<h3><strong>1. What exactly is a “source” in mass spectrometry?</strong></h3><p>Whether you’re running LC-MS, imaging-MS, or native-MS, the ion source is where molecules leave the chromatograph, capillary, or sample stage and become charged gas-phase particles that the mass spectrometer can detect. The source you choose governs the kinds of compounds you’ll see, the flow rates you can use, and the robustness you can expect from run to run.</p><p><strong>Sources fall into two broad families:</strong></p><ul><li><strong>Vacuum ionization: </strong>Electron ionization (EI), fast-atom bombardment (FAB), and traditional MALDI create ions inside the instrument’s evacuated housing.</li><li><strong>Atmospheric-pressure ionization (API): </strong>Electrospray (ESI), atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric-pressure photo-ionization (APPI), and today’s atmospheric-pressure MALDI (AP-MALDI) generate ions in open air and then guide them through an interface into vacuum.</li></ul><blockquote><p>Learn more about Ionization methods here: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/content/lifetech/global/en/home/industrial/mass-spectrometry/mass-spectrometry-learning-center/mass-spectrometry-technology-overview/ionization-source-technology-overview.html"><strong>Ionization Source Technology Overview | Thermo Fisher Scientific – US</strong></a></p></blockquote><h3><strong>2. Why electrospray changed the game</strong></h3><p>In 1988 John B. Fenn demonstrated that a fine, high-voltage spray could coax intact proteins into the gas phase (see figure). The work earned a share of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Because electrospray produces multiply charged ions, large biomolecules fit within the m/z window of modern analyzers. That single insight opened the door to:</p><ul><li>Bottom-up and top-down proteomics</li><li>Metabolomics and lipidomics</li><li>Native MS of protein complexes and antibodies</li><li>Targeted quantitation in clinical and environmental labs</li></ul><p>ESI also adapts to nearly any flow- from nanoliters to milliliters- via variants like nanoESI, capillaryESI, and heated ESI (HESI).</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Electrospray_101_What_to_Know_About_LC_MS_Sources_and_a_First_Look_at_Optispray_2_eadef535f2.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Electrospray 101: What to Know About LC-MS Sources – and a First Look at Optispray: Basic principle of electrospray ionization. A high-voltage needle forms a fine spray of charged droplets that shrink through solvent evaporation, releasing gas-phase ions for mass spectrometry." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Electrospray_101_What_to_Know_About_LC_MS_Sources_and_a_First_Look_at_Optispray_2_eadef535f2.jpg 237w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="675"></p><h3><strong>3. Putting ESI sources to work on a Thermo Scientific platform</strong></h3><p>If you have ever run a proteomics experiment on Thermo Scientific mass spectrometry solution, you have already handled at least two ESI sources:</p><ul><li><strong>Thermo Scientific OptaMax NG ion source</strong> or <strong>Thermo Scientific OptaMax Plus ion source</strong> with the Thermo Scientific<sup> </sup>Heated Electrospray Ionization (HESI-II) Probe – easy installation into the MS face, this robust family of sources, paired with adaptable HESI-II probes, supports a wide range of flow rates from 1 – 2,000 µL/min, providing flexibility for various applications. Most proteomics laboratories use it for calibrations or quick QC injections: direct-infuse a Pierce FlexMix solution through the HESI probe and the instrument can calibrate to sub-ppm accuracy</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2464"><strong>Thermo Scientific EASY-spray source</strong></a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2463"><strong>Thermo Scientific NanoSpray Flex ion source</strong></a> – once calibration is complete, the OptaMax ion source comes off and a low-flow source goes on. Thermo Scientific<sup> </sup>EASY-Spray HPLC columns combine LC column, liquid junction, and emitter in a single finger-tight connection, eliminiating dead volume and manual x-axis alignment. The NanoSpray Flex offers emitter and geometry control, providing flexibility for method development when custom configurations are needed.</li></ul><p>In a routine bottom-up proteomics run, you might equilibrate an EASY-Spray column on the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/398"><strong>Thermo Scientific Vanquish Neo UHPLC</strong></a>, calibrate the mass spectrometer using the OptaMax NG ion source fitted with HESI-II probe, then swap to an EASY-spray source loaded with your nanoLC column, and finally acquire a 30-minute DIA gradient on an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1959"><strong>Orbitrap Astral Zoom mass spectrometer</strong></a> - never touching the mass spectrometer itself, only exchanging the front-end source.</p><h3><strong>4. Alternate source spotlight: Native MS with static nano-spray</strong></h3><p>Electrospray isn’t limited to peptide gradients. In native MS the goal is to perform mass analysis on intact, non-denatured molecules- virus capsids, ribosomal subunits, even 10 MDa gene-therapy assemblies- without the salts and organic solvents required by LC. Here the workhorse is static nano-spray: load &lt;5 uL of volatile, salt-stripped buffer into a pre-conductive tip, let capillary action deliver a &lt; 50 nL/min plume straight into the MS inlet, and- because the analyte never touches a column- fragile complexes stay together long enough for high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. The Nanospray Flex ion source with the Offline Nano Electrospray kit makes difficult-to-analyze native applications compatible with state of the art mass spectrometry. For example, it is often coupled with the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/560"><strong>Thermo Scientific Q Exactive UHMR mass spectrometer</strong></a> and the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/748"><strong>Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Ascend Structural Biology Tribrid mass spectrometer</strong></a>.