pumping out of large volumes of groundwater. The goal was simple: to find a method that would work quickly, safely, and under the actual conditions of the affected site.</p><h4><strong>Benzene Remediation: Technically Simple, Complicated in Practice</strong></h4><p>Benzene is a highly toxic and carcinogenic substance that rapidly penetrates into groundwater in permeable subsoil, where it dissolves and spreads further as the water flows toward surface water bodies. Benzene also binds to rock particles and migrates in the form of vapors into overlying unconsolidated layers.</p><p>Scientists in Liberec therefore tested <i>in situ </i>chemical oxidation (ISCO) technology under laboratory conditions. The goal was to find an oxidant capable of breaking down benzene directly underground into less hazardous substances.</p><p>The tests evaluated two main options:<strong> activated hydrogen peroxide and sodium peroxodisulfate</strong>. Both substances removed up to<strong> 99.99% of the benzene</strong>, but there was a difference in their kinetics and impacts on the natural environment. Activated hydrogen peroxide achieved nearly complete degradation of the contaminant within a single day. Activated sodium peroxodisulfate was slower and also significantly altered the chemistry of the water; it acidified the environment and increased the sulfate content in the water, which poses an additional environmental burden.</p><p>For field applications, the researchers therefore unequivocally recommended <strong>activated hydrogen peroxide</strong>.</p><h4><strong>Dosage Matters</strong></h4><p>It was not just the oxidant’s effectiveness that was key. It was equally important to determine how the chemical reaction would behave in a real geological environment. The team of scientists therefore also analyzed what is known as <strong>soil oxidant consumption (SOD)</strong>. It turned out that a significant portion of the oxidizing agent does not react solely with benzene but is also consumed to a significant extent by the rock environment itself, particularly by natural organic substances present in the fine-grained fraction of the soil.</p><p>An oxidant consumption value was determined specifically for the local composition of the aquifers, which is essential for the correct dosing of chemicals in the field so that the remediation is not only effective but also economically viable and safe for surrounding ecosystems.</p><h4><strong>One Year After the Accident: Research Turns into Real-World Assistance</strong></h4><p>While the public often perceives university science as a distant world of laboratories and grant projects, it is precisely situations like this that demonstrate its practical impact. The results of the work by researchers at CXI TUL did not remain confined to academic studies but directly influenced decisions regarding the technology used to clean up one of the largest environmental accidents in recent years.</p>

Science on the Front Lines: Cleanup of a Benzene Spill

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Waters ACQUITY Arc LC System

The ACQUITY™ Arc™ System is an all-in-one platform for HPLC and UHPLC, designed for robust method development and seamless transfer between modern LC systems, addressing a wide range of analytical challenges.

<p class="cke-user_style-important"><strong>Built upon a foundation of reliability</strong></p><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []"><strong>The method development process is changing. New regulations, software and analytical technologies are rapidly changing how methods are designed, transferred, and monitored over their lifecycle. An all-in-one platform for HPLC and UHPLC separations, the ACQUITY™ Arc™ System is designed to meet the spectrum of challenges you face from robust method development to seamless transfer between any modern LC systems.</strong></p><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">With the <strong>ACQUITY Arc System</strong>, you can experience true plug-and-play method compatibility for HPLC and UHPLC separations. Significant productivity gains can be realized by deploying a single LC platform that allows for the efficient transfer, adjustment, and improvement of methods from any LC platform without compromise in method integrity.</p><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:768/886;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_63246061ea.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Arc System" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_63246061ea.jpg 136w," sizes="100vw" width="768" height="886"></figure><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">Laboratory-driven organizations have relied on Waters for over 60 years to deliver reliable, robust, and reproducible solutions to ensure confidence in their analytical results. With over 100,000 LC systems installed, we understand the significant impact the right technology has on your business, and the implications it has on characterizing the quality and safety of your products.