In closed communities such as the Amish in North America, rare genetic disorders occur more frequently. In children from this community, a condition has been described that affects the development of the nervous system and manifests, for example, as muscle weakness or epileptic seizures. The disorder is linked to a small change in a single protein, but for a long time it was unclear which cellular process this change disrupts. This question has now been answered by researchers from CEITEC Masaryk University, who show that the disease is caused by a disruption of a key mechanism required for the proper processing of genetic information in the cell.Every cell must first transcribe genetic information and then modify it before it can be used. From the original “working transcript,” unnecessary parts are removed and the remaining pieces are precisely joined together. This process, known as RNA splicing, consists of many consecutive steps and is tightly regulated. If the process does not proceed correctly or stops at any point, the cell cannot properly convert the copied genetic information into a usable form and therefore cannot function as it should.Researchers from CEITEC Masaryk University have now described one of the key steps in this process – a specific signal inside the cell. This signal acts as a checkpoint: only once it is fulfilled, the entire mechanism is activated and the process can continue.“We showed that during RNA splicing, a chemical modification of the protein SF3B1 is required at a precisely timed step. This modification allows another protein, SNIP1, to bind. If this signal is not transmitted correctly, the cell cannot proceed with the splicing process,” explains first author <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ceitec.eu/pavla-gajduskova-ph-d/u26136?page=publication">Pavla Gajdušková</a>.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_4_79e003984a.jpeg" alt="CEITEC: A Rare Genetic Disorder in the Amish Community Helped Confirm a Key Cellular Mechanism: Pavla Gajdušková" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_4_79e003984a.jpeg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1067">This is where the research connects to patients in the Amish community. In affected children, a small genetic change in the SNIP1 protein disrupts its ability to respond properly to the signal mediated by the modified SF3B1 protein, making RNA splicing less efficient than in healthy individuals. As a result, errors occur during RNA splicing that the cell cannot correct, impairing its function – especially in the nervous system.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_44a7e2ef17.jpg" alt="CEITEC/Blažek Lab: A Rare Genetic Disorder in the Amish Community Helped Confirm a Key Cellular Mechanism: Interaction between SF3B1 and SNIP1 proteins." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_44a7e2ef17.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1600"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_2_85826d711e.jpg" alt="CEITEC/Blažek Lab: A Rare Genetic Disorder in the Amish Community Helped Confirm a Key Cellular Mechanism: The effect of mutations in SNIP1 on cell proliferation." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_2_85826d711e.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1067">The researchers were thus able to clarify the cause of this rare neurodevelopmental disorder. “Additionally, the cause of this disease also confirms the correctness of the checkpoint we described. It shows that even a small change in one of the proteins involved can disrupt the RNA splicing mechanism on which the cell depends,” adds group leader <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ceitec.eu/dalibor-blazek-ph-d/u25918">Dalibor Blažek</a>.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_3_f95cfd68eb.jpeg" alt="CEITEC/Martin Indruch: A Rare Genetic Disorder in the Amish Community Helped Confirm a Key Cellular Mechanism: Dalibor Blažek." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_3_f95cfd68eb.jpeg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1067">Although the study focuses on basic research, its implications are broader. It suggests that the same mechanism may also play a role in regulating cell division – a process that is often disrupted in cancer.<blockquote>The research was carried out by scientists from CEITEC Masaryk University in collaboration with researchers from Spain and Germany. The study was published in the journal <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-71119-2">Nature Communications</a>.</blockquote>

A Rare Genetic Disorder in the Amish Community Helped Confirm a Key Cellular Mechanism