<br><br>Static nano-spray highlights how choosing the right ion source- and the right accessories- opens new analytical spaces.</p><h3><strong>5. Pain points in low-flow ESI- and why they matter</strong></h3><p>Nano- and capillary-flow ESI deliver exquisite sensitivity but can frustrate even experienced users:</p><ul><li><strong>Manual emitter alignment</strong> is operator-dependent</li><li><strong>Dead volume</strong> between column, junction, and emitter broadens peak</li><li><strong>Emitter wear</strong> forces frequent replacements and re-tuning</li></ul><p>For large-scale studies and labs with constant mass spectrometry up-time, that variability translates into lost samples, inconsistent quantitation, and extra QC overhead</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Electrospray_101_What_to_Know_About_LC_MS_Sources_and_a_First_Look_at_Optispray_3_35fab1de4d.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Electrospray 101: What to Know About LC-MS Sources – and a First Look at Optispray" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Electrospray_101_What_to_Know_About_LC_MS_Sources_and_a_First_Look_at_Optispray_3_35fab1de4d.jpg 216w," sizes="100vw" width="768" height="555"></p><h3><strong>6. Enter breaking technology: The Thermo Scientific OptiSpray<sup> </sup>Technology provides&nbsp;automated nano- and capillary-flow success</strong></h3><p>Unveiled at ASMS 2025, the OptiSpray technology- including the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2465"><strong>Thermo Scientific OptiSpray ion source</strong></a> and Thermo Scientific OptiSpray cartridge- tackles these challenges head-on:</p><ul><li><strong>Motorized 3D alignment</strong> runs a “quick” (&lt;3 minute) or “full” optimization routine that centers the spray plume on the inlet- no rulers, no guesswork, same result no matter who is installing the column.</li><li><strong>Easy installation with cartridge-based consumables</strong> with integrated column, junction and emitter in a single unit. Choose the Thermo Scientific EASY-Spray PepMap Neo UHPLC column or Thermo Scientific μPAC Neo HPLC Columns- just click in the cartridge, pull the handle down, click once, and you are plumbed.</li><li><strong>Emitter options for capillary or nanoflow </strong>two emitters—one that is tapered and is designed for capillary flow rates, and one that is pulled and is designed for nanoflow rates.</li><li><strong>Visualization of emitter and spray </strong>provides confidence in spray stability and visualization of spray disturbances.</li><li><strong>Platform compatibility</strong> The OptiSpray ion source docks directly on the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?search=Astral+"><strong>Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Astral MS series</strong></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?search=Tribrid+"><strong>Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Tribrid MS series</strong></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?search=Exploris"><strong>Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Exploris MS series</strong></a>, the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1958"><strong>Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Excedion Pro MS</strong></a>, and the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1149"><strong>Thermo Scientific Stellar MS</strong></a>, and pairs seamlessly with Thermo Scientific FAIMS Pro Duo interface- the automated alignment finds the emitter’s “sweet spot” in front of FAIMS Pro Duo interface for you.</li><li><strong>Wide flow window</strong> (50 nl – 10 uL/min) means one source covers discovery DIA at 300 nl/min and high-throughput PRM at a few uL/min.</li><li><strong>Proven robustness</strong> Early robustness data show &gt;2,000 HeLa digest injections with &lt;10% CV in peptide identifications.</li></ul><p>How OptiSpray technology helps: automated emitter alignment levels the playing field between new and experienced users, cutting out training time and human-introduced variability. Further, the sealed cartridge prevents carry-over and dead-volume inconsistencies. The result is reproducible, low-flow data, batch after batch, lab after lab, no matter who installs the column.</p><h3><strong>7. Take home messages</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Ion sources are the gatekeepers of detection. </strong>Choosing vacuum vs atmospheric- and within API, ESI vs APCI/APPI- dictates what you can detect.</li><li><strong>Electrospray is the backbone of omics. </strong>Multiply charged ions bring biomolecules into reach of high-resolution mass analyzes, earning a Nobel nod and dominating modern workflows.</li><li><strong>OptiSpray streamlines low-flow operation</strong> by automating emitter positioning and eliminating manual alignment, enabling consistent, high-sensitivity data across users and experiments.</li></ul><blockquote><p>Questions about fitting the right source to your application? <strong>Contact us </strong>or explore the ASMS 2025 resource hub for application notes, workflow posters, and customer testimonials.</p><p><strong>Visit us on&nbsp;</strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/72003132/admin/dashboard/"><strong><u>LinkedIn:</u></strong></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong>#MassSpectrometry #IonSources #Electrospray #OptiSpray #Proteomics #Metabolomics #Lipidomics #ESI</p></blockquote>

