EU Regulation 396/2005: Pesticide Residue Testing and the Critical Role of QuEChERS Evaporation in Food Safety

<div><div>Researchers led by <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://kudova.group.uochb.cz/en">Eva Kudová</a> from IOCB Prague and Jitka Viktorová from UCT Prague have identified new androstane-based steroid derivatives that can significantly improve the effectiveness of existing antibiotics against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.</div></div><div>The team screened dozens of natural steroidal hormones and synthetic derivatives to see whether they could block bacterial efflux pumps – mechanisms that bacteria use to eject antibiotics and survive treatment. Two compounds emerged as particularly promising: they inhibited efflux pumps and lowered the effective doses of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and erythromycin.Further analysis showed that one of the compounds also suppressed genes linked to bacterial virulence. Another key finding is that the most active molecules are non-toxic to human immune cells and showed no detectable endocrine activity, suggesting a favorable safety profile.These findings support the idea that rationally designed steroid-based molecules could act as antibiotic adjuvants, helping existing drugs overcome bacterial resistance.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/IOCB_Prague_Steroidal_hormones_and_neurosteroids_novel_therapeutic_strategies_in_bacterial_infections_8e5d2a7b48.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague: Steroidal hormones and neurosteroids – novel therapeutic strategies in bacterial infections" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_IOCB_Prague_Steroidal_hormones_and_neurosteroids_novel_therapeutic_strategies_in_bacterial_infections_8e5d2a7b48.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="1258" height="886"><blockquote><h4>Original Article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0223523426001613?via%3Dihub">Steroidal hormones and neurosteroids - novel therapeutic strategies in bacterial infections: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation</a></h4>Daniela Brdová, Bára Křížkovská, Jan Špaček, Zdeněk Míchal, Eva Jablonská, Ondřej Strnad, Hana Chodounská, Eszter Szánti-Pintér, Marina Morozovová, Václav Hanžl, Jan Tkadlec, Martijn Riool, Jan Lipov, Jitka Viktorová, Eva Kudová&nbsp;Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2026, 308, 118716<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2026.118716">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2026.118716</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote><h4>Abstract</h4>The global rise of antibiotic resistance necessitates novel therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases. Inhibition of bacterial efflux pumps, which contribute to multidrug resistance, represents a promising approach to restore or even increase the efficacy of existing antibiotics. Using fluorescence-based ethidium bromide accumulation, broth microdilution, and checkerboard assays, we evaluated 26 endogenous steroidal hormones and neurosteroids, along with 30 synthetic derivatives, for their ability to enhance antibiotic susceptibility in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Structure-activity relationship analysis identified compounds 13 and 16 as lead candidates, exhibiting strong efflux pump inhibition and marked reductions in the minimum inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. Both compounds showed additive effects in checkerboard assays. Modifications at C-3 (polar substitution) and C-17 (3α,5β-stereochemistry and nonpolar substitution) were essential for potent efflux inhibition and sensitization, although these modifications were not additive when combined. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that compound 13 significantly downregulated S. aureus virulence-associated genes when administered alone or in combination with antibiotics. Cytotoxicity assessment in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and receptor transactivation assays for estrogen, androgen, and progesterone receptors indicated that the most active derivatives were non-toxic and lacked detectable endocrine activity, suggesting a favorable safety profile. Overall, these findings support the concept that rationally designed andostane-based steroidal scaffolds can function as competitive bacterial efflux pump inhibitors and serve as potential antibiotic adjuvants to mitigate efflux-mediated resistance.<h4>Instrumentation</h4><h5>Structural characterization</h5><ul><li>AVANCE III 400 MHz NMR spectrometer (Bruker)</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=3&amp;search=LTQ+Orbitrap+XL">LTQ Orbitrap XL HRMS</a> (Thermo Fisher Scientific, ESI)</li></ul></div>

Steroidal hormones and neurosteroids – novel therapeutic strategies in bacterial infections

