<p><strong>He is one of only ten scientists working in Europe who secured the prestigious EMBO Installation Grant this year. After four years in the United States, immunologist Matouš Vobořil recently returned to the Faculty of Science at Charles University to build his own team and advance research focused on the development of immune cells and their training in the thymus. His efforts to combat autoimmune diseases have already caught the attention of numerous grant review panels.</strong></p><h5><strong>Reportedly, one of the motivations for your studies was the awareness that in science, there is still more that is unknown than what is known. You made this statement after receiving the Doctorandus Award for Natural Sciences in 2020, adding that during your lifetime you would like to shift something toward the “known” category. How has that been going so far?</strong></h5><p>The topic for which I&nbsp;take the greatest credit to date is one I&nbsp;began exploring during my doctoral studies and fully developed as a&nbsp;postdoctoral fellow in the U.S., and that is inflammation of the thymus. When you delve into the literature and articles focused on autoimmune diseases, eventually you begin to notice that autoimmune diseases often develop after undergoing some kind of infection. This is particularly evident in connection with long COVID. During inflammatory processes in the body, the immune system responds, and we were interested in whether there is a&nbsp;mechanism that recognises this inflammatory response and teaches T-lymphocytes (immune cells) that this is not a&nbsp;problem, but rather a&nbsp;process inherent to the body.</p><p>During my doctoral studies, I&nbsp;investigated the basic inflammatory response in the thymus, without the presence of actual bacterial or viral inflammation. This turned out to be extremely important. Over time, we discovered that the thymus contains many antiviral molecules and molecules that play a&nbsp;key role in allergic reactions or in the recognition of bacteria and viruses. These molecules create a&nbsp;specific environment in the thymus that mimics what may happen in our bodies later in life, and they train T-cells not to respond to these stimuli. I&nbsp;consider this to be my greatest contribution to the field. Of course, there are still many unexplored areas in this field.</p><h5><strong>The interview I was referring to was published in the magazine of the grammar school where you studied, and which proudly acknowledges your scientific achievements. Was that where your interest in science first began to show?</strong></h5><p>The fact that I&nbsp;studied in Dvůr Králové nad Labem was a&nbsp;huge stroke of luck. Not only is there a&nbsp;zoo, where my parents used to work, so I&nbsp;spent a&nbsp;lot of time there, but thanks to that, I&nbsp;also joined the local Natura club, which brought together people interested in nature and was led by the Dobroruk couple. When I&nbsp;was ten, my parents sent me to a&nbsp;nature-oriented summer camp with them, and I&nbsp;ended up staying with them – which is why I&nbsp;also attended the local high school, where Mrs. Dobroruková taught. She was a&nbsp;wonderful teacher. Her classes really encouraged students to think about what’s&nbsp;happening in nature. Thanks to that, I&nbsp;began participating in biology competitions and got involved in the Czech high school research competition. Although my first scientific experiments focused on ornithology, they gave me the opportunity to present scientific data and meet many people from the Faculty of Science at Charles University, including Professor Jan Černý, who lectured our class on immunology. Suddenly, while still in high school, I&nbsp;realized that this was the path I&nbsp;wanted to take.</p><h5><strong>During your master’s studies, you joined the team of immunologist Dominik Filipp at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, where you then continued as a doctoral student. How did working with him influence you, and where did it lead you?</strong></h5><p>Dominik Filipp had several ongoing projects related to the peripheral immune response, signalling, and identification of viruses and bacteria. The project I worked on focused on a rare population of cells found in lymph nodes or the spleen. I studied the effect of pathogen-recognising receptors on these cells. Since these cells are similar to those in the thymus and I needed a negative control, I used the thymus for that purpose. To our surprise, the result was not negative but positive. This led us to the phenomenon itself and prompted us to begin investigating its consequences in the thymus.</p><h5><strong>You then travelled overseas to study this discovery – which you actually made rather by chance – in detail. What was your experience like at American research institutions?</strong></h5><p>Amazing. I&nbsp;went to the University of Minnesota to work with particular people, especially my future supervisor, Kristin Hogquist. I&nbsp;had met her at several conferences while I&nbsp;was still in my PhD programme, and I&nbsp;had a&nbsp;feeling that our collaboration could work well both professionally and personally.</p><p>But we were also fortunate to pick Minnesota. It’s&nbsp;a&nbsp;great place to live, and at the same time, excellent science is being conducted there. The Center for Immunology, where I&nbsp;worked, rivals the world’s&nbsp;leading scientific institutions in terms of its research results. I&nbsp;think this is mainly down to the highly supportive environment there, which fosters collaboration. Thanks to this, you can really grow as a&nbsp;scientist there.</p><p>In addition, they focus on explaining and describing the chosen phenomenon as a&nbsp;whole, rather than worrying too much about whether it will result in one or five articles, or whether it will take ten years. Their method of funding supports this approach. In a&nbsp;system of short-term grants, as we know it here, you can’t structure research this way. That’s&nbsp;a&nbsp;major disadvantage for us.</p><h5><strong>How did you develop your own research there?</strong></h5><p>It was there that I&nbsp;fully realized the potential of what we had discovered in the lab in Prague. Kristin Hogquist and her team were working on something similar, but it wasn’t until we teamed up that we were able to take it further. I&nbsp;focused primarily on how various antiviral signals or signals triggered during allergic reactions influence T-cell training and defence against autoimmune diseases following viral infections or allergic reactions. Suddenly, it became clear that this was a&nbsp;vast topic and the foundation for establishing a&nbsp;separate subfield of research on tolerance (the training of immune cells in the thymus so that they do not harm the body while remaining capable of fighting pathogens).</p><p>One great thing was that two labs were coming together at the facility: the one led by Kristin Hogquist and the other led by her husband, Stephen Jameson, which focuses on how different types of infections affect T-cell activation and their response. I&nbsp;realised that these two areas needed to be connected, and I&nbsp;based my own research plan on that – namely, to study how the inflammatory environment, actual inflammation, and viral or bacterial infections can retroactively influence processes in the thymus. This is a&nbsp;topic that no one has addressed yet.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Forum_UK_Voboril_O_imunitnim_systemu_toho_stale_mnoho_nevime_2_b020119f2e.jpg" alt="Forum UK/Petr Jan Juračka: Vobořil: There is still much to learn about the immune system: As head of research, Matouš Vobořil strives to ensure that everyone on his team feels comfortable." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Forum_UK_Voboril_O_imunitnim_systemu_toho_stale_mnoho_nevime_2_b020119f2e.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1000" height="667"></p><h5><strong>You mentioned how important it was to you that you got along with Kristin Hogquist not only professionally but also on a&nbsp;personal level. To what extent did you take this “personal” aspect into account when putting together your own team at CU SCI?