Electrospray 101: What to Know About LC-MS Sources – and a First Look at Optispray

<h4><strong>Traceability in the 19th century&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>Once a dairymaid bought one kilo of flour from the local shop. Next day she returned to sell one kilo of butter to the shopkeeper. He then complained that 50 grams of the kilo were missing.&nbsp;</p><blockquote><p>Oh that is odd, the dairymaid said, to get the correct weight I used the kilo of flour you sold to me yesterday to weigh the butter!&nbsp;</p></blockquote><h4><strong>Traceability today&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>Traceability is the ability to trace, for example, the ancestors of a person or the origin of a product. The word can be derived from the Latin tractus = drawn or the verb trahere = to draw.&nbsp;</p><p>Traceability can refer to documentation (e.g. a sampling procedure), a laboratory, analyst or method. But as in ISO/IEC 17025, this leaflet deals with traceability of measurement results. That is, measurement results have to be traceable to the metrological<sup>1</sup> references <strong>used</strong>. To be specific, we use the term <i><strong>metrological traceability</strong></i>.&nbsp;</p><blockquote><p>The current VIM<sup>2</sup> definition of metrological <strong>traceability is: </strong>property of a measurement result whereby the result can be related to a <strong>reference</strong> through a documented unbroken <strong>chain of calibrations</strong> each contributing to the measurement uncertainty<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;</p></blockquote><h4><strong>The references&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>Ideally the <strong>references</strong> should be the values of national and international standards expressed in SI units. The traceability is realised through chains of <strong>calibrations</strong>, the traceability chain. For temperature and many other physical quantities such as mass and time, the traceability is easily established.&nbsp;</p><p>In addition, in chemistry the working standards are substances with defined purity, solutions of pure substances and matrix reference materials.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Eurachem_Metrological_Traceability_of_Analytical_Results_2_b809be57bc.jpg" alt="Douglas Hasbun: An “analyst” not knowing the traceability of his/her values for volume, time, mass, calibration solution concentration and temperature." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Eurachem_Metrological_Traceability_of_Analytical_Results_2_b809be57bc.jpg 157w," sizes="100vw" width="852" height="847"></p><h4><strong>Temperature example - Traceability to SI&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>The temperature of a sample can be traced back through a <strong>chain of calibrations</strong> to the <strong>reference</strong>, an SI traceable value of temperature at 0 °C.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Eurachem_Metrological_Traceability_of_Analytical_Results_3_9933347331.jpg" alt="Douglas Hasbun: Temperature example - Traceability to SI" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Eurachem_Metrological_Traceability_of_Analytical_Results_3_9933347331.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="926" height="432"></p><h4><strong>Example – Mercury in tuna fish&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>A measurement result (mass fraction) obtained for mercury in a tuna fish sample is 4.03 ± 0.11 mg/kg. The result is reported as total Hg on dry weight basis (105 ºC, 12 h determined on a separate sample portion) and the measurement uncertainty is reported with a 95 % level of confidence (coverage factor, k=2). In this case mercury was determined with a mercury analyser (cold vapour atomic spectroscopy) after a microwave digestion.&nbsp;</p><p>The samples are weighed on a balance with a calibration certificate relating the weight measured to the SI unit of mass (kg).&nbsp;</p><p>The acid digest is diluted in a volumetric flask where the manufacturer documents the traceability of the volume of the flask to a national standard.&nbsp;</p><p><i><strong>The calibration curve was prepared using a CRM (certified reference material) – a mercury standard with a certificate stating a quantity value of 0.998 ± 0.005 mg/L (k=2) and with traceability to pure mercury.&nbsp;</strong></i></p><p>The method is validated using an appropriate matrix CRM with a total mercury mass fraction of 1.97 ± 0.04 mg/kg (<i>k</i>=2). The purpose of the validation is to check the method performance.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Eurachem_Metrological_Traceability_of_Analytical_Results_4_1ef2bc4b97.jpg" alt="Douglas Hasbun: An “analyst” knowing the traceability of his/her values for volume, time, mass, calibration solution concentration and temperature" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Eurachem_Metrological_Traceability_of_Analytical_Results_4_1ef2bc4b97.jpg 119w," sizes="100vw" width="808" height="1062"></p><h4><strong>How can a laboratory demonstrate metrological traceability?&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>The evidence required by the laboratory to demonstrate traceability for the mercury result is shown below:&nbsp;</p><ol><li>concentration of the Hg solution – a certificate for the CRM solution;&nbsp;</li><li>mass of sample – calibration certificate for the balance;&nbsp;</li><li>volume of volumetric flask – calibration certificate of the manufacturer;&nbsp;</li><li>drying temperature – calibration of oven temperature;&nbsp;</li><li>digestion conditions – calibration of e.g. temperature;&nbsp;</li><li>drying time – ordinary clock or stopwatch&nbsp;</li></ol><p>Point 1 would need special attention to assure the quality and traceability for the calibration standard. Traceability for points 2, 3 and 6 is easily achieved with adequate uncertainty using commercial equipment.&nbsp;</p><p>Points 4 and 5 need additional attention by the lab.&nbsp;</p><p>The use of the matrix CRM in the method validation is vital but not part of the traceability chain, since it is not used for calibration. If this CRM is used for recovery correction it should be part of the traceability chain.&nbsp;</p><h4><strong>Measurement quality&nbsp;</strong></h4><ul><li>Method <strong>validation</strong> demonstrates that the method (set of conditions) used in a particular laboratory at a certain time was fit for purpose and all significant effects were identified.&nbsp;</li><li>Calibration of critical equipment completes the metrological<strong> traceability </strong>chains.</li><li><strong>Measurement uncertainty </strong>is estimated from the method validation and the traceability.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Quality control </strong>(internal and external) assures that the measurement results (including uncertainty) are of the same quality as at the time of validation.</li></ul><h4><strong>Conclusion</strong></h4><p>The <strong>traceability of a measurement result </strong>refers to <strong>metrological traceability</strong> as defined by VIM. It relates the result to SI units or other agreed standards/references.&nbsp;</p><p>Traceability is essential for comparability of results and is a requirement of ISO/IEC 17025. Traceability is easily achieved following good laboratory practice.</p>