Metformin is currently the first-line oral drug of choice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It reduces glucose production in the liver, improves tissue sensitivity to insulin, and does not cause weight gain or hypoglycemia, which sets it apart from some other antidiabetic drugs. Moreover, its long-term beneficial effects on the risk of cardiovascular complications and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes have been well established. Researchers from the Institute of Physiology CAS (IPHYS) have identified a new group of blood metabolites that could help physicians objectively monitor whether patients with type 2 diabetes are taking their metformin as prescribed.<h4>New biomarkers for metformin use</h4>A team led by Tomáš Čajka from the Laboratory of Translational Metabolism at IPHYS analyzed plasma samples from 637 patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and 143 non-diabetic controls using advanced metabolomics and lipidomics. Among 614 detected metabolites, they identified five from the group of N-lactoyl-amino acids (e.g. N‑lactoyl-phenylalanine), which had previously been seen as unknown signals due to missing reference spectra in databases. The levels of these metabolites in the blood closely reflected the plasma concentrations of metformin. In patients with the highest metformin exposure, the concentrations of these metabolites were up to 7.2 times higher than in controls.<h4>A sensitive “fingerprint” of the drug’s effect</h4>N-Lactoyl-amino acids are formed in cells by combining lactate and amino acids, thus reflecting the metformin-induced changes in cellular energy metabolism. “Importantly, even though they occur in plasma only at nanomolar concentrations, they reliably distinguish patients who take metformin regularly from those who take it irregularly or not at all,” emphasizes T. Čajka.<h4>Metabolomics in practice and international collaboration</h4>The study also provides a detailed description of broader metabolic changes in type 2 diabetes, including increases in lactate, organic acids, and branched-chain amino acids, as well as extensive remodelling of the lipid profile. In addition to T. Čajka’s team, collaborators from the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine in Prague and the West Coast Metabolomics Center (University of California, Davis) also participated in the study.The results demonstrate that advanced metabolomics approaches developed at IPHYS within the CarDia project can find highly practical applications both in clinical studies and in personalized monitoring of treatment in patients with diabetes.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpt.70205">Untargeted Metabolomics Identifies N-Lactoyl-Amino Acids as Dose-Responsive Plasma Biomarkers of Metformin Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes</a></h4>Tomas Cajka, Jiri Hricko, Lucie Rudl Kulhava, Michaela Paucova, Michaela Novakova, Veronika Hola, Stanislava Rakusanova, Oliver Fiehn, Vojtech Skop, Ivana Lankova, Iva Miskova, Terezie Pelikanova, Martin HaluzikClin Pharmacol Ther, 119: 1057-1069<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70205">https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70205</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote><h4>Abstract</h4>Metformin is the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drug, yet adherence remains difficult to objectively assess. Using untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics, we analyzed plasma from 637 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with confirmed metformin use and 143 nondiabetic controls, annotating 614 metabolites. Patients were stratified by plasma metformin into sub-therapeutic, therapeutic, and supra-therapeutic groups, and associations were evaluated by multiple linear regression and composite metabolite ranking. Five previously unannotated features were structurally identified as N-lactoyl-amino acids, whose levels correlated strongly with plasma metformin (ρ = 0.42–0.55, P &lt; 0.0001) and increased up to 7.2-fold in the supra-therapeutic group (&gt; 2000 ng/mL). While N-lactoyl-amino acids were consistently detected in the nanomolar range, they still displayed robust and dose-dependent associations with metformin. Broader metabolic changes in T2D included elevated lactate, organic acids, and branched-chain amino acids, together with reduced urea cycle metabolites. Lipidomics showed increases in saturated triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols and decreases in cholesteryl esters, sphingomyelins, and phospholipids. These findings establish N-lactoyl-amino acids as robust, dose-responsive plasma biomarkers of metformin exposure. Despite being up to four orders of magnitude less abundant than their amino acid precursors, they sensitively reflect mitochondrial lactate overflow and pharmacodynamic adaptation, offering objective assessment of adherence.

New blood biomarkers reveal how faithfully diabetes patients take metformin

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The Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS) was established by Act No. 283/1992 Coll. as the Czech successor of the former Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. It is set up as a complex of 54 public research institutions.

Czech Academy of Sciences

The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IOCB Prague) is a leading scientific institution in the Czech Republic, recognized internationally. Its primary mission is basic research in the fields of chemical biology and medicinal chemistry, organic and material oriented chemistry, chemistry of natural compounds, biochemistry and molecular biology, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, and analytical chemistry. 

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences

Organomation, founded in 1959, designs and manufactures high-quality nitrogen evaporators and extraction systems. Known for innovation and durability, their lab instruments are used globally for efficient sample preparation with strong customer support.

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KNAUER Eurospher II 100 C18 Prep HPLC Columns (USP L1)

Stationary phase Eurospher II 100 C18 Prep HPLC is the most often used stationary phase in reversed phase mode