</strong></h5><p>This is tremendously important to me. Kristin Hogquist is not only an outstanding researcher, but also a&nbsp;very kind person. And that really helped me feel at home in the American environment, which sometimes tends to become highly competitive. I&nbsp;realized that I&nbsp;would like those who will one day work on my own team to feel the same way I&nbsp;did on hers.</p><h5><strong>So far, we’ve been talking about what led you to science. Have you, on the other hand, encountered anything during your career so far that has discouraged you from pursuing science?</strong></h5><p>Moving overseas with my family and my two-and-a-half-year-old son during the pandemic wasn’t the easiest thing to do. We had to apply for a&nbsp;national exemption just so that I&nbsp;and my family would be allowed into the U.S. at all. Fortunately, as an immunologist, I&nbsp;fell into a&nbsp;special category subject to less stringent pandemic restrictions. Packing up the family, moving overseas, and learning to navigate a&nbsp;completely different system is undoubtedly a&nbsp;major challenge. It required sacrifices not only from me, but above all from my wife, who had to put her own career on hold for several years because of mine. This is one of the biggest and most demanding obstacles that scientists and their families must overcome.</p><p>The second major obstacle you have to deal with as a&nbsp;scientist is paperwork – something I’ve only fully realized now that I’m leading a&nbsp;research group. Even though you hear about it from those around you, it still doesn’t prepare you for when it comes. As a&nbsp;trainee, you do science and conduct experiments in the lab, but suddenly everything shifts, and you become a&nbsp;manager and administrator of all sorts of things. I&nbsp;spend about 30 percent of my time on paperwork. It’s&nbsp;not exactly fun.</p><h5><strong>You obtained a&nbsp;Primus grant, a&nbsp;Junior Star grant from the Czech Science Foundation, and most recently an EMBO Installation Grant. What research challenges do you now face with these grants?</strong></h5><p>I&nbsp;would also like to apply for an ERC Starting Grant this year as well. In the Junior Star project, we are studying cell migration to the thymus. We hypothesize that so-called dendritic cells migrate to the thymus from the periphery (skin, lungs, intestines) – that is, from sites exposed to the external environment and inflammation. These cells are thought to bring information about their own antigens to the thymus and teach developing T-cells tolerance. We aim to determine whether this migration actually occurs, under what circumstances, and how important it is for establishing tolerance to specific tissues. This could help answer the question of why autoimmune skin diseases, such as psoriasis, develop following inflammatory processes.</p><p>The second objective is broader. We would like to answer a&nbsp;major question in immunology: <strong>why do autoimmune diseases develop after a&nbsp;person has had an infection? </strong>We want to study how different types of inflammation (viral, bacterial, or yeast infections) affect the training of immune cells in the thymus.</p><p>We would like to introduce a&nbsp;system of so-called “dirty mice.” The entire field of immunological research is based on working with mice raised in sterile conditions so that we can easily manipulate them and observe how these manipulations affect the immune system. In reality, however, the immune system does not function this way. I&nbsp;brought this idea back from the University of Minnesota, where they placed standardized mice in the same cage with mice purchased from various pet stores around Minneapolis. After a&nbsp;few weeks to months, the mice contract almost everything the store-bought mice have, thereby developing a&nbsp;true physiological immune response. Yet they are still the same mice – genetically identical – that we can manipulate. This is an excellent system that allows us to study immune responses in a&nbsp;much more physiological context.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Forum_UK_Voboril_O_imunitnim_systemu_toho_stale_mnoho_nevime_3_c458457e12.jpg" alt="Forum UK/Petr Jan Juračka: Vobořil: There is still much to learn about the immune system " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Forum_UK_Voboril_O_imunitnim_systemu_toho_stale_mnoho_nevime_3_c458457e12.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1000" height="667"></p><h5><strong>Will you be applying for a&nbsp;European Research Council (ERC) grant with that goal in mind?</strong></h5><p>Exactly.</p><h5><strong>In order to succeed in the competition for ERC grants, the projects should push the boundaries of knowledge, which also involves a&nbsp;certain degree of risk. Where do you see the greatest risks in your own research?</strong></h5><p>There are many risks. One of the biggest is that although all the infections we plan to introduce are controlled and well-documented, you still never have full control over them. So it’s&nbsp;possible that not only will the mice become peripherally infected, but the thymus itself will also become infected, which could complicate the experiments. At the same time, this is a&nbsp;physiological system – and I’m talking mainly about the “dirty mice” – which means that each mouse will respond a&nbsp;little differently, and that will generate enormous variability in the samples. Immunologists strive to have the purest system possible, so that when they introduce, for example, a&nbsp;single infectious agent, they can then observe exactly what’s&nbsp;happening there. In this regard, we are actually taking a&nbsp;step back, so to speak, because we want it to be more variable and closer to reality. Setting up and analysing data from such experiments so that they’re reproducible and reveal a&nbsp;real phenomenon can be a&nbsp;real challenge. But that’s&nbsp;the only way we can get closer to real life.</p><h5><strong>The most recent Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to three immunologists: Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi, who recently gave a&nbsp;lecture in Prague. Did you meet him? How much did awarding the Nobel Prize to immunologists motivate you further in your work?</strong></h5><p>When Shimon Sakaguchi was in Prague, I&nbsp;was still in the U.S., but I&nbsp;did meet him several times at various conferences and even had the opportunity to talk with him on multiple occasions, given that we’re both involved in T-cell research. In our community, people have long been placing bets on when they’ll finally get the Nobel Prize. For me, their discoveries are truly inspiring, but the Nobel Prize itself doesn’t motivate me that much anymore. I&nbsp;find the story behind it to be more interesting. It took a&nbsp;very long time for the scientific community to accept their findings. One of the seminal articles was published in the <i>Journal of Immunology</i>, which isn’t a&nbsp;journal with as high a&nbsp;profile as <i>Nature</i> or <i>Science,</i> and not one where you’d expect to read about such a&nbsp;groundbreaking discovery. It took several years before it became clear just how significant this discovery was. Now I&nbsp;often remind my students of this – even an article in the <i>Journal of Immunology</i> can win you a&nbsp;Nobel Prize, and that is incredibly inspiring.</p><blockquote><h5><strong>Matouš Vobořil, PhD</strong></h5><p>Graduate of the Faculty of Science at Charles University. His research focuses on the development of immune cells in the thymus, the onset of autoimmune diseases, and the function of antigen-presenting cells. After spending four years as a&nbsp;postdoctoral fellow at the University of Minnesota on Kristin Hogquist’s&nbsp;team, he returned to Europe in 2025. Thanks to a&nbsp;Primus grant from Charles University, he established his own research group at the Faculty of Science. He subsequently received a&nbsp;Junior Star grant from the Czech Science Foundation and, this January, an EMBO Installation Grant. For his dissertation, he was awarded the Doctorandus Prize as part of the Česká hlava initiative.</p></blockquote>