Metrological Traceability of Analytical Results

<p><strong>Scientific conferences are defined not only by the quality of the research presented but also by the expertise and vision of their invited speakers. RAFA 2026 brings together internationally recognized scientists from academia, industry, and regulatory organizations to address some of today's most pressing challenges in food analysis and food safety. Their lectures will explore cutting-edge analytical techniques, emerging contaminants, food authenticity, artificial intelligence, high-resolution mass spectrometry, allergen risk assessment, PFAS, microplastics, mycotoxins, and many other topics shaping the future of food analysis. This overview introduces the distinguished invited speakers and the scientific highlights they will present at RAFA 2026.</strong></p><h3><strong>Registration</strong></h3><blockquote><p class="cke-user_style-important"><strong>👉</strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://rafa.easyevent.eu/tickets/"><strong>Register to attend RAFA 2026!</strong></a></p></blockquote><h4><strong>Registration Fees</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Regular registration (Until 30 September, 2026):</strong> € 855</li><li><strong>Late registration (From 1 October, 2026):</strong> € 955</li><li><strong>Student rate* (From 1 July, 2026):</strong> € 605</li></ul><p><i>* The proof of student status (e.g. copy of a student identify card) is requested as an attachment of the registration form.</i></p><h5><strong>The regular registration fee will include:</strong></h5><ul><li>Attendance at all scientific sessions, workshops, seminars, vendor seminars and other satellite events</li><li>Access to the poster and exhibition area</li><li>Conference kit (name badge, conference bag, conference documents, certificate of participation, certificate of presentation on request)</li><li>Final programme</li><li>E-Book of Abstracts</li><li>Coffee breaks</li><li>Buffet luncheons</li><li>Welcome drink</li></ul><p>In the registration form you can r<strong>egister free of charge for the welcome drink</strong> and you can also order <strong>ticket(s) for the conference dinner (€ 85).</strong></p><p><i>Please note that your registration is firm when your payment has been received.</i></p><h3><strong>Abstract submission</strong></h3><blockquote><p class="cke-user_style-important"><strong>👉</strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://rafa.easyevent.eu/tickets/"><strong>Submit your ABSTRACT HERE!</strong></a></p><p>In order to submit an abstract, you must <strong>first register to attend RAFA 2026</strong>. <strong>After registration</strong> you will receive an <strong>access to the Member section </strong>where you can <strong>submit your abstract(s).</strong></p></blockquote><p>&nbsp;After successful submission of your abstract you will receive an automatic confirmation of receipt of submitted abstract via e-mail. If it will not be delivered within a few minutes after submission of your abstract please check at first your spam box-mail and then contact us at <strong>RAFA2026@vscht.cz</strong>.</p><h4><strong>Important notice:</strong></h4><blockquote><p><strong>1 registered participant can submit no more than 2 abstracts.</strong></p></blockquote><p>To apply for a young scientist’s oral presentation, as an indication please respect the rule that you should be born in 1991 or later.</p><p>The <strong>text of the abstract </strong>should be<strong> limited to 3000 characters including spaces</strong>. Tables and pictures are not allowed.</p><h3><strong>Program</strong></h3><h4><strong>Invited Speakers</strong></h4><h5><strong>It takes a small step to fake food but a giant leap to authenticate</strong></h5><ul><li>Nicolai Zederkopff Ballin from Danish Veterinary, Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Agency, Glostrup, Denmark.</li></ul><p>It takes a small step to fake food but a giant leap to authenticate”: Exploring unresolved issues in food authentication. Food authentication includes not just analytical chemistry, but also nomenclature, validation procedures and reporting of results. These aspects have attracted increasing focus, but setting limits in food authentication has been largely absent. It is therefore time to discuss how to set maximum tolerable levels to enable consistent and comparable results in food authentication.</p><h5><strong>Unravelling the mysteries of modified mycotoxins</strong></h5><ul><li>Franz Berthiller from BOKU University, Vienna, Austria</li></ul><p>Modified mycotoxins are altered forms of mycotoxins, mainly formed by living plants on the field. They are not regulated, yet may contribute to toxicity. The presentations focuses on metabolites of fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A, formed by maize plants.</p><h5><strong>From bitter to better: Fixing off-flavors in plant proteins</strong></h5><ul><li>Corinna Dawid from Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany</li></ul><p>Uncovering the chemistry behind flavor: the presentation explores how Sensomics and NMR interaction studies reveal the complex interplay between aroma compounds, taste perception, and the polymer matrix in wine.</p><h5><strong>Imaging food: the power and the limits of seeing molecules in food</strong></h5><ul><li>Laura Righetti from Wageningen University &amp; Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands</li></ul><p>Imaging techniques enable ‘seeing’ molecules in food and elucidating mechanisms of accumulation and transformation, e.g. during processing. However, their application to food and contaminants remains limited. This talk discusses both instrumental constraints and future opportunities.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/RAFA_Laura_Righetti_e7bdda9942.jpg" alt="RAFA: Laura Righetti" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_RAFA_Laura_Righetti_e7bdda9942.jpg 157w," sizes="100vw" width="900" height="895"></p><h5><strong>Analysis of critical vitamins: novel structures and novel sources</strong></h5><ul><li>Michael Rychlik Lab from Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany</li></ul><p>Growing population and dietary shifts lead to inadequate intake of folate, B6, and B12. The presentation introduces novel analytical methods (stable isotope dilution assays), identifies new sources, and assesses risks of certain dietary patterns.