Classical Reversed Phase columns for HPLC and UHPLC (USP L1)Most often used stationary phase in reversed phase mode. Silica gel based columns with C18 modification are available with or without endcapping. Classically endcapped phases are slightly more hydrophobic and unpolar than the not endcapped phases.<h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Separation mechanism: Hydrophobic interaction</li><li>Ultra pure, spherical high performance HPLC phase based on silica gel</li><li>Unpolar, monomeric C18 (Octadecyl) modification, endcapped, with 16 % carbon content (~ 50 % endcapping).</li></ul><h5>Key features</h5><ul><li>High-class HPLC phase perfectly suited to take on routine analyses as well as the most ambitious chromatography tasks, classical C18 phase with ca. 50 % endcapping and resulting 16 % carbon content, outstanding mechanical and chemical stability.</li></ul><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>acidic, basic and neutral analytes in reversed phase mode, for example sulphonamides</li><li>anabolic steroids</li><li>anti-psychotics</li><li>beta blocker</li><li>sudan dyes</li><li>phenols and preservatives</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_C18_non_endcapped_6e4fce9989.webp" alt="KNAUER: C18 Non-endcapped" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_C18_non_endcapped_6e4fce9989.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="682" height="420"><blockquote>Tip: Caution! Never use classical C18 phases with 100 % aqueous mobile phase. The hydrophobic C18 chains will collapse</blockquote>Stationary phase Eurospher II 100 C18 is provided in these column types: analytical, semi-preparative and preparative.Eurospher II 100 C18 Preparative Standard Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 50, 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 20, 30, 50</li><li>Particle size (µm): 5, 10, 15</li></ul>Eurospher II 100 C18 Preparative dAX Columns with dynamic axial compression are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 50, 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 25, 30, 50</li><li>Particle size (µm): 5, 10, 15</li></ul><h3>KNAUER Preparative HPLC Columns</h3>The right choice for all dimensions from semi-prep to batch chromatography to SMB.<ul><li>Modifications: Reversed Phase, HILIC, Normale Phase</li><li>Max. Pressure: 400–600 bar</li><li>Column Inner Diameter (ID): 16–50 mm in our shop, more on request</li><li>Column Brands: Eurospher, Eurospher II</li><li>Safe Investment: Robustness and durability based on superior technology</li><li>Application: Easy upscaling, as all materials are available from ultra high performance to preparative scale HPLC. You can also use our upscaling calculator.</li><li>Customizable: Standard flanged hardware &amp; dAX hardware with static or dynamic axial compression available</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Preparative_HPLC_Columns_31bc2477c3.webp" alt="KNAUER: KNAUER Preparative HPLC Columns" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Preparative_HPLC_Columns_31bc2477c3.webp 221w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="724"><h5>Preparative HPLC columns can be offered with two different hardware types:</h5><ul><li>Versatile standard flanged hardware for nearly any application task in batch chromatography</li><li>dAX Hardware with static and dynamic axial compression for an extended lifetime and multi-column chromatography like SMB processes</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA HTQC UHPLC System

KNAUER AZURA HTQC UHPLC (1240 bar) enables high-throughput QC with parallel analysis and column re-equilibration for faster workflows.

The KNAUER AZURA HTQC UHPLC (1240 bar) is a high-performance UHPLC system designed for high-throughput quality control (QC) where speed, robustness, and reproducibility are essential.The system features a unique concept of parallel analysis and offline column re-equilibration, significantly increasing productivity. With two gradient pumps, one column performs the analytical run while the second is re-equilibrated in backflush mode.This architecture enables:<ul><li>≥30% reduction in cycle time</li><li>increased sample throughput</li><li>column protection from matrix contamination</li><li>consistent retention times</li></ul>It is ideal for pharmaceutical QC laboratories requiring automation and validated workflows.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>UHPLC system up to 1240 bar (124 MPa)</li><li>Dual gradient pumps (HPG + LPG)</li><li>Parallel analysis and column re-equilibration</li><li>Backflush mode for column protection</li><li>≥30% faster analysis cycles</li><li>High flow reproducibility</li><li>Autosampler with cooling</li><li>Column thermostat (Peltier)</li><li>Fully automated modular system</li><li>MS detector compatibility</li></ul><h4>System Configuration</h4>Included components:<ul><li>Eluent tray E 2.1L</li><li>Pump P 8.1L (HPG)</li><li>Pump P 6.1L (LPG)</li><li>Liquid handler LH 8.1 + Robotic Cooler</li><li>Column thermostat CT 2.1</li><li>Column switching &amp; backflush valve</li><li>Accessories and tools</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Pumps</h4><h5>P 8.1L (HPG – analytical pump):</h5><ul><li>Max pressure: 1240 bar</li><li>Flow rate: up to 5 mL/min</li><li>Adaptive pulsation compensation</li><li>Degasser + binary solvent selection</li><li>Low baseline noise</li></ul><h5>P 6.1L (LPG – re-equilibration):</h5><ul><li>Quaternary gradient</li><li>Integrated degasser</li><li>Low dwell volume</li><li>Inline filter</li></ul><h4>Autosampler</h4><h5>LH 8.1:</h5><ul><li>XYZ autosampler</li><li>Capacity: up to 390 samples</li><li>Temperature: 4–40 °C</li><li>Low carryover</li></ul><h4>Column Thermostat</h4><h5>CT 2.1:</h5><ul><li>Peltier controlled</li><li>Above and below ambient operation</li><li>High precision</li></ul><h4>Valve System</h4><ul><li>Column switching + backflush</li><li>Up to 1200 bar</li><li>Parallel column operation</li></ul><h4>Detection</h4><ul><li>Compatible with all HPLC detectors</li><li>Ideal for LC-MS coupling</li></ul><h4>HTQC Concept</h4><ul><li>Independent flow paths (analysis vs re-equilibration)</li><li>Backflush re-equilibration</li><li>Parallel operation</li><li>Increased throughput without compromise</li></ul><h4>Typical Applications</h4><ul><li>Pharmaceutical QC</li><li>Routine validated workflows</li><li>High sample throughput environments</li><li>Reversed-phase HPLC</li></ul>

KNAUER High Precision AZURA P 6.1L HPLC Pump

KNAUER AZURA P 6.1L HPLC pump with up to 1000 bar, precise gradient control, and low pulsation for reliable UHPLC workflows.