Vobořil: There is still much to learn about the immune system 

<h3><strong>How are PFAS regulations changing, and what role will ion chromatography play in the future of environmental testing?</strong></h3><p>In this episode, &nbsp;David interviews <strong>Jay Gandhi, PhD, </strong>Vertical Markets Manager at <strong>Metrohm USA</strong>, for an in-depth discussion on PFAS analysis, the rise of AOF (Adsorbable Organic Fluorine) testing, and the development of EPA 1621 and ISO 18127 standards.</p><p>With more than 30 years of experience in ion chromatography, Jay shares valuable perspective on how the field has evolved—from early applications and NASA water recovery projects to today’s challenges involving PFAS, TFA, and emerging contaminants.</p><h4><strong>Topics covered in this episode include:</strong></h4><ul><li>What PFAS are and why they matter</li><li>The difference between targeted PFAS methods and AOF analysis</li><li>How combustion ion chromatography works</li><li>Behind the scenes of EPA 1621 and ISO 18127 method development</li><li>Regulatory trends in water, textiles, and food packaging</li><li>TFA analysis using IC-MS and IC-MS/MS</li><li>The future of ion chromatography in environmental labs</li></ul><h3><strong>Video Transcription</strong></h3><p>For more than three decades, Jay Gandhi has worked with ion chromatography (IC), watching the technique expand from a specialized tool for water analysis into an analytical platform used across environmental testing, food and beverage analysis, semiconductor manufacturing, battery applications, and, increasingly, PFAS analysis.</p><p>In an interview for <i>Concentrating on Chromatography</i>, Gandhi discusses his introduction to IC during his work on a NASA Mars exploration project, the emergence of PFAS as a major analytical challenge, and why techniques such as adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) determination and combustion ion chromatography (CIC) can provide information that targeted LC-MS analysis alone cannot deliver. He also examines the development of standardized methods, sample preparation challenges, and the future role of IC-MS and total fluorine approaches in PFAS monitoring.</p><h4><strong>From NASA to ion chromatography</strong></h4><p>Gandhi's introduction to ion chromatography came through his work as a principal scientist on a NASA Mars exploration project focused on water recovery under zero-gravity conditions. IC played an important role because it enabled researchers to establish the ionic balance of anions and cations in water.</p><p>The technology was used both to investigate micronutrients relevant to agricultural applications and to evaluate water purity for potential astronaut consumption. During approximately three years of this work, Gandhi gained extensive experience with ion chromatography. This ultimately led him deeper into IC instrumentation and, 24 years ago, to joining Metrohm.</p><p>At the beginning of his career, IC was strongly associated with relatively straightforward anion and cation analysis in water. The technique itself had been used for water analysis since the 1970s, but Gandhi has seen its application range expand dramatically.</p><p>Food and beverage testing and environmental analysis became important fields, supported by both direct and indirect detection strategies. More recently, IC has also found applications in areas such as the semiconductor industry and battery recycling.</p><p>In Gandhi's words, ion chromatography has effectively "bloomed" into numerous application areas.</p><h4><strong>PFAS changes the analytical challenge</strong></h4><p>PFAS represent a particularly important chapter in this development. These chemicals have been used for decades in numerous consumer and industrial products, including non-stick materials, firefighting foams, water-resistant textiles and other applications.</p><p>Gandhi recalls work on PFOA and PFOS using ion chromatography with conductivity detection as early as 2008. However, the achievable detection limits were insufficient for the extremely low concentrations that later became important in PFAS analysis.</p><p>A major turning point for him came in 2015, when he encountered research from Sweden using <strong>combustion ion chromatography to investigate total fluorine</strong>. Subsequent collaboration with researchers at Clarkson University and Harvard University, particularly on aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), further demonstrated the importance of looking beyond individual targeted PFAS compounds.</p><h4><strong>Why targeted LC-MS does not tell the whole story</strong></h4><p>Targeted LC-MS is highly sensitive and selective and can provide detailed information about individual PFAS compounds. However, according to Gandhi, the number of possible PFAS structures in the environment is vastly greater than the number routinely included in targeted methods.</p><p>A targeted method may monitor dozens or perhaps around one hundred compounds, while the overall PFAS universe can include thousands of chemical structures. Consequently, targeted analysis may characterize only a small fraction of the total PFAS burden.</p><p>There are other practical considerations. LC-MS measurements can be affected by matrix-dependent ion suppression, while accurate quantification frequently relies on isotope-labelled internal standards. Such standards are available for only a limited number of compounds and can be expensive.</p><p>This is where measurements of total or adsorbable organic fluorine can provide complementary information. Rather than asking <i>which specific PFAS compounds are present?</i>, these approaches can help answer a broader question: <i>how much fluorine associated with this chemical space is present in the sample?</i></p><h4><strong>AOF as a complementary approach</strong></h4><p>Adsorbable organic fluorine analysis provides a different perspective from targeted LC-MS. In the workflow discussed by Gandhi, organic fluorine compounds are captured during sample preparation and subsequently measured using combustion ion chromatography.</p><p>The principle of CIC builds upon older total organic halogen analysis. The sample is combusted at temperatures above approximately 1,000 °C, breaking carbon-halogen bonds. In PFAS-related analysis, carbon-fluorine bonds are broken and the resulting fluoride is collected in an absorption solution.</p><p>Ion chromatography is then used to separate and quantify the fluoride.</p><p>Replacing older detection approaches with IC provides both sensitivity and selectivity for the halogens being measured. Effective combustion is critical: oxygen supports the combustion process, while a carrier gas transports the products into the absorption solution for subsequent IC analysis.</p><h4><strong>The challenge of inorganic fluoride</strong></h4><p>The broad response of CIC is simultaneously one of its strengths and one of its analytical challenges. Combustion does not distinguish fluorine originating from PFAS from fluorine present in inorganic compounds such as fluoride salts.</p><p>This becomes particularly important when analyzing water containing relatively high concentrations of inorganic fluoride while attempting to quantify organic fluorine at very low levels.