</p><h5><strong>Sample-to-solution approaches for natural toxin analysis at the point of need</strong></h5><ul><li>Gert Salentijn from Wageningen University &amp; Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands</li></ul><p>Taking analysis out of the lab is not trivial. Going beyond merely translating procedures from the lab to an out-of-lab setting, it requires a fundamentally different perspective on how we develop and deploy the tools to provide information at the point-of-need. In this, both the envisioned test, as well as the envisioned user are critical, and all the steps, from sample to solution, need to be considered.</p><h5><strong>EFSA’s rapid risk assessment of cereulide in infants</strong></h5><ul><li>Hans Steinkellner from European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy</li></ul><p>The EU has established procedures for rapid risk assessment in urgent situations. EFSA’s assessment of cereulide in infants demonstrated its ability to provide robust scientific support within a short timeframe during a crisis.</p><h5><strong>Comprehensive strategies to unmask masked mycotoxins: from food matrix to gut microbiota</strong></h5><ul><li>Milena Stranska from University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia</li></ul><p>The lecture will address non-extractable modified mycotoxins and their biological relevance. Bioaccessibility will be assessed using in vitro digestion models with diverse fecal microbiota (toddlers, children, adults) and bioavailability using Caco-2-based intestinal models. High-resolution mass spectrometry will reveal biotransformation pathways and cellular metabolism of free and modified mycotoxins.</p><h5><strong>Food allergen risk assessment: Past, present, future</strong></h5><ul><li>Ben Remington from Remington Consulting Group B.V., Utrecht, the Netherlands &amp; University of Nebraska, USA</li></ul><p>Food allergy and allergen management are global public health issues, and consumer protection depends on transparent and trustworthy labelling. While 30 years of scientific advances show that low level exposures, or reference doses, are unlikely to trigger reactions in most allergic individuals, harmonized and globally aligned regulations are still needed to promote consistent allergen risk assessment and labelling decisions. This presentation will discuss the landscape of allergen risk assessment, global policy developments, current research and future needs in the area.</p><h5><strong>Unmasking hidden adulteration in honey: Strategies for detecting and characterizing honeys produced from sugar-fed colonies</strong></h5><ul><li>Oscar Nuñez Burcio from University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain</li></ul><p>From hive to jar, not all honey tells the same story. This presentation addresses hidden adulteration associated with sugar-fed bee colonies, highlighting implications for authenticity, production practices, and the need for a more precise characterization of honey to ensure consumer trust.</p><h5><strong>Analytical and toxicological methods for safety of food contact materials</strong></h5><ul><li>Erich Leitner from Graz University of Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz, Austria</li></ul><p>Food packaging plays a critical role in protecting and preserving food throughout the supply chain. All packaging materials intended to come into contact with food must comply with strict EU safety rules. Due to increased complexity of packaging solutions, lowering legal limits and increasing numbers of target compounds, we also have to adapt the strategies used to verify and guarantee the safety of these materials.</p><h5><strong>Data-driven strategies to reduce complexity in non-target HRMS analysis of food samples</strong></h5><ul><li>Anneli Kruve from Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</li></ul><p>LC/HRMS based non-target screening can detect hundreds to thousands of chemical features in complex food and environmental samples. Investigating all of these in detail is practically impossible, so which ones to focus on? Novel computational tools developed in computational mass spectrometry allow predicting the toxicity and concentration of the detected chemical features even if these have not yet been fully structurally elucidated. Combining these predictions enables us to focus on the chemical features possessing high risk.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/RAFA_Anneli_Kruve_5119012e5d.jpg" alt="RAFA: Anneli Kruve" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_RAFA_Anneli_Kruve_5119012e5d.jpg 155w," sizes="100vw" width="899" height="900"></p><h5><strong>Role of AI in the identification of emerging food systems risks</strong></h5><ul><li>Ákos Bernard Jóźwiak from Syreon Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary</li></ul><p>AI-assisted evidence synthesis – spanning curated scientific evidence, exposome data, and network analysis – is the backbone of next-generation emerging chemical food safety risk identification, enabling earlier signals and more resilient surveillance systems.</p><h5><strong>Challenges of microplastics analysis in the context of food safety</strong></h5><ul><li>Dorte Herzke from Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway</li></ul><p>Food and food packaging are major sources of micro- and nanoplastic exposure. Plastics used in processing, storage, and packaging can release particles through heat, abrasion, and degradation. Small particles below 2 µm may cross gut barriers and carry chemicals, highlighting the need for robust and sensitive measurement methods.</p><h5><strong>Never-ending analytical challenges in PFAS analysis of food</strong></h5><ul><li>Darina Dvořáková from University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia</li></ul><p>Exploring and monitoring PFAS in food requires advanced strategies. Combining targeted, suspect, and non-target HRMS analysis, determination of total fluorine and sum parameters, and novel sensors provides new insights into PFAS occurrence and supports food safety monitoring.</p><h5><strong>An overview of the latest scientific knowledge on process contaminants in food for appropriate risk management measures</strong></h5><ul><li>Thierry Delatour from Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.</li></ul><p>Recent scientific findings related to acrylamide and furans formation, occurrence and analytical methods in food provide important insights for risk management.</p>

Invited Speakers at RAFA 2026 Symposium

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Scientists

RAFA provides an overview of contemporary trends in ANALYTICAL & BIOANALYTICAL STRATEGIES IN FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY CONTROL and discusses CHALLENGES / NOVEL APPROACHES IN FOOD AND NATURAL PRODUCTS ANALYSIS.