</p><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">Methods with greater agility, robustness, and capacity for change can help you reduce regulatory burden, risk of failure and costs. Visit <a disabled="true">www.methods.waters.com</a> to learn more about how method life cycle management (MLCM) connects your method today to your method tomorrow.</p><h3><strong>Designed for discovery to routine QC applications</strong></h3><p>The <strong>ACQUITY Arc System</strong> is the only available LC system with regulatory compliant-ready hardware and software for both HPLC and UHPLC separations in one instrument. With unrivaled column capacity and Arc Multi-flow path™ technology, the<strong> ACQUITY Arc System</strong> allows you to generate new methods and modernize legacy HPLC methods faster than ever before.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_2_c06ba42baa.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Arc System: The ACQUITY Arc System can replicate your established HPLC methods by compensating for these differences with unique features such as the Arc Multi-Flow Path technology and Gradient SmartStart. These innovative attributes enable seamless replication of your existing chromatographic results to meet your acceptance criteria without changes to validated gradient tables." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_2_c06ba42baa.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="682"></p><h4><strong>Comprehensive detector portfolio</strong></h4><p>High-performance analytical detectors designed to maximize HPLC and UHPLC performance, delivering exceptional sensitivity and linearity for your assays.</p><p>Photodiode array, UV/Vis, fluorescence, refractive index, evaporative light scattering, and mass detection, including the ACQUITY QDa™ Detector.</p><h4><strong>Gradient SmartStart</strong></h4><p>Automatically manage gradient start time and pre-injection steps to maximize sample throughput. Automatically counteract differences in system dwell volume without the need to alter gradient table inputs.</p><h4><strong>Quaternary solvent management</strong></h4><p>Precise and accurate blending of up to four solvents with automated solvent compressibility compensation. Increase solvent flexibility with an optional, integrated solvent select valve, providing access to six additional solvents.</p><h4><strong>Negligible carryover</strong></h4><p>Advanced flow-through needle design minimizes carryover by continuously cleansing the needle during run. User-configurable wash settings provide flexibility to address even the most complex sample matrices.</p><h4><strong>Thermal management options</strong></h4><p>Column manager options available for up to 15 columns ranging in length from 50 mm to 300 mm, with a temperature range of 4 °C to 90 °C. Integrated column selection valve options provide unattended, fast column changeover.</p><h4><strong>Auto•Blend™ Plus Technology</strong></h4><p>Program gradients directly in terms of pH and ionic strength to minimize manual mobile phase preparation, reduce potential for human error, and accelerate method robustness testing for chromatographic methods.</p><h4><strong>Arc Multi-flow path technology</strong></h4><p>Delivers plug-and-play method compatibility with HPLC or UHPLC methods with the flip of a switch.</p><p>Easily replicate or improve established methods by simply selecting between Path 1 (HPLC) or Path 2 (UHPLC) without any manual user intervention.</p><h4><strong>Column Technology</strong></h4><p>Industry-leading selectivity choices to meet the needs of virtually every LC application.</p><h4><strong>Laboratory Informatics</strong></h4><p>Software control within your existing Empower™ or MassLynx™ infrastructure.</p><h3><strong>Replicate your established methods</strong></h3><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">The <strong>ACQUITY Arc System</strong>, enabled by unique Arc Multi-flow path technology, easily accepts and replicates methods from any HPLC platform, without compromise.&nbsp;</p><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">Whether you are trying to replicate an out-of-date HPLC method, transfer methods across the organization, or to contract partners, the <strong>ACQUITY Arc System</strong> gives you ultimate flexibility to reproduce, modernize, and transfer existing methods with ease and greater cost efficiency, while preserving the integrity of your methods.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_3_c8c7901de3.