</p><p>Sample preparation therefore has a critical role. Inorganic fluoride must be effectively separated from the fraction of interest, while materials used during sample preparation must themselves have sufficiently low fluoride backgrounds.</p><p>Contamination can come from unexpected sources. Gandhi points out that background fluoride may originate not only from reagents and sample preparation materials but potentially from the laboratory environment. Careful blank control, appropriate materials and rigorous evaluation of interferences are therefore essential when moving toward increasingly low detection limits.</p><h4><strong>From research method to international standardization</strong></h4><p>The development of standardized AOF methods illustrates the importance of collaboration between academia, industry, regulatory organizations and analytical laboratories.</p><p>Gandhi describes work that began in Europe around 2015 and subsequently progressed through German standardization activities, ISO development, ASTM-related collaboration and the U.S. EPA. The process eventually contributed to methods such as <strong>EPA Method 1621</strong>.</p><p>He emphasizes that this was not the work of a single scientist or organization. Developing a robust method required years of experiments, discussions and sometimes difficult technical debates among numerous stakeholders.</p><p>For Gandhi, the essential principle was that experimental evidence ultimately had to determine the outcome. Collaboration becomes possible when scientists focus on the data rather than the organizations they represent.</p><h4><strong>PFAS monitoring is moving beyond drinking water</strong></h4><p>Regulatory attention to PFAS is also expanding beyond drinking water. Gandhi describes a broader strategy that begins with reducing the manufacture and use of PFAS-containing materials and continues with removing existing contamination from the environment.</p><p>Wastewater represents an important part of this picture because PFAS can enter it from numerous sources. Historical contamination from landfills and contaminated sites can also migrate into groundwater and ultimately affect drinking-water supplies.</p><p>Consumer products are another area of increasing attention. Food packaging, disposable containers, automotive fabrics, outdoor clothing and water-repellent textiles have historically used fluorinated substances to provide properties such as grease, water or stain resistance.</p><p>Reducing PFAS use in such products could therefore gradually decrease the amount entering waste streams and the wider environment.</p><h4><strong>Screening first, regulation later?</strong></h4><p>Gandhi expects AOF to be particularly valuable as a <strong>screening tool</strong>, providing an estimate of broader fluorine contamination before laboratories proceed to more specific analyses.</p><p>Its importance becomes clear when AOF results are compared with targeted PFAS measurements. Gandhi reports that laboratories working with EPA Method 1621 have observed differences between targeted PFAS results and broader AOF measurements ranging from approximately <strong>300- to 4,000-fold in the total fluorine mass balance</strong>.</p><p>Such discrepancies suggest that targeted methods can leave a substantial portion of fluorine unexplained.</p><p>Rather than competing with LC-MS, AOF and CIC therefore provide complementary information. A broad screening method can reveal the magnitude of total contamination, while targeted mass spectrometry identifies and quantifies specific compounds of interest.</p><h4><strong>Where IC-MS fits into the PFAS toolbox</strong></h4><p>No single technique can cover the entire PFAS problem. Gandhi highlights very short-chain, highly polar fluorinated compounds as another analytical challenge.</p><p>Compounds such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) are highly water-soluble and may not be quantitatively retained by the carbon materials used for AOF sample preparation. Direct ion chromatography can provide an alternative route for separating such compounds from common inorganic anions.</p><p>Coupling IC with mass spectrometry adds another level of sensitivity and selectivity. Gandhi therefore sees <strong>IC-MS and IC-MS/MS</strong> as increasingly important tools for highly polar fluorinated compounds. Similar approaches can also be useful beyond PFAS, including the determination of polar pesticides such as glyphosate and glufosinate.</p><h4><strong>Toward lower detection limits and more complete PFAS analysis</strong></h4><p>For Gandhi, current standardized methods represent a beginning rather than an endpoint. Improvements in instrumentation and particularly sample preparation could push total fluorine analysis to substantially lower concentrations.</p><p>He notes that current combustion IC configurations can reach approximately <strong>0.5 ppb</strong>, or 500 parts per trillion, and believes that improvements in sample volume, preparation procedures and mitigation of inorganic fluoride backgrounds could eventually move detection below 100 ppt and potentially toward 50 ppt.</p><p>Extractable organic fluorine workflows could provide another bridge between broad fluorine screening and targeted LC-MS methods. Combining improved extraction with CIC could allow samples to be screened for organic fluorine before more detailed compound-specific characterization.</p><p>The broader message from Gandhi's career is that PFAS analysis is unlikely to be solved by a single analytical technique. <strong>Targeted LC-MS provides compound-specific sensitivity and selectivity; AOF and combustion IC reveal a broader fluorine picture; and IC-MS can address highly polar compounds that are difficult to capture using conventional workflows.</strong> Used together, these techniques can provide laboratories with a much more complete understanding of PFAS contamination than any one approach alone.</p><blockquote><p><strong>This text has been automatically transcribed from a video presentation using AI technology. It may contain inaccuracies and is not guaranteed to be 100% correct.</strong></p></blockquote><blockquote><h4><strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast</strong></h4><p>Dive into the frontiers of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation with host David Oliva. Each episode features candid conversations with leading researchers, industry innovators, and passionate scientists who are shaping the future of analytical chemistry. From decoding PFAS detection challenges to exploring the latest in AI-assisted liquid chromatography, this show uncovers practical workflows, sustainability breakthroughs, and the real-world impact of separation science. Whether you’re a chromatographer, lab professional, or researcher you'll discover inspiring content!</p><p>You can find <strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast </strong>in podcast apps:</p><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/1wZg67rCjoGju4yhqxI3tL"><strong>Spotify</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/tz/podcast/concentrating-on-chromatography/id1788429185"><strong>Apple podcast</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podscan.fm/podcasts/concentrating-on-chromatography"><strong>podscan</strong></a></li></ul><p>and on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@ChromatographyTalk/videos"><strong>YouTube channel</strong></a></p></blockquote>