This study investigates the pathogenesis of neurosyphilis through cerebrospinal fluid proteomics using LC–MS/MS and ELISA validation. Comparative analysis identified 234 differentially expressed proteins, with major alterations linked to lysosomal dysfunction, axon guidance, and neurodegeneration pathways.Key lysosomal proteins, including PSAP and DNASE2, together with the axonal protein EPHA4, were significantly downregulated in neurosyphilis patients. These proteins showed potential as biomarkers for neurodegeneration and may provide new insights into disease mechanisms, diagnostics, and therapeutic targets.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689">Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteome Reveals Dysregulation of Lysosomal and Axonal Proteins in Neurosyphilis</a></h4>Huayang Tang*, Junjie Hu, Yifan Wu, Jinping Gao, Wenjun Wang, Xiaodong Zheng, Ran Zhang, Bo Liang, Fusheng Zhou, Ze Guo*J. Proteome Res. 2026, 25, 2, 713–722<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.<div>Neurosyphilis (NS) is a group of clinical syndromes characterized by neuroinflammation caused by Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum), which occurs in all stages of syphilis. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,2)</a> NS is classified based on clinical presentation as either asymptomatic (ANS) or symptomatic (SNS), and based on disease stage as either early (occurring 1–2 years after primary infection) or late. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> T. pallidum can cause local nonspecific and central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, leading to possible degenerative changes. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3)</a> The immune response of CNS in neurosyphilis is comparable to that observed in other neuroinflammatory diseases. Consequently, the presence of neurological symptoms may not reliably indicate active CNS inflammation in syphilis patients. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3)</a> A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomic study identified three biomarkers (SEMA7A, SERPINA3, and ITIH4) that contribute to NS and have potential implications for diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(4)</a> Through integrated proteomics and single-cell transcriptomics analyses, Toll-like/NF-κB signaling was identified as the key pathway involved in CNS damage caused by T. pallidum. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5)</a> Despite an increasing understanding of the biomarkers and possible neuroinflammatory damage mechanisms of neurosyphilis, the mechanisms of neurodegeneration caused by T. pallidum infection remain elusive. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(6)</a>Patients with neurosyphilis exhibit stage-specific profiles of soluble factors in their CSF, which are linked to both immune status and the extent of neuronal damage. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(7)</a> In this study, we analyzed differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the CSF proteomes from 28 individuals, including neurosyphilis (NS), suspected neurosyphilis (spNS) and non-neurosyphilis (nNS) individuals, by LC–MS/MS and analyzed a public data set of the neurosyphilis CSF proteome. Validation was then performed by ELISA in an independent group comprising 110 samples. The results revealed that neuroinflammation by T. pallidum infection results in dysregulation of the key proteins in lysosomal and axonal pathway, which suggesting a potential contribution to neurodegeneration in neurosyphilis.<h4>Materials and Methods</h4><h5>LC–MS/MS</h5>The tryptic peptides were dissolved in 0.1% formic acid (solvent A) and loaded onto a custom-made reversed-phase column (15 cm × 75 μm). Using an EASY-nLC 1000 UPLC system, a gradient was run at 400 nL/min as follows: 6% to 23% solvent B (0.1% formic acid in 98% acetonitrile) over 26 min, 23% to 35% in 8 min, up to 80% in 3 min, and held at 80% for 3 min. Peptides were ionized via an NSI source at 2.0 kV and analyzed online by a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/559">Q Exactive Plus mass spectrometer</a>. Full scans (m/z 350–1800) were acquired in the Orbitrap at 70,000 resolution. The top precursors were selected for MS/MS with an NCE of 28, and fragments were detected at 17,500 resolution. A data-dependent method cycled between one MS scan and 20 MS/MS scans with a 15.0 s dynamic exclusion. AGC was set at 5E4. MS/MS data were processed with MaxQuant (v.1.5.2.8) using Trypsin/P as the enzyme (up to 2 missed cleavages). Precursor mass tolerance was 20 ppm (first search) and 5 ppm (main search); fragment mass tolerance was 0.02 Da. Fixed modification: carbamidomethyl (C); variable modification: oxidation (M). The FDR threshold was &lt;1%, and the minimum peptide score was &gt;40.<h5>ELISA</h5>CSF levels of host proteins were quantified using commercial ELISA kits according to the manufacturers’ protocols. Proteins analyzed included PSAP (OKEH07124, Aviva, USA), CTSL (abx150963, Abbexa, UK), NPC2 (A-QEK07857, Biogradetech, USA), and DNASE2 (abx386953, Abbexa, UK). Briefly, 100 μL of CSF was added to precoated plates and incubated at 37 °C for 2 h. After washing, 100 μL of detection antibody was added to each well and incubated at 37 °C for another 2 h. Following a wash, 100 μL of streptavidin-HRP working solution was added and incubated at room temperature for 20 min in the dark. The reaction was stopped with 50 μL of stop solution, and the optical density was measured at 450 nm.<h4>Results</h4><h5>Downregulation of Key Lysosomal Proteins in CSF from Patients With Neurosyphilis</h5>By analyzing the DEPs in NS vs nNS, we observed a significant enrichment of downregulated proteins in the lysosome pathway (P = 0.007) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>A), with 9 lysosomal proteins showing significant downregulation (Padj &lt; 0.05) in the NS group (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S4</a>). To validate this finding, we examined the public CSF proteomics data set of neurosyphilis (PXD033034) and identified 18 proteins in the lysosomal pathway that were significantly downregulated in patients with NS (Padj &lt; 0.05) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S4</a>). PPI network analysis determined the top 10 hub genes within the lysosome pathway (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>B). A Venn diagram revealed 3 proteins (PSAP, CTSL, and NPC2) shared across our current data, the public data set (PXD033034) and the top 10 hub genes (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>C). The mass spectrometry results indicated that the levels of PSAP (Padj = 0.043), CTSL (Padj = 0.028) and NPC2 (Padj = 0.013) were significantly lower in the NS group compared to the nNS group (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>D). The PXD033034 data set revealed consistent changes in the PSAP, CTSL, and NPC2 levels in the NS group (Padj &lt; 0.05) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Figure S1 and Table S4</a>). In addition, associations between the lysosomal protein DNASE2 and NS were observed in both the present study (Padj = 0.003) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>D) and the PXD033034 data set (Padj &lt; 0.05) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Figure S1 and Table S4</a>), with subgroup analysis revealing a significantly lower expression level of DNASE2 in the SNS group compared to the ANS group (P = 0.035) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>D and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S3</a>). Further validation by ELISA (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S5</a>) in an independent group (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#tbl1">Table 1</a>) confirmed significantly downregulated CSF levels of PSAP (P &lt; 0.0001), CTSL (P &lt; 0.0001), NPC2 (P = 0.0024) and DNASE2 (P &lt; 0.0001) in patients with NS (n = 21) than in nNS individuals (n = 56) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>E) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S6</a>), as well as decreased in the SNS subgroup (P &lt; 0.05) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Figure S2 and Table S6</a>). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis supported PSAP (AUC = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.83–0.99) and DNASE2 (AUC = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91–0.99) for distinguishing NS from nNS and as potential biomarkers for assessing neurodegeneration in NS (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>F). These results indicate that T. pallidum infection may lead to lysosomal dysfunction in CNS.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/J_Proteome_Res_2026_25_2_713_722_Figure_2_Downregulation_of_key_lysosomal_proteins_in_the_cerebrospinal_fluid_of_neurosyphilis_patients_bbccd95f44.jpg" alt="J. Proteome Res. 2026, 25, 2, 713–722: Figure 2. Downregulation of key lysosomal proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid of neurosyphilis patients. (a) KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that downregulated proteins in patients with NS were significantly enriched in the lysosome pathway, as well as in axon guidance and neurodegeneration. (b) The top 10 hub genes involved in the lysosome pathway were identified using the STRING network data set and PPI analysis. (c) A Venn diagram revealed 3 proteins (PSAP, CTSL, and NPC2) shared across our current data, the public data set (PXD033034) and the top 10 hub genes. (d) The CSF levels of PSAP (Padj = 0.043), CTSL (Padj = 0.028), DNASE2 (Padj = 0.003) and NPC2 (Padj = 0.013) were significantly decreased in the NS group than in the nNS group. Subgroup analysis found a significantly lower expression level of DNASE2 in the SNS group than in the ANS group (P = 0.035). (e) PSAP, DNASE2, CTSL and NPC2 levels in CSF were tested by ELISA in the nNS (n = 56) and NS (n = 21) groups. Compared with those in the nNS group, significantly lower PSAP (P &lt; 0.0001), CTSL (P &lt; 0.0001), DNASE2 (P &lt; 0.0001) and NPC2 (P = 0.0024) levels were detected in the NS group. (f) ROC curve analysis for NS revealed that PSAP had an AUC = 0.91 (95% CI: 0.83–0.99), DNASE2 had an AUC = 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91–0.99), CTSL had an AUC = 0.85 (95% CI: 0.76–0.95), and NPC2 had an AUC = 0.72 (95% CI: 0.59–0.85). NS: neurosyphilis; nNS: non-neurosyphilis; ANS: asymptomatic neurosyphilis; SNS: symptomatic neurosyphilis. ROC: receiver operating characteristic; AUC: area under the curve. * P &lt; 0.05, ** P &lt; 0.01, ****P &lt; 0.0001." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_J_Proteome_Res_2026_25_2_713_722_Figure_2_Downregulation_of_key_lysosomal_proteins_in_the_cerebrospinal_fluid_of_neurosyphilis_patients_bbccd95f44.jpg 140w," sizes="100vw" width="2100" height="2339"><h5>Downregulation of Key Axonal Proteins Correlated with Lysosomal Protein Reduction in Neurosyphilis CSF</h5>Lysosomes play crucial roles in neuronal health by maintaining axonostasis. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(10)</a> The enrichment analysis indicated that the downregulated proteins in NS were implicated in the biological processes of axonostasis (such as axon development and axonogenesis) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig1">Figure 1</a>F) and the pathway of axon guidance (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>A). Our proteomic data revealed a total of 24 downregulated (Padj &lt; 0.05) axonal proteins and 1 upregulated (Padj &lt; 0.05) axonal protein in the CSF of patients with NS (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S9</a>). Furthermore, the PXD033034 data set revealed 55 downregulated (Padj &lt; 0.05) and 4 upregulated (Padj &lt; 0.05) axonal proteins in NS (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S9</a>). The top 10 hub genes involved in the biological processes of axon development and axonogenesis were identified by PPI network analysis (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig4">Figure 4</a>A). Considering the overlap of our current data, the PXD033034 data set and the top 10 hub genes (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig4">Figure 4</a>B), one key protein, EPHA4, was identified across 3 data sets, with significant downregulation in our current data (Padj = 0.011) and in the PXD033034 data set (Padj = 0.028) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig4">Figure 4</a>C). Correlation analysis further revealed a positive correlation between the levels of PSAP and EPHA4 (r = i 0.83, P &lt; 0.05) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig4">Figure 4</a>D). Reduced levels of PSAP and EPHA4 in CSF have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). <a href="javascript:void(0);">(11,12)</a> Our findings suggest that coordinated dysregulation of lysosomal and axonal proteins may contribute to neurodegeneration in NS.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/J_Proteome_Res_2026_25_2_713_722_Figure_4_Key_axonal_protein_downregulated_in_CSF_from_patients_with_neurosyphilis_66f5533e94.jpg" alt="J. Proteome Res. 2026, 25, 2, 713–722: Figure 4. Key axonal protein downregulated in CSF from patients with neurosyphilis. (a) The top 10 hub genes involved in axonostasis were identified by the STRING network data set and PPI analysis. (b) A Venn diagram revealed 1 protein (EPHA4) shared across DEPs related to axonostasis in our current data and in the public data set (PXD033034) and the top 10 hub genes. (c) EPHA4 was significantly downregulated both in our present study (Padj = 0.011) and in the PXD033034 data set (Padj = 0.028). (d) Correlation analysis demonstrated that the EPHA4 level was significantly positively correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with the levels of PSAP (r = 0.83), CTSL (r = 0.6), NPC2 (r = 0.69), DNASE2 (r = 0.61) and SEMA7A (r = 0.83). NS: neurosyphilis; nNS: non-neurosyphilis. * P &lt; 0.05." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_J_Proteome_Res_2026_25_2_713_722_Figure_4_Key_axonal_protein_downregulated_in_CSF_from_patients_with_neurosyphilis_66f5533e94.jpg 178w," sizes="100vw" width="1250" height="1096"><h4>Conclusions</h4>The present study reveals the associations of dysregulated proteins in lysosomal and axonal pathways with neurosyphilis, and potential evidence of shared pathophysiological mechanisms between neuroinflammation caused by T. pallidum infection and neurodegenerative diseases.However, this study has certain limitations. First, the use of ELISA to validate a limited number of proteins has certain limitations, such as the inherent cross-reactivity of ELISA. In the future, we can optimize the validation experiments by adding techniques such as Western blotting for verification. Second, this study uses a cross-sectional sampling method for research, which limits our ability to infer disease progression and treatment responses. In the future, we will conduct follow-up on the subjects, continue collecting cerebrospinal fluid samples after treatment, and observe whether the protein dysregulation is reversible after treatment. For spNS patients, follow-up should also be conducted to determine if they have transformed into NS, which will be very valuable for validating the predictive utility of our biomarkers. Finally, although multiple discovery and validation cohort studies have been conducted, we currently lack direct mechanistic evidence. Future work will investigate whether exposing neural cell coculture models to outer-membrane antigens of T. pallidum reproduces the lysosome and axon alterations observed in CSF, clarifying their role in neural damage of neurosyphilis and potential biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of neurodegeneration in neurosyphilis.</div>

Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteome Reveals Dysregulation of Lysosomal and Axonal Proteins in Neurosyphilis

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KNAUER Eurospher II Chiral AM Columns for NP & RP (USP L51)

Eurospher II Chiral AM uses the chiral selector Amylose-tris-(3,5 dimethylphenylcarbamate) and is equivalent to Chiralpak AD. 

Eurospher II Chiral AM uses the chiral selector Amylose-tris-(3,5 dimethylphenylcarbamate) and is equivalent to Chiralpak AD. KNAUER offers 2 different CPS versions: Eurospher II Chiral AM is designed for separations in normal phase (NP) mode and Eurospher II Chiral AM-R &nbsp;for separations in reversed phase (RP) mode.<h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Silica gel: ultra pure, &gt; 99.99 %</li><li>Metal content: &lt; 10 ppm</li><li>Particle size: 3 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm</li><li>Particle form: spherical</li><li>Pore size of base material: 1000 Å</li><li>Chiral selector: Amylose-tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) for Chiral AM&nbsp;</li></ul><h5>Key features</h5><ul><li>KNAUER offers these chiral stationary phases for two different separation modes: Eurospher II Chiral AM is designed for separations in normal phase (NP) mode, Eurospher II Chiral AM-R for separations in reversed phase mode.</li></ul><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Eurospher II Chiral AM columns are able to separate neutral, acidic and basic racemates.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Chiral_AM_906d13b0b5.webp" alt="KNAUER: Eurospher II Chiral AM" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Chiral_AM_906d13b0b5.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="388"><blockquote>Stationary phase Eurospher II Chiral AM (AM-R) is provided in these column types: analytical, semi-preparative and preparative.</blockquote>Eurospher II Chiral AM and AM-R Analytical Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 50, 100, 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 4, 4.6</li><li>Particle size (µm): 3, 5, 10</li></ul>Eurospher II Chiral AM and AM-R Semi-Preparative Standard Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 10</li><li>Particle size (µm): 5, 10</li></ul><h3>KNAUER Chiral HPLC Columns</h3>For analytical, preparative and SMB chiral separations<ul><li>Column Brand<ul><li>Eurospher II</li></ul></li><li>Reversed Phase Modifications<ul><li>Chiral NR-R</li><li>Chiral AM-R</li><li>Chiral OM-R</li></ul></li><li>Normal Phase Modifications<ul><li>Chiral NR</li><li>Chiral AM</li><li>Chiral OM</li></ul></li><li>Flexibility: Wide selection of column and particle sizes, for preparative and analytical applications</li><li>Expandable: Upscaling even for continuous SMB</li><li>Application Service: We offer a customized screening service for your analytes. You will receive an optimal column recommendation including the method parameters.</li></ul><h4>Eurospher II Chiral</h4>Based on ultra-high purity silica, the Eurospher II chiral column materials are characterized by high enantioselectivity and loadability.&nbsp;Available in a wide range of dimensions for analytical, preparative and SMB (simulated moving bed) applications, Eurospher II Chiral columns are the perfect choice for even the most challenging enantioseparation tasks&nbsp;Since chiral separations are not very well predictable, KNAUER offers a chiral screening service for your samples (Article number: AL0220).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurospher_II_chiral_48c53afebe.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurospher II chiral" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurospher_II_chiral_48c53afebe.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1369" height="633"><blockquote>Tip: Some of the most popular eluents for HPLC (such as acetone, chloroform, DMF, DMSO, MEK, toluene, dioxane, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, pyridine and THF) which may be remaining in your HPLC system, can destroy Eurospher II Chiral AM and OM phases even in small concentrations! It is highly recommended that the HPLC system is flushed with appropriate eluents before the installation of the chiral column.</blockquote>