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Arc System: Analysis run on a Vendor X LC system and replicated on the ACQUITY Arc System. Conditions: 15 to 35% B in 3 min, 35 to 95% B in 2 min; Mobile phase A: 0.1% HCOOH in H 2 O, mobile phase B: 0.1% HCOOH in ACN; Flow rate = 2.0 mL/min; Column: XSelect™ CSH C 18 , 4.6 x 150 mm, 5 μm; Temp. = 30 °C; UV@ 260 nm; 10.0 μL injection volume." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_3_c8c7901de3.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1099" height="596"></p><p>Upgrade your laboratory with a versatile, modern LC system that delivers HPLC and UHPLC method compatibility at the flip of a switch.</p><h3><strong>Modernize your methods</strong></h3><p>The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is championing pharmacopeial harmonization and modernization efforts, and international organizations are following suit. As a result, the USP is encouraging the modernization of older compendial methods to ensure they are fit for purpose.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_4_a1aaab8d02.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Arc System: Quetiapine fumarate system suitability solution analyzed on the ACQUITY Arc System using HPLC, UHPLC, and UPLC™ column/method conditions for the quetiapine impurity method. Peak identification: (1) quetiapine related compound G, (2) quetiapine related compound B, (3) quetiapine desethoxy, and (4) quetiapine." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_4_a1aaab8d02.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1092" height="678"></p><p>Revisions to these guidelines give you more flexibility to modify your existing pharmacopeial methods with modern techniques and technologies, and in some cases avoid revalidation. The <strong>ACQUITY Arc System</strong>, featuring the Waters Columns Calculator, allows you to confidently scale your gradient methods from a 3.5 μm to a 2.5 μm particle, decreasing run times, lowering solvent consumption, and increasing sample throughput.</p><h3><span><strong>Save time. Reduce cost.</strong></span></h3><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">With the right column, the <strong>ACQUITY Arc System</strong> is the ideal solution to accommodate methods from any LC platform.&nbsp;</p><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">From concept to production, the transition your product takes through the product development cycle often requires rigorous LC assays to properly characterize and assess its readiness to advance to the next stage. These LC assays are often adapted to accommodate the technology available from one stage to the next, in some cases requiring an adjustment from a smaller particle size (sub-2-μm) to a larger particle size (2.5 μm–5 μm).</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_5_d9dd95135c.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Arc System: The ACQUITY Arc System enables the support of HPLC and UHPLC methods on a single platform." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_5_d9dd95135c.jpg 173w," sizes="100vw" width="959" height="860"></p><p>The <strong>ACQUITY Arc System</strong> provides the flexibility to maximize productivity through efficient and rapid 2.5 μm–2.7 μm UHPLC separations, or to accommodate larger 3.0 μm–5 μm HPLC particles.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_6_1ebc2c67e7.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Arc System: Save time. Reduce cost." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_6_1ebc2c67e7.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1683" height="469"></p><h3><span><strong>Mitigate your risk</strong></span></h3><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">With an expanded range of column manager options enabling up to 15-column switching from 4 °C to 90 °C, the <strong>ACQUITY Arc System</strong> will help you significantly reduce the time spent generating robust methods. Equipped with the plug-and-play ACQUITY QDa Mass Detector, the <strong>ACQUITY Arc System</strong> tracks peaks in your method and reveals hidden coelutions of similar analytes, ensuring you have complete confidence in the reliability and reproducibility of your method now and far into the future.</p><h4><strong>Thermal management options</strong></h4><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">Active and passive pre-heating options available, with up to 15-column switching from 4 °C to 90 °C. Automated monitoring and tracking of column usage with eCord™ technology available with active pre-heating options.</p><h4><strong>Quaternary solvent management</strong></h4><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">Accelerate your method development with precise and accurate blending of up to four solvents. Increase solvent flexibility with an optional solvent select valve, providing access to six additional solvents.