Recent Advances in Food Analysis (RAFA)

A unique company dedicated to serving science helping our customers drive productivity and accelerate results. Through our premier brands – Thermo Scientific, Applied Biosystems, Invitrogen, Fisher Scientific and Unity Lab Services.

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Eurachem is a European network promoting international traceability of chemical measurements and good analytical practice. It provides expert guidance, supports method validation, uncertainty evaluation, proficiency testing, and facilitates discussion on technical and policy issues in analytical quality.

Eurachem

Waters ACQUITY Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) Calibration Standards Kits

Eliminate manual preparation of custom standard calibration mixes with ACQUITY Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) Calibration Standards.

<div><div><h3><strong>Frequent calibration for greater confidence in your results</strong></h3></div></div><div><div><p><strong>Eliminate manual preparation of custom standard calibration mixes with ACQUITY Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) Calibration Standards, which provide the right number of data points for your targeted molecular weight (MW) range. ACQUITY APC Calibration Standards are specifically designed to match the molecular weight range of the </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1950"><strong>ACQUITY APC Columns</strong></a><strong>.</strong></p><p>ACQUITY APC polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene standards are configured into <strong>Low</strong>, <strong>Middle</strong>, and <strong>High Molecular Weight Calibration Kits</strong>, as well as a convenient<strong> Method Development Kit </strong>that includes the full separation range of all three kits combined. These chromatography standards are designed to provide a maximum range of narrow standard data points for a specific column set or molar mass range.</p><p>With ACQUITY APC Calibration Standards, you can conduct calibration with<strong> 3-5x shorter cycle times</strong>, enabling you to run more replicates and more easily include calibration with each test set. With increased calibration frequency, you can have higher confidence in the accuracy of each test run.</p><div><div><ul><li><strong>Simple and easy</strong>&nbsp;to use by adding solvent and injecting</li><li><strong>Shorter preparation time</strong> resulting in faster calibration cycle time</li><li><strong>Greater confidence</strong> in molecular weight determination of samples</li><li><strong>Reduce variances</strong> in analysis providing increased product quality</li></ul><div><div><p><strong>Recommended Use:&nbsp;</strong>For <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/194"><strong>advanced polymer chromatography </strong></a>calibration.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Advanced_Polymer_Chromatography_APC_Calibration_Standards_Kits_2_1e32010bc1.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) Calibration Standards Kits: The ACQUITY Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) Calibration Standards are available in polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate configured into Low, Middle, and High Molecular Weight Calibration Kits. " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Advanced_Polymer_Chromatography_APC_Calibration_Standards_Kits_2_1e32010bc1.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="565"></p></div></div></div></div></div></div>

Waters AccQ·Tag Ultra Chemistry kit

Waters AccQ•Tag Ultra kits offer accurate amino acid analysis for diverse matrices, with manual and automated options, optimized columns, stable derivatization, and compatibility with UPLC and robotic pipetting platforms.