The KNAUER AZURA P 6.1L is a high-precision analytical HPLC pump designed for accurate and reproducible solvent delivery in both HPLC and UHPLC applications.The pump combines essential features of a modern pumping system, including low pulsation, high pressure capability, precise gradient formation, and flexible configuration. It is available in both HPG (high-pressure gradient) and LPG (low-pressure gradient) versions, with a flow range up to 50 mL/min.The system uses a dual serial piston mechanism with active pulsation compensation, ensuring excellent flow stability under all conditions. A low-dead-volume microfluidic mixer enables efficient and precise solvent mixing.Different pump heads are available:<ul><li>up to 10 mL/min at 862 bar</li><li>up to 5 mL/min at 1000 bar</li></ul>Optional configurations include biocompatible materials (PEEK, ceramic, titanium) and specialized setups for normal phase applications (e.g., hexane, heptane).<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>High-precision analytical HPLC/UHPLC pump</li><li>Pressure up to 1000 bar</li><li>Flow rates up to 50 mL/min</li><li>Dual piston system with low pulsation</li><li>Active pulsation compensation</li><li>HPG and LPG gradient configurations</li><li>Microfluidic mixer (50–600 µl)</li><li>RFID pump head detection</li><li>Optional degasser</li><li>Biocompatible configurations available</li><li>Robust operation with demanding solvents</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Solvent Delivery</h4><ul><li>Pump type: analytical HPLC pump</li><li>Mechanism: dual serial piston</li><li>Flow range: 0.001 – 50 mL/min</li><li>Max pressure: up to 1000 bar</li><li>Flow accuracy: ± 0.25%</li><li>Precision: ≤ 0.04% RSD</li></ul><h4>Gradient</h4><ul><li>Range: 0–100% (0.1% steps)</li><li>HPG accuracy: ± 0.3%</li><li>HPG precision: &lt; 0.1% RSD</li><li>LPG accuracy: ± 0.3% to ± 2%</li><li>LPG precision: &lt; 0.5% RSD</li></ul><h4>Mixing</h4><ul><li>Microfluidic mixer</li><li>Volumes: 50 / 100 / 200 / 400 / 600 µl</li><li>Low dead volume</li></ul><h4>Degasser (optional)</h4><ul><li>2–4 channels</li><li>Max flow: 10 mL/min per channel</li><li>Residual O₂: &lt; 0.5 ppm</li><li>Membrane: fluoropolymer</li></ul><h4>Materials</h4><ul><li>PEEK, Tefzel®, Systec AF</li><li>Optional biocompatible materials (titanium, ceramic)</li></ul><h4>Control &amp; Communication</h4><ul><li>LAN, analog inputs</li><li>Event outputs (TTL, relay)</li><li>Optional mobile control</li><li>RFID pump head detection</li></ul><h4>Operating Conditions</h4><ul><li>Temperature: 4–40 °C</li><li>Humidity: &lt; 90% non-condensing</li></ul><h4>Dimensions &amp; Power</h4><ul><li>Dimensions: 361 × 208 × 523 mm</li><li>Weight: 14.1 kg</li><li>Power supply: 100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li>Power consumption: max 100 W</li></ul>

KNAUER High Precision AZURA P 8.1L UHPLC Pump

KNAUER AZURA P 8.1L UHPLC pump with up to 1240 bar, adaptive pulsation compensation, and high precision for demanding UHPLC applications.