</p><h4><strong>Auto•Blend Plus Technology</strong></h4><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">Reduce human error and accelerate method robustness testing for chromatographic methods by programming gradients to control mobile phase pH and ionic strength.</p><h4><strong>Comprehensive detector portfolio</strong></h4><p>Diverse portfolio of detectors for method development, method transfer, and routine use.</p><h4><strong>ACQUITY QDa Detector</strong></h4><p>Mass detection built around the needs of analytical scientists for chromatographic analysis. Robust, reliable and requiring no adjustments, it easily integrates with your<strong> ACQUITY Arc System.</strong></p><h5><strong>Support</strong></h5><p data-start="0" data-end="175">Empower eLearning modules to help train your lab on Empower 3 and Method Validation. Applications support that’s customized based on your method development needs.</p><h5><strong>Consumables</strong></h5><p data-start="177" data-end="410" data-is-last-node="">Industry-leading selectivity choices to meet the needs of virtually every LC application. Quality Control (QC) Reference Material benchmarks your <strong>ACQUITY Arc System </strong>and enables perfect resolution. Certified clean vials.</p><h5><strong>Laboratory Informatics</strong></h5><p>Software control within your existing Empower or MassLynx infrastructure. Empower 3 Method Validation Manager allows you to perform chromatographic method validation in one application. Optional S-Matrix Fusion Software automates your method development according to AQbD guidelines.</p><h3><span><strong>Develop methods that stand the test of time</strong></span></h3><p>Need an orthogonal detection approach to UV in your method development? Streamline your method development with an LC-MS solution that’s as easy to use as photodiode array detection.</p><p>The <strong>ACQUITY Arc System</strong> is fully compatible with the ACQUITY Arc, supporting efficient and robust method development by expanding the information you can get from your system using the same Empower Software. The system automatically pairs qualitative mass spectral data to the peaks in your chromatogram, leaving nothing to chance.</p><ul><li>Confirm the identity of peaks in a separation without injecting standards.</li><li>Identify new peaks in a separation with molecular weight information.&nbsp;</li><li>Detect unresolved peaks and determine if a peak is homogeneously pure.</li><li>Easily track peaks as method conditions are changed.</li></ul><p data-start="272" data-end="600">Using Empower 3 Software and its Custom Calculations and Custom Reporting functions enables you to quickly and automatically evaluate chromatographic data. Configurable reports allow you to choose optimal conditions based on metrics rather than judgment, ensuring a comprehensive assessment of data and best method conditions.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_7_e7ef959203.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Arc System: Method transfer of USP Assay for Fluconazole using the ACQUITY Arc System. Here the peak has same m/z of a related compound. Conditions: Mobile phase: 20:80 acetonitrile/ water; Flow rate = 0.5 mL/min; Column: XSelect HSS T3, 4.6 x 150 mm, 3.5 μm; UV@ 260 nm; 20.0 μL injection volume." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Arc_System_7_e7ef959203.jpg 224w," sizes="100vw" width="939" height="654"></p><h3><strong>Streamline your workflow</strong></h3><div><div data-message-author-role="assistant" data-message-id="7b732be9-0a45-45fb-b585-70a90c1a74d6" dir="auto" data-message-model-slug="gpt-4o"><div><div><p data-start="602" data-end="827">How would you benefit from increased assay consistency between analysts and from lab to lab? What would you gain by accelerating your robustness testing prior to transferring methods to QA/QC?</p><p data-start="829" data-end="1392" data-is-last-node="">Auto•Blend Plus Technology is a novel software tool that extends traditional quaternary solvent blending to permit gradient programming directly in units of pH and ionic strength, providing the ability to vary composition in even the smallest increments of pH (even those differing by 0.1 pH units or less).&nbsp;</p><p data-start="829" data-end="1392" data-is-last-node="">With Auto•Blend Plus, the cumbersome and error-prone approach of manually preparing several pre-mixed mobile phases can now be eliminated with on-demand mobile phase creation, providing significant time savings and improved productivity to the laboratory.</p></div></div></div></div>

Waters Alliance HPLC System

 With its proven performance history, the Alliance HPLC is the industry’s analytical HPLC system of choice, ideally suited for methods development and routine analysis.