<h4><strong>Manual Options</strong></h4><p><strong>AccQ•Tag Ultra </strong>and <strong>AccQ•Tag chemistries</strong> are the first step in enabling your laboratory to obtain accurate amino acid composition from protein/peptide hydrolysates, physiologic fluids, feeds, foods, pharmaceutical preparations, and many other sample matrices. Combined with traditional HPLC, UHPLC, or the Waters ACQUITY UPLC, you can now have a system that is customized to separate amino acids from protein hydrolysates, cell culture media, and food/feed samples to get enhanced resolution. The end result is reliability with precise qualitative and quantitative results.</p><p><strong>AccQ•Tag Ultra and AccQ•Tag chemistry kits include:</strong></p><ul><li>Pre-column derivatization reagents</li><li>Dedicated reversed-phase columns QC tested for amino acid analysis</li><li>Eluents and standards</li><li>Documentation on methods for the analysis of these important biocompounds</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Acc_Q_Tag_Ultra_Chemistry_kit_1_879ccc4140/Waters-AccQTag-Ultra-Chemistry-kit-1.jpg" alt="Waters: AccQ·Tag Ultra Chemistry kit" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Acc_Q_Tag_Ultra_Chemistry_kit_1_879ccc4140/thumbnail_Waters-AccQTag-Ultra-Chemistry-kit-1.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="660" height="440"></p><h4><strong>Automation Options</strong></h4><p><strong>AccQ•Tag Ultra Derivatization Automation Kit </strong>provides simplified tools to enhance high throughput amino acid automation via an easy-to-use, automation friendly format that maximizes workflow and accommodates residual volume. Compatible with Tecan, Hamilton, and Andrew Alliance systems, the AccQ•Tag Ultra Derivatization Automation Kit provides fast, accurate, and precise amino acid analyses, translating into cost and time savings for your lab.</p><ul><li>Parallel high-throughput sample prep (process up to 96 samples at a time)</li><li>Minimal user intervention</li><li>Larger reagent volume to accommodate automation needs</li><li>Starter kits include reagents, column, eluents, application standards and labware</li><li>Scripts ready for multiple automated platforms<ul><li>Tecan, Hamilton, and Andrew Alliance</li></ul></li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Acc_Q_Tag_Ultra_Chemistry_kit_2_36d9723e92/Waters-AccQTag-Ultra-Chemistry-kit-2.jpg" alt="Waters: AccQ•Tag Ultra Derivatization Automation Kit " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Acc_Q_Tag_Ultra_Chemistry_kit_2_36d9723e92/thumbnail_Waters-AccQTag-Ultra-Chemistry-kit-2.jpg 240w," sizes="100vw" width="1200" height="780"></p><h4><strong>Let Andrew+ Pipette for You</strong></h4><p>One of the largest pain points in sample preparation is repetitive pipetting. Minimizing sources of contamination is also critical. The Andrew+ robotic pipetting platform helps alleviate those pain points and provides confidence and reliability when doing derivatization.</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/208"><strong>Andrew+ Pipetting Robot</strong></a><strong> provides:</strong></p><ul><li>Flexibility in the number of samples run using AccQ•Tag Ultra Automation</li><li>Sample Preparation Kit (32, 64, 96 sample)</li><li>Verified protocols available in <strong>OneLab</strong></li><li>Compatible with additional <strong>connected devices</strong></li><li>Easy-to-use, no in-depth training required</li><li>Self-guided installation, online troubleshooting, and help</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Andrew_Pipetting_Robot_ab82a4584b.jpg" alt="Waters: Andrew+ Pipetting Robot" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Andrew_Pipetting_Robot_ab82a4584b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1200" height="726"></p><h4><strong>Amino Acid Reference Standards</strong></h4><p>Waters offers reference standards for Amino Acid Analysis (AAA) required in many applications in pharmaceutical and food and feed industries. A variety of standards containing free amino acids are offered for qualitative and quantitative determination of amino acids, method development, and troubleshooting of the AccQ•Tag Ultra and AccQ•Tag methods.</p><p><strong>Available standards include:</strong></p><ul><li>Cell Culture Standard Kit</li><li>Food &amp; Feed Standard Kit</li><li>Amino Acid Hydrolysates Standard</li><li>Internal Standard (Nva)</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Amino_Acid_Reference_Standards_fd1db2e697.jpg" alt="Waters: Amino Acid Reference Standards" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Amino_Acid_Reference_Standards_fd1db2e697.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="838" height="559"></p><h4><strong>AccQ•Tag Ultra and AccQ•Tag Derivitization Chemistry</strong></h4><p>This line of products is a comprehensive, fully tested set of reagents, columns, eluents, and methods. &nbsp;</p><p>AccQ•Tag is optimized for use with HPLC/UHPLC.</p><p>AccQ•Tag Ultra is optimized for use with the UPLC Amino Acid Analysis Application Solution.</p><ul><li>Both methods are based on the AccQ•Tag pre-column derivatization method</li><li>Primary and secondary amino acids are reacted with a single reagent (AccQ•Fluor) in a high-throughput batch process resulting in exceptionally stable derivatives</li><li>AccQ•Tag Ultra provides high-resolution separations achieved using the AccQ•Tag Ultra UPLC column (1.7 µm particles) and mobile phases</li><li>Derivatized amino acids resolved and quantified to sub-pmol levels with single wavelength UV detection</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_kits_9c7f40f8c4.jpg" alt="Waters: AccQ•Tag Ultra and AccQ•Tag Derivitization Chemistry" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_kits_9c7f40f8c4.jpg 133w," sizes="100vw" width="352" height="413"></p>

Waters SARS-CoV-2 LC-MS Kit (RUO)

Advance virus research with Waters' RUO LC-MS kit for SARS-CoV-2. Detect and quantify NCAP peptides with high sensitivity and reproducibility using SISCAPA antibody enrichment and automation-ready workflows.