The Future of Ion Chromatography | PFAS Testing, EPA 1621 & AOF Explained

<p><strong>In late February 2025, a train carrying benzene derailed in Hustopeče nad Bečvou, and within hours, a race was on to save the groundwater and surface water. One of the most toxic industrial substances began seeping into the gravel-sand subsoil. While fieldwork was underway to prevent the spread of contamination, decisions were already being made in the CXI TUL laboratories regarding how to subsequently clean up the contaminated rock environment.</strong></p><p>The accident ranks among the <strong>most serious environmental incidents in the Czech Republic in recent years</strong>. After a tanker train derailed, hundreds of<strong> metric tons of benzene leaked</strong>; due to the highly permeable geological subsoil, it quickly seeped into deeper soil layers and into the groundwater. The combination of the substance’s high toxicity and local conditions complicated both the emergency response and the subsequent remediation. The key was to stop further spread, determine the extent of the contamination, and establish a remediation strategy for the entire site.</p><p>It was at this stage that CXI TUL became involved in the solution. At the request of the renowned remediation company DEKONTA, a.s., a team led by <strong>RNDr. Jan Němeček, Ph.D.</strong>, began testing the feasibility of the<strong> in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) method</strong>. This technology is designed to<strong> break down benzene directly within the rock matrix</strong>, without the need for extensive excavation of contaminated soil or the pumping out of large volumes of groundwater. The goal was simple: to find a method that would work quickly, safely, and under the actual conditions of the affected site.</p><h4><strong>Benzene Remediation: Technically Simple, Complicated in Practice</strong></h4><p>Benzene is a highly toxic and carcinogenic substance that rapidly penetrates into groundwater in permeable subsoil, where it dissolves and spreads further as the water flows toward surface water bodies. Benzene also binds to rock particles and migrates in the form of vapors into overlying unconsolidated layers.</p><p>Scientists in Liberec therefore tested <i>in situ </i>chemical oxidation (ISCO) technology under laboratory conditions. The goal was to find an oxidant capable of breaking down benzene directly underground into less hazardous substances.</p><p>The tests evaluated two main options:<strong> activated hydrogen peroxide and sodium peroxodisulfate</strong>. Both substances removed up to<strong> 99.99% of the benzene</strong>, but there was a difference in their kinetics and impacts on the natural environment. Activated hydrogen peroxide achieved nearly complete degradation of the contaminant within a single day. Activated sodium peroxodisulfate was slower and also significantly altered the chemistry of the water; it acidified the environment and increased the sulfate content in the water, which poses an additional environmental burden.</p><p>For field applications, the researchers therefore unequivocally recommended <strong>activated hydrogen peroxide</strong>.</p><h4><strong>Dosage Matters</strong></h4><p>It was not just the oxidant’s effectiveness that was key. It was equally important to determine how the chemical reaction would behave in a real geological environment. The team of scientists therefore also analyzed what is known as <strong>soil oxidant consumption (SOD)</strong>. It turned out that a significant portion of the oxidizing agent does not react solely with benzene but is also consumed to a significant extent by the rock environment itself, particularly by natural organic substances present in the fine-grained fraction of the soil.</p><p>An oxidant consumption value was determined specifically for the local composition of the aquifers, which is essential for the correct dosing of chemicals in the field so that the remediation is not only effective but also economically viable and safe for surrounding ecosystems.</p><h4><strong>One Year After the Accident: Research Turns into Real-World Assistance</strong></h4><p>While the public often perceives university science as a distant world of laboratories and grant projects, it is precisely situations like this that demonstrate its practical impact. The results of the work by researchers at CXI TUL did not remain confined to academic studies but directly influenced decisions regarding the technology used to clean up one of the largest environmental accidents in recent years.</p>

Science on the Front Lines: Cleanup of a Benzene Spill

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KNAUER LH 8.1 - Modular analytical XYZ Autosampler

KNAUER Liquid Handler offers finally an alternative in the world of robotic autosamplers. In-house design and development for a new level of simplicity and speed.