<div><div><h4><strong>Reliably achieve quality, compliant data. Every time, in every lab.</strong></h4></div></div><div><div><p><strong>Liquid chromatography (LC) systems must deliver unequivocal results that give you confidence in your scientific and business decisions. Waters LC commitment continues to succeed with the latest Alliance HPLC System – trusted by scientists worldwide for the data to drive informed decisions.</strong></p><div><div><div><div><p>Building on <strong>industry-standard performance and reliability</strong>, the <strong>Alliance HPLC System</strong> provides the <strong>capabilities to meet today’s business challenges</strong>. With its <strong>proven performance history</strong>, the Alliance HPLC is the <strong>industry’s analytical HPLC system of choice</strong>, ideally suited for <strong>methods development and routine analysis</strong>.</p><ul><li>Time-tested, dependable, and robust workhorse for your HPLC separations</li><li>Integrated solvent and sample management with consistent system-to-system performance and high reproducibility</li><li>Simplify your daily LC system start-up with advanced software functionality</li></ul><h5><strong>Recommended Use</strong></h5><p>For standard HPLC workflows where <strong>consistency and compliance</strong> are the highest priorities.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_1_6b63ab6d62/Waters-Alliance-HPLC-System-1.jpg" alt="Waters Alliance HPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_1_6b63ab6d62/thumbnail_Waters-Alliance-HPLC-System-1.jpg 147w," sizes="100vw" width="908" height="961"></p><div><div><h3><strong>Excellence through the years</strong></h3><p>The consistency of the Alliance HPLC System gives you <strong>exceptional confidence in your analytical results</strong>, day-to-day and year-to-year. Get <strong>accurate and reproducible results</strong> with <strong>Waters flagship HPLC technology</strong>, which provides <strong>consistent and reliable performance</strong>. Whether your Alliance HPLC System is newly manufactured, or you're working on one that is several years old, the Alliance HPLC System is a <strong>time-tested, dependable,</strong> and <strong>robust </strong>workhorse for your HPLC separations.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_dfafc334c1.jpg" alt="Waters Alliance HPLC System: Comparison of the separation of carbamates using two different Alliance HPLC Systems, manufactured 7 years apart. The results are equivalent." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_dfafc334c1.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="532"></p></div></div><div><div><h3><strong>Performance that exceeds your method requirements</strong></h3><p>The <strong>Alliance HPLC System</strong> ensures the <strong>reliability of your results</strong> via <strong>high injection precision</strong> and <strong>repeatable and accurate flow rates</strong>, resulting in <strong>easy peak identification</strong>, <strong>precise quantification</strong>, and <strong>exceptional retention time repeatability</strong>.</p><p>The integrated solvent delivery system features <strong>quaternary blending with a fixed delay volume</strong> for <strong>consistent and predictable results</strong>, regardless of system back pressure. The sample managers’ <strong>flexible injection capabilities</strong> cover a wide injection volume range (up to 2 mL) with <strong>excellent carryover performance</strong>, typically <strong>below 0.005%</strong>.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_2_6dab43c365.jpg" alt="Waters Alliance HPLC System: USP method for Budesonide on the Alliance HPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_2_6dab43c365.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="580"></p></div></div><div><div><h3><strong>Advancements in column chemistry and mass detection</strong></h3><p>The <strong>Alliance HPLC</strong> can leverage <strong>smaller particle size column chemistry</strong> to improve your laboratory's efficiency. With <strong>CORTECS 2.7 µm particle size columns</strong>, your lab will benefit from <strong>improvements in resolution</strong> and <strong>faster run times</strong> when transferring from a 5 µm size particle chemistry.</p><p>Further <strong>increase confidence in your data</strong> by adding <strong>mass confirmation with the ACQUITY QDa Detector</strong>, which is <strong>simple to use</strong> and can easily integrate into your existing workflow. <strong>Analysis in Empower 3 Software</strong> combines data from <strong>UV/Vis and mass spectrometry (MS)</strong> peaks to give <strong>mass information to each peak</strong> in the separation.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_3_3711671b2e.jpg" alt="Waters Alliance HPLC System: Mass detection with the ACQUITY QDa Detector with UV detection." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_3_3711671b2e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="550"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_4_bf40981882.jpg" alt="Waters Alliance HPLC System: Mass detection with the ACQUITY QDa Detector with UV detection." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_4_bf40981882.jpg 240w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="666"></p></div></div><div><div><h3><strong>Features and benefits</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Quaternary solvent blending. </strong>Support isocratic and gradient applications with 11 unique gradient profile curves and blend up to 4 solvents in any proportion with Auto-Blend Technology. Compatible with solvent types such as reversed-phase, normal-phase, GPC, SEC, and IEX.</li><li><strong>Advanced solvent delivery capabilities. </strong>Serial flow path with pulse-free solvent delivery without the use of dampeners. Online solvent degassing and automated solvent compressibility compensation for accurate flow. Integrated seal wash for robust operation with all solvent types is standard.</li><li><strong>Optional, temperature-controlled environment.</strong> House up to 120 vials in an optional, temperature-controlled environment. Achieve low carryover with active and user programmable needle wash. Variable injection volumes from 0.1 to 100 μL standard, and up to 2 mL optional. Support STAT samples and auto-addition.</li><li><strong>Detection and column options. </strong>Get optional column heating, heating/cooling, or column switching capabilities. Detection capabilities include photodiode array, UV/Vis, fluorescence (FLR), refractive index (RI), evaporative light scattering (ELS), electrochemical, conductivity, and mass detection.</li><li><strong>Intuitive interface and software. </strong>Get instant access to system settings through the large LCD screen with simplified daily set-up with SystemPREP. Supports Empower, MassLynx, and 3<sup>rd</sup> party software packages.</li><li><strong>Compliance-ready. </strong>Supports Waters Empower-based automated system qualification tool (SQT), minimizing the time and cost of annual qualification with standards like GMP, GLP, ISO 17025, and USP &lt;1058&gt;.</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_2_47fe8951d2/Waters-Alliance-HPLC-System-2.jpg" alt="Waters Alliance HPLC System: Alliance HPLC System provides powerful functionality for all your application needs." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Alliance_HPLC_System_2_47fe8951d2/thumbnail_Waters-Alliance-HPLC-System-2.jpg 161w," sizes="100vw" width="903" height="874"></p><h3><strong>Specifications</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Maximum operating pressure</strong>: 5,000 psi</li><li><strong>Front panel display</strong>: Easy to use control panel</li><li><strong>Mobile phases</strong>: Up to 4 with Auto-Blend Technology</li><li><strong>Flow rate range</strong>: Up to 10 mL/min</li><li><strong>Sample carryover</strong>: ≤0.0025% (Caffeine) under specified conditions</li><li><strong>Sample compartment</strong>: 4–40 °C</li><li><strong>Pump options</strong>: Quaternary</li><li><strong>Solvent conditioning</strong>: Vacuum Degas</li><li><strong>Column capacity</strong>: Standard up to 3 columns</li><li><strong>Maximum sample capacity</strong>: 120</li><li><strong>Detector options</strong>:&nbsp;<ul><li>Tunable UV</li><li>Photo Diode Array</li><li>Fluorescence</li><li>Refractive Index</li><li>Evaporative Light Scattering</li><li>Electrochemical</li><li>Conductivity</li><li>Mass Spectrometry</li></ul></li><li><strong>External control</strong>:&nbsp;<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/627">Empower Software</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/635">MassLynx Software</a></li></ul></li><li><strong>Physical specifications</strong>:<ul><li><strong>Width:</strong> 45.7 cm (18.0 in.) or 58.4 cm (23.0 in.) with column heater</li><li><strong>Height:</strong> 57.1 cm (22.5 in.)</li><li><strong>Depth:</strong> 57.1 cm (22.5 in.) or 64.8 cm (25.5 in.) with sample heater/cooler</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>

Watrex Streamline binary gradient HPLC system

Watrex Streamline™ binary gradient HPLC system consists of two P1 pumps, static mixer, CT1 column thermostat, PDA1 diode-array detector, AS1 auto-sampler, and Clarity PDA datastation.