KNAUER Eurospher II Chiral OM Columns for NP & RP (USP L40, USP L93)

Eurospher II Chiral OM uses the chiral selector Cellulose-tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) and is equivalent to Chiralcel OD. 

Eurospher II Chiral OM uses the chiral selector Cellulose-tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) and is equivalent to Chiralcel OD. KNAUER offers 2 different CPS versions: Eurospher II Chiral OM is designed for separations in normal phase (NP) mode and Eurospher II Chiral OM-R for separations in reversed phase (RP) mode.<h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Silica gel: ultra pure, &gt; 99.99 %</li><li>Metal content: &lt; 10 ppm</li><li>Particle size: 3 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm</li><li>Particle form: spherical</li><li>Pore size of base material: 1000 Å</li><li>Chiral selector: Cellulose-tris-(3,5-dimethyl- phenylcarbamate) for Chiral OM</li></ul><h5>Key features</h5><ul><li>KNAUER offers these chiral stationary phases for two different separation modes: Eurospher II Chiral OM is designed for separations in normal phase (NP) mode, Eurospher II Chiral OM-R for separations in reversed phase mode.</li></ul><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Eurospher II Chiral OM columns are able to separate neutral, acidic and basic racemates.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Chiral_OM_c2a3f1a159.webp" alt="KNAUER: Eurospher II Chiral OM" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Chiral_OM_c2a3f1a159.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="388"><blockquote>Stationary phase Eurospher II Chiral OM (OM-R) is provided in these column types: analytical, semi-preparative and preparative.</blockquote>Eurospher II Chiral OM and OM-R Analytical Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 50, 100, 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 4, 4.6</li><li>Particle size (µm): 3, 5, 10</li></ul>Eurospher II Chiral OM and OM-R Semi-Preparative Standard Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 10</li><li>Particle size (µm): 5, 10</li></ul><h3>KNAUER Chiral HPLC Columns</h3>For analytical, preparative and SMB chiral separations<ul><li>Column Brand<ul><li>Eurospher II</li></ul></li><li>Reversed Phase Modifications<ul><li>Chiral NR-R</li><li>Chiral AM-R</li><li>Chiral OM-R</li></ul></li><li>Normal Phase Modifications<ul><li>Chiral NR</li><li>Chiral AM</li><li>Chiral OM</li></ul></li><li>Flexibility: Wide selection of column and particle sizes, for preparative and analytical applications</li><li>Expandable: Upscaling even for continuous SMB</li><li>Application Service: We offer a customized screening service for your analytes. You will receive an optimal column recommendation including the method parameters.</li></ul><h4>Eurospher II Chiral</h4>Based on ultra-high purity silica, the Eurospher II chiral column materials are characterized by high enantioselectivity and loadability.&nbsp;Available in a wide range of dimensions for analytical, preparative and SMB (simulated moving bed) applications, Eurospher II Chiral columns are the perfect choice for even the most challenging enantioseparation tasks&nbsp;Since chiral separations are not very well predictable, KNAUER offers a chiral screening service for your samples (Article number: AL0220).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurospher_II_chiral_48c53afebe.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurospher II chiral" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurospher_II_chiral_48c53afebe.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1369" height="633"><blockquote>Tip: Some of the most popular eluents for HPLC (such as acetone, chloroform, DMF, DMSO, MEK, toluene, dioxane, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, pyridine and THF) which may be remaining in your HPLC system, can destroy Eurospher II Chiral AM and OM phases even in small concentrations! It is highly recommended that the HPLC system is flushed with appropriate eluents before the installation of the chiral column.</blockquote>

KNAUER Eurospher II Chiral NR Columns for NP & RP

Eurospher II Chiral NR is an immobilized brush-type phase with very broad generality and orhogonal selectivity to Eurospher II Chiral AM and OM.