The KNAUER AZURA P 8.1L is a high-performance UHPLC pump designed for ultra-fast and high-resolution chromatographic applications. With a maximum pressure of 1240 bar (124 MPa) and flow rates up to 5 mL/min, it meets the demands of modern UHPLC workflows.The pump features a dual serial piston mechanism combined with adaptive pulsation compensation, which operates independently of flow rate, pressure, and solvent type through real-time monitoring of eluent compressibility and variable piston stroke.Together with KNAUER’s advanced piston drive technology, this results in exceptional flow reproducibility under all operating conditions. High-precision in-house manufacturing ensures long piston seal lifetime and maximum system uptime.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>UHPLC pump up to 1240 bar</li><li>Flow rates up to 5 mL/min</li><li>Dual serial piston system</li><li>Adaptive pulsation compensation</li><li>Excellent flow reproducibility</li><li>HPG gradient capability</li><li>Integrated 4-channel degasser</li><li>RFID pump head detection</li><li>Low baseline noise</li><li>High durability and long lifetime</li><li>Compatible with UHPLC and LC-MS systems</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Solvent Delivery</h4><ul><li>Pump type: analytical UHPLC pump</li><li>Mechanism: dual serial piston</li><li>Max pressure: 1240 bar</li><li>Flow rate: up to 5 mL/min</li><li>Flow accuracy: ± 0.25%</li><li>Precision: ≤ 0.04% RSD</li></ul><h4>Gradient</h4><ul><li>Type: HPG (high-pressure gradient)</li><li>Range: 0–100% (0.1% steps)</li><li>Accuracy: ± 0.3%</li><li>Precision: &lt; 0.1% RSD</li></ul><h4>Degasser</h4><ul><li>Channels: 4</li><li>Max flow: 5 mL/min per channel</li><li>Residual O₂: &lt; 0.5 ppm</li><li>Technology: fluoropolymer membrane</li></ul><h4>Connections</h4><ul><li>Inlet: UNF 1/4-28 (1/8” tubing)</li><li>Outlet: UNF 10-32 (1/16” capillary)</li></ul><h4>Materials</h4><ul><li>PEEK, Tefzel®, Systec AF</li><li>Compatible with most solvents (except HCl and halogenated hydrocarbons)</li></ul><h4>Control &amp; Communication</h4><ul><li>LAN, analog inputs</li><li>Event outputs (TTL, relay)</li><li>Optional mobile control</li><li>RFID pump head detection</li></ul><h4>Safety &amp; Operating Conditions</h4><ul><li>Leak sensor</li><li>Soft start and programmable pressure limits</li><li>Temperature: 4–40 °C</li><li>Humidity: &lt; 90% non-condensing</li></ul><h4>Dimensions &amp; Power</h4><ul><li>Dimensions: 361 × 208 × 523 mm</li><li>Weight: 26.7 kg</li><li>Power supply: 100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li>Power consumption: max 310 W</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA Autosampler AS 6.1L

KNAUER AZURA AS 6.1L autosampler with up to 768 samples, ultra-low carryover, and fast injection cycles for HPLC/UHPLC workflows.

The KNAUER AZURA® AS 6.1L is a high-performance autosampler designed for automated sample injection in HPLC/UHPLC systems, offering high capacity, precision, and flexibility for both routine and high-throughput applications.The autosampler supports:<ul><li>up to 768 sample positions (microtiter plates)</li><li>up to 108 standard 1.5 mL vials</li></ul>A highly effective internal and external needle wash system minimizes carryover to extremely low levels. The system is also fast, with a complete injection cycle taking less than one minute, including needle washing.Three injection modes are supported:<ul><li>full loop filling (highest precision)</li><li>partial loop filling (variable volumes)</li><li>µl pickup (loss-free injection of small volumes)</li></ul>The integrated ILD™ (Intermediate Loop Decompression) valve ensures accurate high-pressure injections without sample dilution and reduces pressure spikes, protecting the column.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Autosampler for HPLC/UHPLC systems</li><li>Up to 768 sample positions</li><li>Up to 108 vials (1.5 mL)</li><li>Ultra-low carryover (&lt; 0.0003%)</li><li>Fast injection cycle (&lt; 1 min)</li><li>3 injection modes (full loop, partial loop, µl pickup)</li><li>ILD™ technology for high-pressure injection</li><li>PASA™ (pressure-assisted sample aspiration)</li><li>Optional sample cooling (4–40 °C)</li><li>Missing vial/plate detection</li><li>Supports precolumn derivatization</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Sample Injection</h4><ul><li>Injection volume range: 0.1 µl – 10 mL</li><li>Precision:<ul><li>Full loop: &lt; 0.3% RSD</li><li>Partial loop: &lt; 0.5% RSD</li><li>µl pickup: &lt; 1.0% RSD</li></ul></li><li>Accuracy: 0.2 µl (250 µl syringe)</li></ul><h4>Performance</h4><ul><li>Carryover:<ul><li>&lt; 0.0015% (standard)</li><li>&lt; 0.0003% (extended wash)</li></ul></li><li>Injections per vial: max. 9</li><li>Cycle time:<ul><li>7 s (same vial)</li><li>14 s (different vials)</li><li>&lt; 60 s total</li></ul></li></ul><h4>Capacity &amp; Compatibility</h4><ul><li>Microtiter plates: ANSI SLAS standard</li><li>Max vial/plate height: 47 mm</li></ul><h4>Additional Features</h4><ul><li>Headspace pressure (bubble prevention)</li><li>Precolumn derivatization</li><li>Sample tray cooling (optional, 4–40 °C)</li><li>Vial detection sensor</li></ul><h4>Materials</h4><ul><li>ETFE, PTFE, stainless steel, glass, Vespel</li><li>Wide chemical compatibility</li></ul><h4>Control &amp; Communication</h4><ul><li>LAN / Ethernet</li><li>Analog inputs</li><li>TTL inputs (start, stop, freeze)</li><li>Relay output (alarm, marker)</li></ul><h4>Operating Conditions</h4><ul><li>Temperature: 10–40 °C</li><li>Humidity: 20–80%</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA CT 2.1 Column Thermostat

KNAUER AZURA CT 2.1 column thermostat with Peltier control (5–85 °C), high stability, and optional eluent pre-heating for precise HPLC separations.