<p><strong>Streamline™ binary gradient HPLC system consists of two </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/?s=streamline+p1+pump&amp;post_type=product&amp;dgwt_wcas=1?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty"><strong>P1 pumps</strong></a><strong>, static mixer, </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/obchod/chromatography/column-thermostats/streamline-ct1-columm-thermostat/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty"><strong>CT1 column thermostat</strong></a><strong>, </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/?s=pda1&amp;post_type=product&amp;dgwt_wcas=1?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty"><strong>PDA1 diode-array detector</strong></a><strong>, </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/obchod/chromatography/sampling-devices/autosamplers/streamline-as1-autosampler/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty"><strong>AS1 auto-sampler</strong></a><strong>, and Clarity PDA datastation.</strong></p><h3><strong>FEATURES</strong></h3><ul><li>Optimized pump mechanics with parallel piston design offers <strong>excellent flow rate accuracy</strong> and <strong>gradient composition</strong> at all solvents ratios</li><li><strong>Variable volume injection range 0.1 - 999.9 μl</strong>, high precision and reproducibility, and low carryover AS1 autosapler</li><li>Excellent signal-to-noise ratio of <strong>the PDA2 detector</strong></li><li>Data acquisition, processing and instrument control is by <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/999"><i>Clarity Chromatography Station</i>*</a></li></ul><h3><strong>COMPONENT SPECIFICATION</strong></h3><ul><li>Gradient solvent delivery system <strong>consisting of two P1 HPLC pumps</strong></li></ul><h5><strong>COMPONENT P1 HPLC pumps</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Flow Rates:</strong> 0,01 ml/min – 9,99 ml/min with step 0.01 ml/min (analytical)</li><li><strong>Flow Rates:</strong> 0,10 ml/min – 40,0 ml/min (preparative)</li><li><strong>Pressure:</strong> 42 MPa/6000 psi (analytical, stainless steel)</li><li><strong>Pressure:</strong> 35 Mpa/5000 psi (analytical, PEEK)</li><li><strong>Pressure:</strong> 10 Mpa/1500 psi (preparative)</li><li><strong>Flow precision:</strong> ± 0,2% RSD @ 1mL/min. and 1,000 psi (analytical)</li><li><strong>Flow accuracy:</strong> ± 1% @ 1mL/min. and 1,000 psi (analytical)</li><li><strong>Pressure accuracy:</strong> ± 2% of full-scale, with 80:20 H2O/IPA @ 1000psi</li><li><strong>Pulsation:</strong> better than ± 0.5% @ 1mL/min. and 1,000 psi (analytical)</li><li><strong>Remote control:</strong> USB</li><li><strong>Remote control:</strong> Start, Stop, Status, Error</li></ul><h5><strong>COMPONENT - PDA1 detector</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Wetted Materials:</strong> Stainless Steel/ PEEK*, teflon, Glass (*depending on configuration)</li><li><strong>Light Source:</strong> Deuterium Lamp, Tungsten Lamp</li><li><strong>Wavelength Range:</strong> 190 – 720 nm</li><li><strong>Number of Diodes:</strong> 256</li><li><strong>Baseline Noise:</strong> ± 1 x 10-5 AU (@240 nm, 2 sec. risetime)</li><li><strong>Baseline Drift:</strong> less than 3 x 10-4 AU/h</li><li><strong>Wavelength Accuracy:</strong> 0.5 nm</li><li><strong>Mean Pixel Pitch:</strong> 2.2 nm</li><li><strong>Resolution:</strong> 7 nm</li><li><strong>Linearity:</strong> higher than 2.0 AU</li><li><strong>Data Rate:</strong> 1 Hz – 100 Hz</li></ul><h5><strong>COMPONENT - CT1 Column thermostat</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Temperature range:</strong> 10 °C above ambient temperature to 100 °C</li><li><strong>Temperature accuracy:</strong> max. 0,5 % of actual temperature</li><li><strong>Temperature stability:</strong> RSD &lt; 0,4 %</li><li><strong>Settability:</strong> 0,1 °C</li><li><strong>Internal dimensions:</strong> 320 x 50 x 30 mm (L x W x H)</li><li><strong>Compartment material:</strong> PTFE coated metal</li><li><strong>Compartment connection:</strong> USB</li><li><strong>Control:</strong> build-in color touch panel, datasystem</li></ul><h5><strong>COMPONENT - AS1 autosampler:</strong> X-Y-Z-Operation; motor driven syringe, Capacity: 60 vials, Sample Loop: standard, 20μl, Reproducibility: Fix Volume: &lt; 0.5%, Variable Volume: &lt;1.0%, Carry-over: &lt;0.01% , Programmable wash.</h5><h5><strong>COMPONENT - Clarity™ Chromatography Station:</strong> PDA data acquisition and evaluation, gradient, and autosampler control with pre-set methods for experimental settings. PC Win 10 Professional with LCD monitor .</h5><h3><strong>Ordering information:</strong></h3><h5><strong>PN/Component:</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>SSG101-001</strong> Streamline™ binary HPLC system (Includes P1m+P1s pumps, PDA1 detector, CT1 thermostat, AS1 autosampler, solvent rack, Clarity PC station)</li></ul><h5>Optional configurations:</h5><ul><li><strong>SPDA99-201</strong> Remove PDA1 diode-array detector from system</li><li><strong>ST99-001</strong> Remove CT1 column thermostat from system</li><li><strong>SAS99-001</strong> Remove AS1 autosampler from system</li><li><strong>SUV90-001</strong> Add UV1 Variable UV/Vis detector to system</li><li><strong>SFC90-001</strong> Add FC1 Fraction collector to system</li><li><strong>SCT90-002</strong> Add CT1i column thermostat with manual injector from system</li></ul>

Products from category HPLC - page 2

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