Eurospher II Chiral NR is an immobilized brush-type phase with very broad generality and orhogonal selectivity to Eurospher II Chiral AM and OM. In many cases it is much more stable compared to Eurospher II Chiral AM or OM. The Chiral-NR selector is covalently bound, so that you can use all HPLC-eluents.Due to its high loadability it is perfectly suited for preparative separations. Both phases can be used in RP and NP mode. Eurospher II Chiral-NR-R shows reversed elution order compared to Eurospher II Chiral-NR caused by the modification with the opposite enantiomeric form of the chiral selector.<h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Silica gel: ultra pure, &gt; 99.99 %</li><li>Metal content: &lt; 10 ppm</li><li>Particle size:&nbsp;<ul><li>Eurospher II Chiral NR: 3 μm, 5 μm, 8 µm, 12 µm</li><li>Eurospher II Chiral NR-R: 8 µm, 12 µm</li></ul></li><li>Particle form: spherical</li><li>Pore size of base material: 1000 Å</li></ul><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Eurospher II Chiral NR columns are able to separate analytes with an oxygen at or near the chiral center and additionally an aromatic ring.</li></ul><blockquote>Stationary phase Eurospher II Chiral NR (NR-R) is provided in these column types: analytical, semi-preparative and preparative.</blockquote>Eurospher II Chiral NR and NR-R Analytical Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 50, 100, 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 3, 4, 4.6</li><li>Particle size (µm): 3, 5, 8, 12</li></ul>Eurospher II Chiral NR and NR-R Semi-Preparative Standard Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 8, 10</li><li>Particle size (µm): 8, 12</li></ul><h3>KNAUER Chiral HPLC Columns</h3>For analytical, preparative and SMB chiral separations<ul><li>Column Brand<ul><li>Eurospher II</li></ul></li><li>Reversed Phase Modifications<ul><li>Chiral NR-R</li><li>Chiral AM-R</li><li>Chiral OM-R</li></ul></li><li>Normal Phase Modifications<ul><li>Chiral NR</li><li>Chiral AM</li><li>Chiral OM</li></ul></li><li>Flexibility: Wide selection of column and particle sizes, for preparative and analytical applications</li><li>Expandable: Upscaling even for continuous SMB</li><li>Application Service: We offer a customized screening service for your analytes. You will receive an optimal column recommendation including the method parameters.</li></ul><h4>Eurospher II Chiral</h4>Based on ultra-high purity silica, the Eurospher II chiral column materials are characterized by high enantioselectivity and loadability.&nbsp;Available in a wide range of dimensions for analytical, preparative and SMB (simulated moving bed) applications, Eurospher II Chiral columns are the perfect choice for even the most challenging enantioseparation tasks&nbsp;Since chiral separations are not very well predictable, KNAUER offers a chiral screening service for your samples (Article number: AL0220).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurospher_II_chiral_48c53afebe.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurospher II chiral" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurospher_II_chiral_48c53afebe.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1369" height="633"><blockquote>Tip: Some of the most popular eluents for HPLC (such as acetone, chloroform, DMF, DMSO, MEK, toluene, dioxane, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, pyridine and THF) which may be remaining in your HPLC system, can destroy Eurospher II Chiral AM and OM phases even in small concentrations! It is highly recommended that the HPLC system is flushed with appropriate eluents before the installation of the chiral column.</blockquote>

KNAUER Eurokat H Ion Exclusion/Ligand Exchange Columns (USP L17)

The Eurokat H ionic form is especially designed for the analysis of organic acids and even complex mixtures of acids, sugars and alcohols as well as sugar alcohols.

Organic acids and alcoholsThe Eurokat H ionic form is especially designed for the analysis of organic acids and even complex mixtures of acids, sugars and alcohols as well as sugar alcohols. It is a cation exchange material with 8 % cross linkage of the styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer. Best results are acieved with aqueous eluents and small amounts of anorganic acids, recommended eluent 0.005 M sulfuric acid. The usage of up to 10 % organic content in the mobile phase is possible.<h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Sulfonated cross-linked styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer phase for the determination of organic acids, carbohydrates and alcohols</li><li>H-form, 8 % cross linkage</li><li>Cation exchanger, extremly long lasting lifetime when correctly handled, best results with aqueous eluents and small amounts of anorganic acids, recommended eluent 0,01 N sulfuric acid, usage of up to 10 % organic content in the mobile phase is possible</li></ul><h5>Technical Data</h5><ul><li>Sulfonated cross-linked styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer with 8 % cross linkage in the ionic form H, available in 10 μm particle size, pressure stable up to maximum 100 bar</li></ul><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Eurokat H is especially designed for the analysis of organic acids and even complex mixtures of acids, sugars and alcohols as well as sugar alcohols. Due to a differing separation process we recommend the use of these type of columns only in 8 mm ID or 4 mm ID.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurokat_H_Chromatogram_e2c6665a1f.webp" alt="KNAUER: Eurokat H Chromatogram" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurokat_H_Chromatogram_e2c6665a1f.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="281"><blockquote>Tip: Eurokat columns are characterized by an extremely long lifetime if handled properly. Especially pressure shocks and organic solvent contents of more than 10 % in the mobile phase should be avoided absolutely.</blockquote><h3>KNAUER Ion Exclusion and Ligand Exchange Columns</h3>Separation of organic acids, carbohydrates, alcohols on sulfonated cross-linked styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer<ul><li>Modifications<ul><li>Eurokat H</li><li>Eurokat Ca</li><li>Eurokat Pb</li><li>Eurokat Na</li></ul></li><li>High Temperature Methods: Up to 90 °C</li><li>Method Development: Optional up to 10 % organic solvent</li><li>Chemically stable: pH 1–12</li><li>Sustainability: Aqueous eluents protect the environment and are cost-effectiv</li><li>User Friendly: Simple and robust methods for daily analysis. Versatile in its use.</li><li>Simplicity: Easy purchase via our online store with fast delivery.&nbsp;</li></ul><h4>Characteristics&nbsp;</h4>Eurokat high performance polymer phases were especially developed for the separation of organic acids, carbohydrates, alcohols and even complex mixtures of these compounds. Eurokat is a sulfonated cross-linked styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer available in several ionic forms (H, Ca and Pb). This particular cation exchanger is characterized by an outstanding density of functional groups, making it the ideal choice for your ion exclusion, size exclusion and ligand exchange chromatography.<h4>Choice of chromatographic conditions&nbsp;</h4>The Eurokat stationary phase is designed to be applicable to a wide range of diverse chromatographic conditions. All Eurokat columns can be used at temperatures up to 90 °C with no organic solvents. The best separation of sugars can be achieved using between 60 to 90 °C. To extend separation performance, it is possible to connect up to three columns of Eurokat in series. Eurokat columns require no organic solvents and thus are environmentally friendly.&nbsp;<h4>Stability&nbsp;</h4>Eurokat polymer columns are extremely stable over the whole pH range. This is one striking advantage compared with silica-based phases which have a limited lifetime at pH extremes, especially in the higher pH range. Most importantly, Eurokat phases show extraordinary column lifetime stability and are not affected by aqueous solvents.&nbsp;<h4>Application areas&nbsp;</h4><ul><li>Carbohydrates and organic acids in softdrinks and fruit juices&nbsp;</li><li>Sugar substitutes</li><li>Food preservatives</li><li>Dairy products</li><li>Urine analytic (Uric acid, Hippuric acid)</li><li>Monitoring of fermentation processes</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Principle_of_ligand_exchange_mechanism_a5b7c21c43.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurokat - Principle of ligand exchange mechanism" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Principle_of_ligand_exchange_mechanism_a5b7c21c43.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1382" height="570">

KNAUER Eurokat Pb & Ca Ion Exclusion/Ligand Exchange Columns (USP L34 / USP L19)

The ionic forms Ca and Pb are best suited for the analysis of smaller carbohydrates like mono- and disaccharides and sugars up to a degree of polymerization (DP) of 4. 