<p><strong>KNAUER Liquid Handler offers finally an alternative in the world of robotic autosamplers. In-house design and development for a new level of simplicity and speed, namely by:</strong></p><h4><strong>Performance</strong></h4><ul><li>Highest repeatability of peak area in full loop or sandwich injection mode</li><li>Zero sample loss and high precision via Sandwich injection mode&nbsp;</li><li>Lowest carry over with active Fast wash station that cleans the injection syringe and needle on the in- and outside by delivering an adjustable cleaning solvent flow</li><li>User-friendly control via pre programmed injection parameters in Chromatography Software packages</li></ul><h4><strong>Versatility</strong></h4><ul><li>Modular design and wide selection of accessories</li><li>Flexible injection volumes by a variety of exchangeable injection syringes&nbsp;</li><li>Customizable lengths of the rail from standard &nbsp;557 or 887 mm up to 1200mm to increase the amount of modules</li></ul><h4><strong>High throughput</strong></h4><ul><li>Up to 390 x 1.5 mL vials or 6 well plates per Robotic Cooler</li><li>Maximum 1560 x 1.5 ml vials or 24 well plates per Liquid Handler</li><li>Short cycle times via fast and precise movements and the software option "overlapped injections" that allows for preparing the next injection while the previous is still running</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_AZURA_system1_7ad2b43571.jpg" alt="Knauer: Liquid Handler LH 8.1 with AZURA system" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_AZURA_system1_7ad2b43571.jpg 244w," sizes="100vw" width="1390" height="889"></p><h3><strong>Great variety of modules available</strong></h3><p><strong>KNAUER offers a range of active and passive modules for easy customisation of your LH 8.1.</strong></p><ul><li>Want to have more samples and need a cooling option? Use the Robotic Cooler!</li><li>Want a lower carry over? Install the Fast Wash Station with two different solvents for in- and outside syringe and needle cleaning!</li><li>Want to change the solvent in your syringe? Use a passive solvent option to draw liquid during the injection process!</li></ul><p>There are a variety of active and passive options available. Just mount the module on the sampler, configure it in your software and you are ready to go.</p><h4><strong>Injection Valve</strong></h4><p>The injection valve consists of a valve drive and a 6 Port 2-Position valve with a special injection port.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_standalone1_5f21514cca.jpg" alt="Knauer: Liquid Handler LH 8.1 - standalone" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_standalone1_5f21514cca.jpg 179w," sizes="100vw" width="1293" height="1127"></p><h4><strong>Tray Holder</strong></h4><p>The manual tray holder can store up to 130 standard HPLC vials and is recommended whenever no sample cooling is needed.</p><h4><strong>Robotic Cooler</strong></h4><p>The Robotic Cooler can store your samples at 4 - 40°C. You can insert up to 3 Sample Racks for 130 vials each, what means you can store up to 390 sample vials per Robotic Cooler.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_cooled_tray_2_c6fd0672e9.jpg" alt="Knauer: Liquid Handler LH 8.1 - cooled tray" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_cooled_tray_2_c6fd0672e9.jpg 239w," sizes="100vw" width="1595" height="1043"></p><h4><strong>Fast Wash Station</strong></h4><p>With the fast wash station, the injection syringe is cleaned on the in- and outside. It is always recommended, because it significantly reduces carry-over and offers a very user-friendly handling.&nbsp;</p><h4><strong>Manual Wash Station</strong></h4><p>Manual wash stations are an alternative to the fast wash station when carry-over is not the major concern. A manual wash station can be integrated in the manual tray holder with 5 x 10 ml vials or used as an additional module with 6 x 10 ml vials or 2 x 60 ml vials.</p><h4><strong>Sample Trays</strong></h4><p>Different sample trays can be used either in the manual rack holder or in the Robotic Cooler. Depending on your needs, they are made for analytical standard 1.5 ml vials or well plates.</p><h4><strong>Syringes</strong></h4><p>The most common syringes are implemented in the chromatography software packages. All optimized parameters are preconfigured to get quickly started.</p><h3><strong>Special features</strong></h3><h4><strong>Injection modes</strong></h4><h5><strong>Sandwich loop: Zero sample loss with excellent reproducibility</strong></h5><p><strong>Tired of choosing between sample loss and high performance? The new injection mode offers both.</strong></p><ul><li>KNAUER Liquid Handler LH 8.1 has a special injection mode. Next to standard injections like full loop and partial loop it has the opportunity to use the sandwich injection mode.</li><li>The sample is prepared inside a gastight syringe and then transferred into the HPLC System. In sandwich mode the sample is trapped between small gaps of air. This injection method only takes up the sample volume it needs and the air gaps prevent any peak broadening. Furthermore the pressure increase during the injection process will reduce the sample plug even more leading ot much narrower peak shapes and higher injection precision. &nbsp;</li><li>Ths injection method combines the zero sample loss of µl pickup and injection precision of partial loop injection.</li><li>Only the amount of sample that is injected is aspired by the syringe</li><li>Minimized sample widenening during injection process</li><li>Very high precision</li><li>No loss of sample</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_Sandwich_Injection_Mode_Big_fb713e65a0.jpg" alt="Knauer - Liquid Handler LH 8.1 - Sandwich Injection Mode" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_Sandwich_Injection_Mode_Big_fb713e65a0.jpg 179w," sizes="100vw" width="2832" height="2475"></p><h5><strong>Full loop</strong></h5><ul><li>Sample loop is completely filled with the sample</li><li>Maximum reproducibility is achieved</li><li>Injection volume equals the loop volume</li><li>The sample loop will be overfilled to ensure a complete and reproducible filling</li></ul><h5><strong>Partial loop</strong></h5><ul><li>Sample loop is partially filled with programmed amount of sample&nbsp;</li><li>Injection mode is recommended for preparative tasks</li><li>Maximum injection volume equals 50 % of the loop volume</li><li>No sample loss</li></ul><h3><strong>Large number of samples for high-throughput applications</strong></h3><p><strong>The Robotic Cooler offers space for up to 390 x 1.5 ml standard sample vials while maintaining a stable temperature.&nbsp;</strong></p><ul><li>The Robotic Cooler compartment offers 6 places for sample racks. Two per drawer with a variety of options. One place can be used by a 60 x 1.5 ml vial rack, or 384 well plates or 96 well plates. Furthermore a double rack can be used to offer 130 x 1.5 mL vial positions, taking the total sample capacity to 390 x 1.5 ml vials.</li><li>Depending on the rail length a multitude of Robotic Coolers can be installed and used seperatly. Up to 4 Robotic Coolers on the longest rail.</li><li>The Robotic Cooler is software controlled, which enables a higher response speed and only open the doors so the injection syringe can reach the sample, to protect other samples from temperature fluctuations.&nbsp;</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_cooled_tray_1_d2a6edf265.jpg" alt="Knauer: Liquid Handler LH 8.1 - high throughtput" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_cooled_tray_1_d2a6edf265.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1722" height="1040"></p><h3><strong>Speed up your injection</strong></h3><p><strong>The LH 8.1 is optimized to save time during injection and movement.</strong></p><ul><li>To safe time during the movement, the opening of the Robotic Cooler is software controlled and happens automatically.</li><li>To further speed up the injection, the sampler can apply the "overlapped injections" function, where the sample is already prepared inside the syringe.</li><li>Then the sample can be injected directly after the end of the previous run.&nbsp;</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_Method_overlapped_2_e94a888086.jpg" alt="Knauer: Liquid Handler LH 8.1 - Method_overlapped" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_Method_overlapped_2_e94a888086.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1121" height="310"></p><h3><strong>Easy control via HPLC software&nbsp;</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>The LH 8.1 </strong>can be used just as comfortable as any HPLC Autosampler.</li><li>All parameters for recommended syringes, like injection speed, delay and sandwich build-up are already implemented and extensively tested in our Chromatography Software packages, so that you are ready to go!</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_Method_overlapped_af91cd2ba5.jpg" alt="Knauer: Liquid Handler LH 8.1 - SW control" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Liquid_Handler_LH_8_1_Method_overlapped_af91cd2ba5.jpg 188w," sizes="100vw" width="928" height="771"></p>