The KNAUER AZURA CT 2.1 is a cost-effective column thermostat designed for precise and stable temperature control in HPLC applications.The instrument uses a microprocessor-controlled Peltier element, enabling both heating and cooling in the range of 5–85 °C. Its high temperature stability allows for programming linear and non-linear temperature gradients, improving separation performance.For advanced applications, the system can be optionally equipped with an eluent pre-heating cartridge, ensuring consistent temperature conditions, improved selectivity, and better peak shapes.Its compact design supports flexible integration and accommodates multiple columns.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Column thermostat for HPLC applications</li><li>Temperature range 5–85 °C</li><li>Peltier technology (heating and cooling)</li><li>High temperature stability (±0.1 °C)</li><li>Accurate temperature control (±0.2 °C)</li><li>Programmable temperature gradients</li><li>Optional eluent pre-heating</li><li>Supports multiple columns</li><li>Compact and robust design</li><li>Built-in safety features</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Thermostatting</h4><ul><li>Technology: Peltier (heating &amp; cooling)</li><li>Temperature range: 5–85 °C</li><li>Heating/cooling rate: 2 °C/min</li><li>Accuracy: ± 0.2 °C</li><li>Stability: ± 0.1 °C</li><li>Air circulation: fan-assisted bidirectional flow</li></ul><h4>Column Compartment</h4><ul><li>Max number of columns: up to 8</li><li>Max length: 325 mm</li><li>Max diameter: 35 mm</li><li>Compatibility:<ul><li>125 mm × 4.6 mm ID (with precolumn)</li><li>300 mm × 4.6 mm ID</li><li>300 mm × 16 mm ID</li></ul></li></ul><h4>Internal Dimensions</h4><ul><li>90 × 390 × 47 mm</li></ul><h4>Safety</h4><ul><li>Self-check and auto-calibration at startup</li><li>Adjustable shut-off temperature</li><li>Leak sensor with acoustic alarm</li></ul><h4>Control &amp; Communication</h4><ul><li>LAN interface</li><li>Optional Mobile Control (stand-alone operation)</li></ul><h4>Power &amp; Dimensions</h4><ul><li>Power supply: 90–230 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li>Power consumption: 100 W</li><li>Dimensions: 150 × 470 × 310 mm</li><li>Weight: 8.4 kg</li></ul><h4>Optional Accessories</h4><ul><li>Eluent pre-heating cartridge<ul><li>for capillaries 0.1 mm / 0.18 mm ID</li></ul></li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA Valve Unifier VU 4.1

KNAUER AZURA VU 4.1 valve drive enables fast automated valve switching with RFID identification for HPLC/UHPLC systems.

The KNAUER AZURA VU 4.1 Valve Unifier is a compact valve drive unit designed for automated valve switching in HPLC/UHPLC systems. It enables precise and fast control of liquid flow paths, which is essential for applications such as column switching, sample injection, eluent selection, and fractionation.Due to its ultra-fast switching speed, the flow path is interrupted only briefly, significantly reducing pressure spikes and improving system stability.The device uses RFID technology for automatic valve identification, ensuring easy and error-free valve exchange. Integrated GLP data monitoring simplifies maintenance tasks such as rotor seal replacement.The unit can be operated:<ul><li>stand-alone via display</li><li>via software</li><li>through LAN or analog I/O</li></ul>This makes it easy to integrate into almost any LC system.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Universal valve drive for &gt;40 valve types</li><li>Ultra-fast switching (minimal pressure spikes)</li><li>RFID valve identification</li><li>GLP data monitoring for maintenance</li><li>Standalone operation via display</li><li>Integration into LC systems (LAN, analog, software)</li><li>Compact design</li><li>Easy maintenance and valve exchange</li><li>Flexible use in LC and industrial applications</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Communication &amp; Control</h4><ul><li>Interfaces: LAN, display, terminal strip</li><li>Control:<ul><li>display (stand-alone)</li><li>software</li><li>event control</li></ul></li><li>Inputs:<ul><li>Home</li><li>Backward/Inject</li><li>Forward/Load</li><li>Start</li></ul></li><li>Outputs:<ul><li>Trigger out</li><li>Event output</li></ul></li></ul><h4>Performance &amp; Features</h4><ul><li>Ultra-fast valve switching</li><li>Reduced pressure peaks</li><li>Supports &gt;40 valve types</li><li>RFID valve recognition</li><li>GLP maintenance tracking</li></ul><h4>Operating Conditions</h4><ul><li>Temperature: 4–40 °C</li><li>Humidity: &lt; 90% non-condensing</li></ul><h4>Power &amp; Dimensions</h4><ul><li>Power supply: external 24 V DC</li><li>Power consumption: 65 W</li><li>Dimensions: 80 × 123 × 192 mm</li><li>Weight: 1.9 kg</li></ul><h4>Typical Applications</h4><ul><li>Column switching</li><li>Eluent selection</li><li>Sample injection</li><li>Fraction collection</li><li>LC workflow automation</li><li>Dosing systems in chemical industry</li></ul>