Analysis of mono- and disaccharidesThe ionic forms Ca and Pb are best suited for the analysis of smaller carbohydrates like mono- and disaccharides and sugars up to a degree of polymerization (DP) of 4. It is a cation exchange material with 6 % cross linkage of the styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer. Best results are achieved with aqueous eluents, recommended eluent is pure deionized water. The usage of up to 10 % organic content in the mobile phase is possible.<h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Polymer phase for the determination of mono- and disaccharides</li><li>Pb (USP L34) form, 6 % cross linkage</li><li>Cation exchanger, extremely long lasting lifetime when correctly handled, best results with aqueous eluents, recommended eluent is pure deionized water, usage of up to 10 % organic content in the mobile phase is possible</li></ul><h5>Technical Data</h5><ul><li>Sulfonated cross-linked styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer with 6 % cross linkage in the ionic form Pb, available in 10μm particle size, pressure stable up to maximum 100 bar</li></ul><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Especially designed for the analysis of small carbohydrates up to DP 4</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurokat_Pb_Ca_Chromatogram_2054f70e49.webp" alt="KNAUER: Eurokat Pb &amp; Ca Chromatogram" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurokat_Pb_Ca_Chromatogram_2054f70e49.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="271"><blockquote>Tip: Eurokat columns are used at high temperatures. During equilibration it is very important to have an eye on the backpressure and to start with very low flow rates and increase them only slowly and stepwise after the column has adapted to the temperature.</blockquote><h3>KNAUER Ion Exclusion and Ligand Exchange Columns</h3>Separation of organic acids, carbohydrates, alcohols on sulfonated cross-linked styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer<ul><li>Modifications<ul><li>Eurokat H</li><li>Eurokat Ca</li><li>Eurokat Pb</li><li>Eurokat Na</li></ul></li><li>High Temperature Methods: Up to 90 °C</li><li>Method Development: Optional up to 10 % organic solvent</li><li>Chemically stable: pH 1–12</li><li>Sustainability: Aqueous eluents protect the environment and are cost-effectiv</li><li>User Friendly: Simple and robust methods for daily analysis. Versatile in its use.</li><li>Simplicity: Easy purchase via our online store with fast delivery.&nbsp;</li></ul><h4>Characteristics&nbsp;</h4>Eurokat high performance polymer phases were especially developed for the separation of organic acids, carbohydrates, alcohols and even complex mixtures of these compounds. Eurokat is a sulfonated cross-linked styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer available in several ionic forms (H, Ca and Pb). This particular cation exchanger is characterized by an outstanding density of functional groups, making it the ideal choice for your ion exclusion, size exclusion and ligand exchange chromatography.<h4>Choice of chromatographic conditions&nbsp;</h4>The Eurokat stationary phase is designed to be applicable to a wide range of diverse chromatographic conditions. All Eurokat columns can be used at temperatures up to 90 °C with no organic solvents. The best separation of sugars can be achieved using between 60 to 90 °C. To extend separation performance, it is possible to connect up to three columns of Eurokat in series. Eurokat columns require no organic solvents and thus are environmentally friendly.&nbsp;<h4>Stability&nbsp;</h4>Eurokat polymer columns are extremely stable over the whole pH range. This is one striking advantage compared with silica-based phases which have a limited lifetime at pH extremes, especially in the higher pH range. Most importantly, Eurokat phases show extraordinary column lifetime stability and are not affected by aqueous solvents.&nbsp;<h4>Application areas&nbsp;</h4><ul><li>Carbohydrates and organic acids in softdrinks and fruit juices&nbsp;</li><li>Sugar substitutes</li><li>Food preservatives</li><li>Dairy products</li><li>Urine analytic (Uric acid, Hippuric acid)</li><li>Monitoring of fermentation processes</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Principle_of_ligand_exchange_mechanism_a5b7c21c43.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurokat - Principle of ligand exchange mechanism" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Principle_of_ligand_exchange_mechanism_a5b7c21c43.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1382" height="570">

KNAUER Eurospher II 100 CN Prep HPLC Columns for NP & RP (USP L10)

CN is one of the most versatile stationary phases that can be used in reversed phase mode as well as in normal phase mode. 

Cyano or CN for Normal Phase and Reversed Phase (USP L10)CN is one of the most versatile stationary phases that can be used in reversed phase mode as well as in normal phase mode. The cyano modification supports the π-π interaction as well as polar and hydrophobic interactions with low polarity solvents. These phases are preferred for compounds with double bonds and aromatic groups. Cyano bonded phases show unique selectivity for polar compounds and are more suitable than bare silica for normal phase (NP) gradient separations. The cyano functional group is a strong dipole that can interact with other dipoles or induce dipoles on solutes. These phases also exhibit moderate hydrophobicity due to the alkyl linker.Due to the quick equilibration time of the CN bonded phase, it is the best choice for gradient elution in normal phase mode. CN phases can be used as a less polar alternative to Si phases.The material is typically preferred for:<ul><li>Compounds with double bonds</li><li>Cyclic antidepressants</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_CN_4fff7a1e28.webp" alt="KNAUER: CN" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_CN_4fff7a1e28.webp 130w," sizes="100vw" width="358" height="428"><blockquote>Stationary phase Eurospher II 100 CN is provided in these column types: analytical, semi-preparative and preparative.</blockquote>Eurospher II 100 CN Preparative Standard Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 50, 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 20, 30, 50</li><li>Particle size (µm): 5, 10, 15</li></ul>Eurospher II 100 CN Preparative dAX Columns with dynamic axial compression are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 50, 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 25, 30, 50</li><li>Particle size (µm): 5, 10, 15</li></ul><h3>KNAUER Preparative HPLC Columns</h3>The right choice for all dimensions from semi-prep to batch chromatography to SMB.<ul><li>Modifications: Reversed Phase, HILIC, Normale Phase</li><li>Max. Pressure: 400–600 bar</li><li>Column Inner Diameter (ID): 16–50 mm in our shop, more on request</li><li>Column Brands: Eurospher, Eurospher II</li><li>Safe Investment: Robustness and durability based on superior technology</li><li>Application: Easy upscaling, as all materials are available from ultra high performance to preparative scale HPLC. You can also use our upscaling calculator.</li><li>Customizable: Standard flanged hardware &amp; dAX hardware with static or dynamic axial compression available</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Preparative_HPLC_Columns_31bc2477c3.webp" alt="KNAUER: KNAUER Preparative HPLC Columns" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Preparative_HPLC_Columns_31bc2477c3.webp 221w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="724"><h5>Preparative HPLC column hardware</h5>Preparative HPLC columns can be offered with two different hardware types:<ul><li>Versatile standard flanged hardware for nearly any application task in batch chromatography</li><li>dAX Hardware with static and dynamic axial compression for an extended lifetime and multi-column chromatography like SMB processes</li></ul>

KNAUER Eurospher II 100 Si Prep HPLC Columns for NP & HILIC (USP L3)

Unmodified Silica gel materials were the first ones used for chromatography. This is the reason the mode is called "normal phase" (NP).