KNAUER High Precision AZURA P 6.1L HPLC Pump

KNAUER AZURA P 6.1L HPLC pump with up to 1000 bar, precise gradient control, and low pulsation for reliable UHPLC workflows.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA P 6.1L is a high-precision analytical HPLC pump designed for accurate and reproducible solvent delivery in both HPLC and UHPLC applications.</strong></p><p>The pump combines essential features of a modern pumping system, including <strong>low pulsation, high pressure capability, precise gradient formation, and flexible configuration</strong>. It is available in both <strong>HPG (high-pressure gradient)</strong> and <strong>LPG (low-pressure gradient)</strong> versions, with a flow range up to <strong>50 mL/min</strong>.</p><p>The system uses a <strong>dual serial piston mechanism with active pulsation compensation</strong>, ensuring <strong>excellent flow stability under all conditions</strong>. A <strong>low-dead-volume microfluidic mixer</strong> enables efficient and precise solvent mixing.</p><p>Different pump heads are available:</p><ul><li><strong>up to 10 mL/min at 862 bar</strong></li><li><strong>up to 5 mL/min at 1000 bar</strong></li></ul><p>Optional configurations include <strong>biocompatible materials (PEEK, ceramic, titanium)</strong> and specialized setups for <strong>normal phase applications (e.g., hexane, heptane)</strong>.</p><h4><span><strong>Key Features</strong></span></h4><ul><li>High-precision analytical HPLC/UHPLC pump</li><li><strong>Pressure up to 1000 bar</strong></li><li><strong>Flow rates up to 50 mL/min</strong></li><li><strong>Dual piston system</strong> with low pulsation</li><li>Active pulsation compensation</li><li>HPG and LPG gradient configurations</li><li><strong>Microfluidic mixer (50–600 µl)</strong></li><li>RFID pump head detection</li><li>Optional degasser</li><li>Biocompatible configurations available</li><li>Robust operation with demanding solvents</li></ul><h3><span><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></span></h3><h4><span><strong>Solvent Delivery</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Pump type:</strong> analytical HPLC pump</li><li><strong>Mechanism:</strong> dual serial piston</li><li><strong>Flow range:</strong> 0.001 – 50 mL/min</li><li><strong>Max pressure:</strong> up to 1000 bar</li><li><strong>Flow accuracy:</strong> ± 0.25%</li><li><strong>Precision:</strong> ≤ 0.04% RSD</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Gradient</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Range:</strong> 0–100% (0.1% steps)</li><li><strong>HPG accuracy:</strong> ± 0.3%</li><li><strong>HPG precision:</strong> &lt; 0.1% RSD</li><li><strong>LPG accuracy:</strong> ± 0.3% to ± 2%</li><li><strong>LPG precision:</strong> &lt; 0.5% RSD</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Mixing</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Microfluidic mixer</li><li>Volumes: 50 / 100 / 200 / 400 / 600 µl</li><li>Low dead volume</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Degasser (optional)</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>2–4 channels</strong></li><li><strong>Max flow:</strong> <strong>10 mL/min per channel</strong></li><li><strong>Residual O₂:</strong> <strong>&lt; 0.5 ppm</strong></li><li><strong>Membrane:</strong> fluoropolymer</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Materials</strong></span></h4><ul><li>PEEK, Tefzel®, Systec AF</li><li>Optional biocompatible materials (titanium, ceramic)</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Control &amp; Communication</strong></span></h4><ul><li>LAN, analog inputs</li><li>Event outputs (TTL, relay)</li><li>Optional mobile control</li><li>RFID pump head detection</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Operating Conditions</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Temperature:</strong> <strong>4–40 °C</strong></li><li><strong>Humidity:</strong> <strong>&lt; 90% non-condensing</strong></li></ul><h4><span><strong>Dimensions &amp; Power</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Dimensions:</strong> 361 × 208 × 523 mm</li><li><strong>Weight:</strong> 14.1 kg</li><li><strong>Power supply:</strong> 100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li><strong>Power consumption:</strong> max 100 W</li></ul>

KNAUER High Precision AZURA P 8.1L UHPLC Pump

KNAUER AZURA P 8.1L UHPLC pump with up to 1240 bar, adaptive pulsation compensation, and high precision for demanding UHPLC applications.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA P 8.1L is a high-performance UHPLC pump designed for ultra-fast and high-resolution chromatographic applications. With a maximum pressure of 1240 bar (124 MPa) and flow rates up to 5 mL/min, it meets the demands of modern UHPLC workflows.</strong></p><p>The pump features a <strong>dual serial piston mechanism</strong> combined with <strong>adaptive pulsation compensation</strong>, which operates independently of flow rate, pressure, and solvent type through <strong>real-time monitoring of eluent compressibility</strong> and variable piston stroke.</p><p>Together with KNAUER’s advanced piston drive technology, this results in <strong>exceptional flow reproducibility under all operating conditions</strong>. High-precision in-house manufacturing ensures <strong>long piston seal lifetime and maximum system uptime</strong>.</p><h4><span><strong>Key Features</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>UHPLC pump up to 1240 bar</strong></li><li><strong>Flow rates up to 5 mL/min</strong></li><li>Dual serial piston system</li><li>Adaptive pulsation compensation</li><li>Excellent flow reproducibility</li><li>HPG gradient capability</li><li>Integrated <strong>4-channel degasser</strong></li><li>RFID pump head detection</li><li>Low baseline noise</li><li>High durability and long lifetime</li><li><strong>Compatible with UHPLC and LC-MS systems</strong></li></ul><h3><span><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></span></h3><h4><span><strong>Solvent Delivery</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Pump type:</strong> analytical UHPLC pump</li><li><strong>Mechanism:</strong> dual serial piston</li><li><strong>Max pressure:</strong> <strong>1240 bar</strong></li><li><strong>Flow rate:</strong> <strong>up to 5 mL/min</strong></li><li><strong>Flow accuracy:</strong> <strong>± 0.25%</strong></li><li><strong>Precision:</strong> <strong>≤ 0.04% RSD</strong></li></ul><h4><span><strong>Gradient</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Type:</strong> HPG (high-pressure gradient)</li><li><strong>Range:</strong> 0–100% (0.1% steps)</li><li><strong>Accuracy:</strong> ± 0.3%</li><li><strong>Precision:</strong> &lt; 0.1% RSD</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Degasser</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Channels:</strong> 4</li><li><strong>Max flow:</strong> 5 mL/min per channel</li><li><strong>Residual O₂:</strong> &lt; 0.5 ppm</li><li><strong>Technology:</strong> fluoropolymer membrane</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Connections</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Inlet:</strong> UNF 1/4-28 (1/8” tubing)</li><li><strong>Outlet:</strong> UNF 10-32 (1/16” capillary)</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Materials</strong></span></h4><ul><li>PEEK, Tefzel®, Systec AF</li><li>Compatible with most solvents (except HCl and halogenated hydrocarbons)</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Control &amp; Communication</strong></span></h4><ul><li>LAN, analog inputs</li><li>Event outputs (TTL, relay)</li><li>Optional mobile control</li><li>RFID pump head detection</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Safety &amp; Operating Conditions</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Leak sensor</li><li>Soft start and programmable pressure limits</li><li>Temperature: 4–40 °C</li><li>Humidity: &lt; 90% non-condensing</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Dimensions &amp; Power</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Dimensions:</strong> 361 × 208 × 523 mm</li><li><strong>Weight:</strong> 26.7 kg</li><li><strong>Power supply:</strong> 100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li><strong>Power consumption:</strong> max 310 W</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA Autosampler AS 6.1L