KNAUER Sepapure oliGO 120-3 Column

KNAUER Sepapure oliGO 120-3 column for oligonucleotide analysis in RP and IP-RP modes with UHPLC performance and low back pressure.

The KNAUER Sepapure® oliGO 120-3 is a high-performance HPLC/UHPLC column optimized for oligonucleotide analysis in both reversed-phase (RP) and ion-pair reversed-phase (IP-RP) modes.The column is based on hybrid silica with advanced endcapping and hydrophobic modification, ensuring stable interactions, high reproducibility, and long lifetime, even under demanding conditions.With 3 µm particles, the column delivers UHPLC performance while maintaining low back pressure, allowing use even on standard HPLC systems.It is ideal for:<ul><li>identification</li><li>quantification</li><li>quality control (QC) of oligonucleotides.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Sepapure_oli_GO_120_3_Column_3_e306727053.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Sepapure oliGO 120-3 Column" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Sepapure_oli_GO_120_3_Column_3_e306727053.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="882" height="478"><h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Optimized for oligonucleotides</li><li>Supports RP and IP-RP modes</li><li>UHPLC performance with low back pressure</li><li>3 µm particles for high resolution</li><li>18% carbon load</li><li>Wide pH range (1.5–10)</li><li>High chemical stability</li><li>Compatible with standard HPLC systems</li><li>High reproducibility and robustness</li><li>Suitable for extreme pH and temperature conditions</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>General</h4><ul><li>Separation modes: RP / IP-RP</li><li>Endcapping: Yes</li><li>USP classification: L1</li><li>Connection: 1/16"</li></ul><h4>Column Parameters</h4><ul><li>Particle size: 3 µm</li><li>Pore size: 120 Å</li><li>Surface area: 300 m²/g</li><li>Carbon load: 18%</li></ul><h4>Operating Conditions</h4><ul><li>pH range: 1.5 – 10</li><li>Max pressure: 413 bar</li><li>Max temperature: 60 °C</li></ul><h3>Technology Advantages</h3><h4>Low Back Pressure</h4><ul><li>enables UHPLC performance on HPLC systems</li><li>protects instrumentation</li><li>reduces wear and clogging</li><li>minimizes oligonucleotide aggregation</li></ul><h4>IP-RP Optimization</h4><ul><li>ideal pH range: 7.0 – 9.5</li><li>combines hydrophobic and ionic interactions</li><li>enables high-resolution separation</li></ul><h4>Cost-effective Hardware</h4><ul><li>no need for inert hardware</li><li>optimized for routine analytical use</li><li>tested with no impact on performance</li></ul><h4>Typical Applications</h4><ul><li>Oligonucleotide analysis</li><li>Biopharmaceutical QC</li><li>Polar molecule analysis</li><li>Method development (extreme pH/temperature)</li></ul>

KNAUER Sepapure Laboratory Filtration

Sepapure laboratory filtration includes syringe filters, membranes, and filter units for clean, precise, and reproducible results.