Si columns for Normal Phase and HILIC applications (USP L3)Unmodified Silica gel materials were the first ones used for chromatography. This is the reason the mode is called "normal phase" (NP). They are still used in HPLC, although reversed phase (RP) is by far the most often used HPLC mode today.<h5>A wide range of porous Si materials are available, characterized by:</h5><ul><li>Surface area</li><li>Pore size</li><li>Particle size</li><li>Purity</li><li>Metal content</li></ul><h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Separation mechanism: Hydrophilic interactions</li><li>Ultra pure, spherical high performance HPLC phase based on silica gel</li><li>No modification, no endcapping, with 0 % carbon content</li></ul><h5>Key features</h5><ul><li>High-class HPLC phase perfectly suited to take on routine analyses as well as the most ambitious chromatography tasks, outstanding mechanical and chemical stability.</li></ul><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Wide range of different applications, i.e. SEC (size exclusion chromatography) but also for normal phase HPLC and HILIC; good choice for analytical and preparative purposes to separate polar compounds.</li></ul><blockquote>Tip: Normal phase (NP) stationary phases have been the first phases for chromatography and that is why their properties of polarity were determined as ’’normal’’. The stationary phase of a NP column has polar properties and is commonly used with nonpolar solvents as hexane or heptane. The other way round a reversed phase (RP) column has covalent charcteristics and is used with more polar eluents, like mixtures of acetonitrile and water.</blockquote>Stationary phase Eurospher II 100 Si is provided in these column types: analytical, semi-preparative and preparative.Eurospher II 100 Si Preparative Standard Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 50, 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 20, 30, 50</li><li>Particle size (µm): 5, 10, 15</li></ul>Eurospher II 100 Si Preparative dAX Columns with dynamic axial compression are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 50, 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 25, 30, 50</li><li>Particle size (µm): 5, 10, 15</li></ul><h3>KNAUER Preparative HPLC Columns</h3>The right choice for all dimensions from semi-prep to batch chromatography to SMB.<ul><li>Modifications: Reversed Phase, HILIC, Normale Phase</li><li>Max. Pressure: 400–600 bar</li><li>Column Inner Diameter (ID): 16–50 mm in our shop, more on request</li><li>Column Brands: Eurospher, Eurospher II</li><li>Safe Investment: Robustness and durability based on superior technology</li><li>Application: Easy upscaling, as all materials are available from ultra high performance to preparative scale HPLC. You can also use our upscaling calculator.</li><li>Customizable: Standard flanged hardware &amp; dAX hardware with static or dynamic axial compression available</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Preparative_HPLC_Columns_31bc2477c3.webp" alt="KNAUER: KNAUER Preparative HPLC Columns" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Preparative_HPLC_Columns_31bc2477c3.webp 221w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="724"><h5>Preparative HPLC columns can be offered with two different hardware types:</h5><ul><li>Versatile standard flanged hardware for nearly any application task in batch chromatography</li><li>dAX Hardware with static and dynamic axial compression for an extended lifetime and multi-column chromatography like SMB processes</li></ul>

KNAUER Eurospher II Chiral AM Prep Columns for NP & RP (USP L51)

Eurospher II Chiral AM uses the chiral selector Amylose-tris-(3,5 dimethylphenylcarbamate) and is equivalent to Chiralpak AD. KNAUER offers 2 different CPS versions: Eurospher II Chiral AM is designed for separations in normal phase (NP) mode and Eurospher II Chiral AM-R &nbsp;for separations in reversed phase (RP) mode.<h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Silica gel: ultra pure, &gt; 99.99 %</li><li>Metal content: &lt; 10 ppm</li><li>Particle size: 3 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm</li><li>Particle form: spherical</li><li>Pore size of base material: 1000 Å</li><li>Chiral selector: Amylose-tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) for Chiral AM&nbsp;</li></ul><h5>Key features</h5><ul><li>KNAUER offers these chiral stationary phases for two different separation modes: Eurospher II Chiral AM is designed for separations in normal phase (NP) mode, Eurospher II Chiral AM-R for separations in reversed phase mode.</li></ul><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Eurospher II Chiral AM columns are able to separate neutral, acidic and basic racemates.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Chiral_AM_906d13b0b5.webp" alt="KNAUER: Eurospher II Chiral AM" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Chiral_AM_906d13b0b5.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="388"><blockquote>Stationary phase Eurospher II Chiral AM (AM-R) is provided in these column types: analytical, semi-preparative and preparative.</blockquote>Eurospher II Chiral AM and AM-R Preparative Standard Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 20, 30</li><li>Particle size (µm): 5, 10</li></ul><h3>KNAUER Chiral HPLC Columns</h3>For analytical, preparative and SMB chiral separations<ul><li>Column Brand<ul><li>Eurospher II</li></ul></li><li>Reversed Phase Modifications<ul><li>Chiral NR-R</li><li>Chiral AM-R</li><li>Chiral OM-R</li></ul></li><li>Normal Phase Modifications<ul><li>Chiral NR</li><li>Chiral AM</li><li>Chiral OM</li></ul></li><li>Flexibility: Wide selection of column and particle sizes, for preparative and analytical applications</li><li>Expandable: Upscaling even for continuous SMB</li><li>Application Service: We offer a customized screening service for your analytes. You will receive an optimal column recommendation including the method parameters.</li></ul><h4>Eurospher II Chiral</h4>Based on ultra-high purity silica, the Eurospher II chiral column materials are characterized by high enantioselectivity and loadability.&nbsp;Available in a wide range of dimensions for analytical, preparative and SMB (simulated moving bed) applications, Eurospher II Chiral columns are the perfect choice for even the most challenging enantioseparation tasks&nbsp;Since chiral separations are not very well predictable, KNAUER offers a chiral screening service for your samples (Article number: AL0220).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurospher_II_chiral_48c53afebe.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurospher II chiral" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurospher_II_chiral_48c53afebe.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1369" height="633"><blockquote>Tip: Some of the most popular eluents for HPLC (such as acetone, chloroform, DMF, DMSO, MEK, toluene, dioxane, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, pyridine and THF) which may be remaining in your HPLC system, can destroy Eurospher II Chiral AM and OM phases even in small concentrations! It is highly recommended that the HPLC system is flushed with appropriate eluents before the installation of the chiral column.</blockquote>