<h4><strong>Detect and quantify SARS-CoV-2 NCAP peptides to advance virus research</strong></h4><p>The global <strong>COVID-19 pandemic</strong> created an unprecedented need to quickly deploy emergency tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Now, scientists can harness the flexibility and reproducibility of LC-MS to advance critical SARS-CoV-2 research.</p><p><strong>Waters SARS-CoV-2 LC-MS Kit (RUO)</strong> is a <strong>Research Use Only kit</strong> to directly <strong>detect and quantify SARS-CoV-2</strong> signature nucleocapsid peptides (NCAPs) without the need to amplify the target analytes – so you can ensure accuracy, reproducibility, and sensitivity for your most critical research.&nbsp;</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_SARS_Co_V_2_LC_MS_Kit_RUO_2_50b4ae9b00/Waters-SARS-CoV-2-LC-MS-Kit-(RUO)-2.jpg" alt="Waters: SARS-CoV-2 LC-MS Kit (RUO)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_SARS_Co_V_2_LC_MS_Kit_RUO_2_50b4ae9b00/thumbnail_Waters-SARS-CoV-2-LC-MS-Kit-(RUO)-2.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="660" height="440"></p><h4><strong>Overview</strong></h4><ul><li>Achieve <strong>reproducible results</strong> between and within labs &nbsp;</li><li>Ensure <strong>high accuracy</strong> and analytical <strong>sensitivity</strong> to enable critical research &nbsp;</li><li><strong>Empower research</strong> and development of pioneering SARS-CoV-2 testing with an alternative and complementary technology to common infectious pathogen research &nbsp;</li><li>Enable <strong>broader research with an LC-MS method </strong>with the potential to be multiplexed with other peptides and biomarkers&nbsp;</li></ul><p><i><strong>* </strong>This kit is for research use only and has not been approved for use in clinical diagnostic procedures. This RUO kit has not been tested with clinical samples. The SARS-CoV-2 kit for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid peptides is not available in all countries, please contact your Waters representative for more details.</i></p><p><strong>Recommended Use:</strong> For the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 signature NCAP peptides.</p><h4><strong>LC-MS enables cutting-edge SARS-CoV-2 research</strong></h4><p>The Waters SARS-CoV-2 LC-MS Kit (RUO) is a Research Use Only kit intended for the quantitative measurement of three proteolytic peptides derived from the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (NCAP) protein. The method has been optimized on an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/199"><strong>ACQUITY UPLC I-Class PLUS</strong></a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/195"><strong>Xevo TQ-XS System</strong></a> and is also intended for use with the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/208"><strong>Andrew+ Pipetting Robot</strong></a>. Optimization on other instrument platforms is possible. &nbsp;</p><p>Further investigation is needed to collect objective evidence in promising research applications, however, based on the properties of the analytical test method, the SARS-CoV-2 LC-MS Kit might be leveraged for the following research studies: &nbsp;</p><ul><li>Peptide concentration to quantitate SARS CoV-2 signature peptides at different stages of infection&nbsp;</li><li>Research of infection and long-term effects through peptide quantitation&nbsp;</li></ul><p>Future pandemic preparedness studies and research of signature peptide-based biomarkers unique to other infections </p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_The_SARS_Co_V_2_LC_MS_Kit_RUO_allows_for_easy_sample_preparation_sample_enrichment_and_sample_detection_f0aca034ad.jpg" alt="Waters: The SARS-CoV-2 LC-MS Kit (RUO) allows for easy sample preparation, sample enrichment, and sample detection." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_The_SARS_Co_V_2_LC_MS_Kit_RUO_allows_for_easy_sample_preparation_sample_enrichment_and_sample_detection_f0aca034ad.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="682"></p><h4><strong>Achieve confidence in results</strong></h4><p>Ensure accurate and consistent results with highly analytically selective antibody magnetic bead enrichment. With the innovative SISCAPA® anti-peptide antibody enrichment sample preparation method from SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc. in the SARS-CoV-2 LC-MS Kit (RUO), you can improve the performance of mass spectrometry for measurement of pre-selected protein targets.</p><p>With the SARS-CoV-2 LC-MS Kit (RUO) and SISCAPA, you can achieve the analytical sensitivity you need to detect low levels of SARS-CoV-2 peptides from complex digested samples with stable isotope standards and capture by anti-peptide antibodies. Increase laboratory efficiency with all the components your busy research laboratory needs to quickly deploy the supplied method - all in one package.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_The_SARS_Co_V_2_method_minimizes_sample_media_interference_providing_greater_flexibility_for_the_analysis_of_multiple_research_samples_fe3a56c686.jpg" alt="Waters: The SARS-CoV-2 method minimizes sample media interference, providing greater flexibility for the analysis of multiple research samples." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_The_SARS_Co_V_2_method_minimizes_sample_media_interference_providing_greater_flexibility_for_the_analysis_of_multiple_research_samples_fe3a56c686.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="682"></p><h4><strong>Ensure reproducibility with trusted chemistries and consumables</strong></h4><p>Ensuring reproducible quantitation from sample-to-sample, run-to-run, and lab-to-lab provides the confidence you need for critical research decisions. Ensuring reproducibility starts with minimizing variability risks, including the risk of unpredictable non-specific binding of peptides to surfaces. The SARS-CoV-2 LC-MS Kit uses QuanRecovery Plates with MaxPeak HPS and a MaxPeak Premier Peptide Column, minimizing non-specific binding of peptides to surfaces while enhancing recovery and signal.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Analytical_sensitivity_of_the_ADE_AYN_and_NPA_peptides_in_VTM_at_2_3_5_10_and_20_amol_L_following_antibody_enrichment_145d5249ef.jpg" alt="Waters: Analytical sensitivity of the ADE, AYN, and NPA peptides in VTM at 2, 3, 5, 10, and 20 amolµL following antibody enrichment." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Analytical_sensitivity_of_the_ADE_AYN_and_NPA_peptides_in_VTM_at_2_3_5_10_and_20_amol_L_following_antibody_enrichment_145d5249ef.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="682"></p><h4><strong>Let Andrew+ pipette for you</strong></h4><p>Save valuable time and focus on your research with reliable and reproducible sample preparation using the Andrew+ Pipetting Robot. The SARS-CoV-2 LC-MS Kit (RUO) comes in an automation-friendly format with liquid handling protocols for the Andrew+ Pipetting Robot available on OneLab.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_SARS_Co_V_LC_MS_Kit_RUO_automation_protocol_available_for_Andrew_Pipetting_Robot_It_provides_a_flexible_automation_platform_easily_adaptable_to_multiple_workflows_8dca9a99e0.jpg" alt="Waters: SARS-CoV-LC-MS Kit (RUO) automation protocol available for Andrew + Pipetting Robot. It provides a flexible automation platform easily adaptable to multiple workflows." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_SARS_Co_V_LC_MS_Kit_RUO_automation_protocol_available_for_Andrew_Pipetting_Robot_It_provides_a_flexible_automation_platform_easily_adaptable_to_multiple_workflows_8dca9a99e0.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="682"></p>

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