The Sepapure® Laboratory Filtration range provides a comprehensive solution for laboratory sample filtration, focusing on purity, precision, and reproducibility.The portfolio includes:<ul><li>syringe filters</li><li>membrane disc filters</li><li>filter units</li><li>filter holders</li></ul>These products are designed to ensure maximum sample recovery, minimal loss, and broad compatibility across analytical, pharmaceutical, and routine laboratory applications.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>High filtration purity and reproducibility</li><li>Minimal sample loss</li><li>Color-coded identification</li><li>Wide range of membrane materials</li><li>Broad application compatibility</li><li>Pressure resistance (&gt;6 bar)</li><li>Eco-friendly reusable solutions</li></ul><h3>Product Variants</h3><h4>Sepapure® Syringe Filters</h4><ul><li>Color-coded and labeled</li><li>Integrated polypropylene prefilter</li><li>Low hold-up volume → minimal sample loss</li><li>High pressure resistance (&gt;6 bar)</li><li>Wide application compatibility</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Sepapure_Laboratory_Filtration_5_00f6e96bbe.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Sepapure® Syringe Filters" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Sepapure_Laboratory_Filtration_5_00f6e96bbe.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1216" height="196"><h4>Sepapure® Membrane Disc Filters</h4><ul><li>Various membrane materials</li><li>Efficient separation for complex samples</li><li>High filtrate purity</li><li>Suitable for lab and research use</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Sepapure_Laboratory_Filtration_3_1e207905e0.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Sepapure® Membrane Disc Filters" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Sepapure_Laboratory_Filtration_3_1e207905e0.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="1000" height="1000"><h4>Filter Units (Glass Vacuum Units)</h4><ul><li>Glass vacuum filtration systems</li><li>Available volumes: 1000 mL and 2000 mL</li><li>Ground glass or rubber joints</li><li>Compatible with membrane filters</li><li>High chemical resistance and durability</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Sepapure_Laboratory_Filtration_2_86cf0cc5f8.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Filter Units (Glass Vacuum Units)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Sepapure_Laboratory_Filtration_2_86cf0cc5f8.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="1000" height="1000"><h4>Filter Holders</h4><ul><li>Reusable and durable</li><li>Eco-friendly (waste reduction)</li><li>Versatile applications</li><li>High mechanical stability</li></ul><h4>Typical Applications</h4><ul><li>Sample preparation for HPLC/LC-MS</li><li>Mobile phase filtration</li><li>Environmental analysis</li><li>Pharmaceutical QC</li><li>Biochemical and clinical workflows</li></ul>

KNAUER Vials & Caps

KNAUER vials and caps for HPLC/UHPLC with high chemical resistance, multiple closure types, and optimized solutions for precise sample handling.

The KNAUER Vials &amp; Caps range provides a complete solution for sample preparation in HPLC/UHPLC analysis, where precision, purity, and sample integrity are critical.Selecting the correct vial and cap combination directly impacts:<ul><li>result reproducibility</li><li>contamination prevention</li><li>minimization of evaporation</li><li>autosampler performance</li></ul>KNAUER offers a wide variety of configurations including:<ul><li>glass types (clear / amber)</li><li>closure types (screw, crimp, snap)</li><li>septa (pre-slit / non pre-slit)</li><li>accessories (µ-inserts for small volumes)</li></ul><h3>Product Variants</h3><h4>Sample Vials</h4><ul><li>Neck types:<ul><li>screw neck</li><li>crimp neck</li><li>snap ring</li></ul></li><li>Materials:<ul><li>clear glass</li><li>amber glass (UV protection)</li></ul></li><li>High chemical resistance</li><li>Compatible with micro-inserts</li></ul><h4>Caps</h4><ul><li>Compatible with all vial types</li><li>Options:<ul><li>pre-slit septa</li><li>solid septa</li></ul></li><li>Optimized sealing</li><li>Suitable for automated and manual sampling</li></ul><h3>Vial Selection Guide</h3><h4>Glass Color</h4><ul><li>Amber glass<ul><li>UV protection</li><li>ideal for light-sensitive compounds (vitamins, steroids, pharmaceuticals)</li></ul></li><li>Clear glass<ul><li>maximum visibility</li><li>ideal for routine applications</li></ul></li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Vials_and_Caps_glass_color_bd1238185e.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Vials &amp; Caps - Glass color" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Vials_and_Caps_glass_color_bd1238185e.jpg 155w," sizes="100vw" width="435" height="437"><h4>Closure Types</h4><ul><li>Screw Neck<ul><li>resealable</li><li>ideal for volatile samples and storage</li></ul></li><li>Crimp Neck<ul><li>tightest seal</li><li>ideal for highly volatile samples</li></ul></li><li>Snap Ring<ul><li>tool-free handling</li><li>suitable for short-term use</li></ul></li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Vials_and_Caps_closure_type_c6c7a61418.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Vials &amp; Caps - Closure type" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Vials_and_Caps_closure_type_c6c7a61418.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="978" height="389"><h4>Septum Types</h4><ul><li>Pre-slit septum<ul><li>easier needle penetration</li><li>ideal for autosamplers</li><li>prevents vacuum formation</li></ul></li><li>Non pre-slit septum<ul><li>tighter seal</li><li>ideal for storage and evaporation control</li></ul></li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Vials_and_Caps_septum_type_0b6afde0e9.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Vials &amp; Caps - Septum type" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Vials_and_Caps_septum_type_0b6afde0e9.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="551" height="343"><h4>µ-Inserts (Small Volumes)</h4><ul><li>Reduce sample volume requirements</li><li>Maximize recovery</li><li>Ideal for valuable or limited samples</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Vials_and_Caps_3_b697f0f41b.webp" alt="KNAUER: Vials &amp; Caps - Micro inserts" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Vials_and_Caps_3_b697f0f41b.webp 239w," sizes="100vw" width="1000" height="653">

Products from KNAUER distributed by KNAUER - page 1

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