KNAUER Eurospher II Chiral OM Prep Columns for NP & RP (USP L40, USP L93)

Eurospher II Chiral OM uses the chiral selector Cellulose-tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) and is equivalent to Chiralcel OD. KNAUER offers 2 different CPS versions: Eurospher II Chiral OM is designed for separations in normal phase (NP) mode and Eurospher II Chiral OM-R for separations in reversed phase (RP) mode.<h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Silica gel: ultra pure, &gt; 99.99 %</li><li>Metal content: &lt; 10 ppm</li><li>Particle size: 3 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm</li><li>Particle form: spherical</li><li>Pore size of base material: 1000 Å</li><li>Chiral selector: Cellulose-tris-(3,5-dimethyl- phenylcarbamate) for Chiral OM</li></ul><h5>Key features</h5><ul><li>KNAUER offers these chiral stationary phases for two different separation modes: Eurospher II Chiral OM is designed for separations in normal phase (NP) mode, Eurospher II Chiral OM-R for separations in reversed phase mode.</li></ul><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Eurospher II Chiral OM columns are able to separate neutral, acidic and basic racemates.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Chiral_OM_c2a3f1a159.webp" alt="KNAUER: Eurospher II Chiral OM" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Chiral_OM_c2a3f1a159.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="388"><blockquote>Stationary phase Eurospher II Chiral OM (OM-R) is provided in these column types: analytical, semi-preparative and preparative.</blockquote>Eurospher II Chiral OM and OM-R Preparative Standard Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 20, 30</li><li>Particle size (µm): 5, 10</li></ul><h3>KNAUER Chiral HPLC Columns</h3>For analytical, preparative and SMB chiral separations<ul><li>Column Brand<ul><li>Eurospher II</li></ul></li><li>Reversed Phase Modifications<ul><li>Chiral NR-R</li><li>Chiral AM-R</li><li>Chiral OM-R</li></ul></li><li>Normal Phase Modifications<ul><li>Chiral NR</li><li>Chiral AM</li><li>Chiral OM</li></ul></li><li>Flexibility: Wide selection of column and particle sizes, for preparative and analytical applications</li><li>Expandable: Upscaling even for continuous SMB</li><li>Application Service: We offer a customized screening service for your analytes. You will receive an optimal column recommendation including the method parameters.</li></ul><h4>Eurospher II Chiral</h4>Based on ultra-high purity silica, the Eurospher II chiral column materials are characterized by high enantioselectivity and loadability.&nbsp;Available in a wide range of dimensions for analytical, preparative and SMB (simulated moving bed) applications, Eurospher II Chiral columns are the perfect choice for even the most challenging enantioseparation tasks&nbsp;Since chiral separations are not very well predictable, KNAUER offers a chiral screening service for your samples (Article number: AL0220).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurospher_II_chiral_48c53afebe.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurospher II chiral" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurospher_II_chiral_48c53afebe.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1369" height="633"><blockquote>Tip: Some of the most popular eluents for HPLC (such as acetone, chloroform, DMF, DMSO, MEK, toluene, dioxane, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, pyridine and THF) which may be remaining in your HPLC system, can destroy Eurospher II Chiral AM and OM phases even in small concentrations! It is highly recommended that the HPLC system is flushed with appropriate eluents before the installation of the chiral column.</blockquote>

KNAUER Eurospher II Chiral NR Prep Columns for NP & RP

Eurospher II Chiral NR is an immobilized brush-type phase with very broad generality and orhogonal selectivity to Eurospher II Chiral AM and OM. In many cases it is much more stable compared to Eurospher II Chiral AM or OM. The Chiral-NR selector is covalently bound, so that you can use all HPLC-eluents.Due to its high loadability it is perfectly suited for preparative separations. Both phases can be used in RP and NP mode. Eurospher II Chiral-NR-R shows reversed elution order compared to Eurospher II Chiral-NR caused by the modification with the opposite enantiomeric form of the chiral selector.<h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Silica gel: ultra pure, &gt; 99.99 %</li><li>Metal content: &lt; 10 ppm</li><li>Particle size:&nbsp;<ul><li>Eurospher II Chiral NR: 3 μm, 5 μm, 8 µm, 12 µm</li><li>Eurospher II Chiral NR-R: 8 µm, 12 µm</li></ul></li><li>Particle form: spherical</li><li>Pore size of base material: 1000 Å</li></ul><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Eurospher II Chiral NR columns are able to separate analytes with an oxygen at or near the chiral center and additionally an aromatic ring.</li></ul><blockquote>Stationary phase Eurospher II Chiral NR (NR-R) is provided in these column types: analytical, semi-preparative and preparative.</blockquote>Eurospher II Chiral NR and NR-R Preparative Standard Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 20, 30</li><li>Particle size (µm): 8, 12</li></ul><h3>KNAUER Chiral HPLC Columns</h3>For analytical, preparative and SMB chiral separations<ul><li>Column Brand<ul><li>Eurospher II</li></ul></li><li>Reversed Phase Modifications<ul><li>Chiral NR-R</li><li>Chiral AM-R</li><li>Chiral OM-R</li></ul></li><li>Normal Phase Modifications<ul><li>Chiral NR</li><li>Chiral AM</li><li>Chiral OM</li></ul></li><li>Flexibility: Wide selection of column and particle sizes, for preparative and analytical applications</li><li>Expandable: Upscaling even for continuous SMB</li><li>Application Service: We offer a customized screening service for your analytes. You will receive an optimal column recommendation including the method parameters.</li></ul><h4>Eurospher II Chiral</h4>Based on ultra-high purity silica, the Eurospher II chiral column materials are characterized by high enantioselectivity and loadability.&nbsp;Available in a wide range of dimensions for analytical, preparative and SMB (simulated moving bed) applications, Eurospher II Chiral columns are the perfect choice for even the most challenging enantioseparation tasks&nbsp;Since chiral separations are not very well predictable, KNAUER offers a chiral screening service for your samples (Article number: AL0220).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurospher_II_chiral_48c53afebe.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurospher II chiral" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurospher_II_chiral_48c53afebe.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1369" height="633"><blockquote>Tip: Some of the most popular eluents for HPLC (such as acetone, chloroform, DMF, DMSO, MEK, toluene, dioxane, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, pyridine and THF) which may be remaining in your HPLC system, can destroy Eurospher II Chiral AM and OM phases even in small concentrations! It is highly recommended that the HPLC system is flushed with appropriate eluents before the installation of the chiral column.</blockquote>

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