KNAUER AZURA AS 6.1L autosampler with up to 768 samples, ultra-low carryover, and fast injection cycles for HPLC/UHPLC workflows.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA® AS 6.1L is a high-performance autosampler designed for automated sample injection in HPLC/UHPLC systems, offering high capacity, precision, and flexibility for both routine and high-throughput applications.</strong></p><p>The <strong>autosampler supports:</strong></p><ul><li>up to <strong>768 sample positions (microtiter plates)</strong></li><li>up to <strong>108 standard 1.5 mL vials</strong></li></ul><p>A highly effective <strong>internal and external needle wash system</strong> minimizes carryover to extremely low levels. The system is also fast, with a <strong>complete injection cycle taking less than one minute</strong>, including needle washing.</p><p>Three <strong>injection modes</strong> are supported:</p><ul><li><strong>full loop filling</strong> (highest precision)</li><li><strong>partial loop filling</strong> (variable volumes)</li><li><strong>µl pickup</strong> (loss-free injection of small volumes)</li></ul><p>The integrated <strong>ILD™ (Intermediate Loop Decompression) valve</strong> ensures accurate high-pressure injections without sample dilution and reduces pressure spikes, protecting the column.</p><h4><span><strong>Key Features</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Autosampler for HPLC/UHPLC</strong> systems</li><li><strong>Up to 768 sample positions</strong></li><li><strong>Up to 108 vials </strong>(1.5 mL)</li><li>Ultra-low <strong>carryover (&lt; 0.0003%)</strong></li><li><strong>Fast injection</strong> cycle (<strong>&lt; 1 min</strong>)</li><li><strong>3 injection modes</strong> (full loop, partial loop, µl pickup)</li><li>ILD™ technology for high-pressure injection</li><li>PASA™ (pressure-assisted sample aspiration)</li><li>Optional <strong>sample cooling (4–40 °C)</strong></li><li>Missing vial/plate detection</li><li>Supports precolumn derivatization</li></ul><h3><span><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></span></h3><h4><span><strong>Sample Injection</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Injection volume range:</strong> 0.1 µl – 10 mL</li><li><strong>Precision:</strong><ul><li><strong>Full loop:</strong> &lt; 0.3% RSD</li><li><strong>Partial loop:</strong> &lt; 0.5% RSD</li><li><strong>µl pickup:</strong> &lt; 1.0% RSD</li></ul></li><li><strong>Accuracy:</strong> 0.2 µl (250 µl syringe)</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Performance</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Carryover:</strong><ul><li>&lt; 0.0015% (standard)</li><li>&lt; 0.0003% (extended wash)</li></ul></li><li><strong>Injections per vial:</strong> <strong>max. 9</strong></li><li><strong>Cycle time:</strong><ul><li>7 s (same vial)</li><li>14 s (different vials)</li><li>&lt; 60 s total</li></ul></li></ul><h4><span><strong>Capacity &amp; Compatibility</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Microtiter plates:</strong> ANSI SLAS standard</li><li><strong>Max vial/plate height:</strong> <strong>47 mm</strong></li></ul><h4><span><strong>Additional Features</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Headspace pressure (bubble prevention)</li><li>Precolumn derivatization</li><li>Sample tray cooling (optional, 4–40 °C)</li><li>Vial detection sensor</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Materials</strong></span></h4><ul><li>ETFE, PTFE, stainless steel, glass, Vespel</li><li>Wide chemical compatibility</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Control &amp; Communication</strong></span></h4><ul><li>LAN / Ethernet</li><li>Analog inputs</li><li>TTL inputs (start, stop, freeze)</li><li>Relay output (alarm, marker)</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Operating Conditions</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Temperature:</strong> 10–40 °C</li><li><strong>Humidity:</strong> 20–80%</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA CT 2.1 Column Thermostat

KNAUER AZURA CT 2.1 column thermostat with Peltier control (5–85 °C), high stability, and optional eluent pre-heating for precise HPLC separations.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA CT 2.1 is a cost-effective column thermostat designed for precise and stable temperature control in HPLC applications.</strong></p><p>The instrument uses a <strong>microprocessor-controlled Peltier element</strong>, enabling both <strong>heating and cooling</strong> in the range of <strong>5–85 °C</strong>. Its high temperature stability allows for programming <strong>linear and non-linear temperature gradients</strong>, improving separation performance.</p><p>For advanced applications, the system can be optionally equipped with an <strong>eluent pre-heating cartridge</strong>, ensuring <strong>consistent temperature conditions</strong>, improved <strong>selectivity</strong>, and <strong>better peak shapes</strong>.</p><p>Its compact design supports flexible integration and accommodates multiple columns.</p><h4><span><strong>Key Features</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Column thermostat for HPLC applications</li><li>Temperature range <strong>5–85 °C</strong></li><li>Peltier technology (heating and cooling)</li><li>High <strong>temperature stability (±0.1 °C)</strong></li><li><strong>Accurate temperature control (±0.2 °C)</strong></li><li><strong>Programmable temperature gradients</strong></li><li>Optional eluent pre-heating</li><li>Supports multiple columns</li><li>Compact and robust design</li><li>Built-in safety features</li></ul><h3><span><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></span></h3><h4><span><strong>Thermostatting</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Technology:</strong> <strong>Peltier (heating &amp; cooling)</strong></li><li><strong>Temperature range:</strong> 5–85 °C</li><li><strong>Heating/cooling rate:</strong> 2 °C/min</li><li><strong>Accuracy:</strong> ± 0.2 °C</li><li><strong>Stability:</strong> ± 0.1 °C</li><li><strong>Air circulation:</strong> fan-assisted bidirectional flow</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Column Compartment</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Max number of columns:</strong> up to <strong>8</strong></li><li><strong>Max length:</strong> 325 mm</li><li><strong>Max diameter:</strong> 35 mm</li><li><strong>Compatibility:</strong><ul><li>125 mm × 4.6 mm ID (with precolumn)</li><li>300 mm × 4.6 mm ID</li><li>300 mm × 16 mm ID</li></ul></li></ul><h4><span><strong>Internal Dimensions</strong></span></h4><ul><li>90 × 390 × 47 mm</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Safety</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Self-check and auto-calibration at startup</li><li>Adjustable shut-off temperature</li><li>Leak sensor with acoustic alarm</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Control &amp; Communication</strong></span></h4><ul><li>LAN interface</li><li>Optional Mobile Control (stand-alone operation)</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Power &amp; Dimensions</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Power supply:</strong> 90–230 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li><strong>Power consumption:</strong> 100 W</li><li><strong>Dimensions:</strong> 150 × 470 × 310 mm</li><li><strong>Weight:</strong> 8.4 kg</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Optional Accessories</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Eluent pre-heating cartridge</strong><ul><li>for capillaries <strong>0.1 mm / 0.18 mm ID</strong></li></ul></li></ul>

Products from category HPLC components from KNAUER - page 2

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