Struggling to accurately measure semi-volatile analytes? Stricter temperature control with HPLC-CAD analysis just might be the solution you need.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_How_to_Get_More_Accurate_HPLC_Quantitation_of_Semi_Volatiles_1_f2eefd5901.jpeg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific How to Get More Accurate HPLC Quantitation of Semi-Volatiles" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_How_to_Get_More_Accurate_HPLC_Quantitation_of_Semi_Volatiles_1_f2eefd5901.jpeg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="512">The charged aerosol detector (CAD) is cited as one of the most capable near-universal HPLC detectors available because the response is solely based on particle charge and fully independent of chemical structure.One caveat to know is your mobile phase components must be less volatile than the analytes in solution for detection by the CAD. And while all non-volatiles give a similar uniform response, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/content/lifetech/global/en/home/industrial/chromatography/chromatography-learning-center/liquid-chromatography-information/hplc-system-components/how-hplc-detectors-work/charged-aerosol-detection/charged-aerosol-detection-cad-performance-tips.html">the response of semi-volatiles</a> depends on volatility and consequently is less predictable.So, the question then becomes is there a way to address this performance difference and make semi-volatile detection more predictable? One approach for charged semi-volatile analytes is to add a volatile ion-pairing agent of the opposite charge in the mobile phase to force non-volatile behavior.However, this method is analyte specific and may also react with impurities in your mobile phase, leading to higher noise and poorer signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. What’s really needed is a more global approach to improve the accuracy for measuring semi-volatiles.This approach is now achievable with Temperature Coupling Mode (TCM) in the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://discover-pharma.com/thermo-fisher-upgrades-charged-aerosol-detection-tech-to-improve-complex-drug-analysis/">Thermo Scientific Vanquish CAD P Series</a>.<h3>Why stricter temperature control matters for measuring semi-volatiles</h3>Before we get into the specifics, you need to understand why temperature control in the CAD is critical to quantitative accuracy, especially for semi-volatiles (Figure 1).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_How_to_Get_More_Accurate_HPLC_Quantitation_of_Semi_Volatiles_2_e33cff4cac.jpeg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: How to Get More Accurate HPLC Quantitation of Semi-Volatiles: Figure 1. Illustration showing how the CAD works." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_How_to_Get_More_Accurate_HPLC_Quantitation_of_Semi_Volatiles_2_e33cff4cac.jpeg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="512">The two <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/content/lifetech/global/en/home/industrial/chromatography/chromatography-learning-center/liquid-chromatography-information/hplc-system-components/how-hplc-detectors-work/charged-aerosol-detection.html">most important functional components in the CAD that guide sensitivity</a> are the evaporation tube temperature (EvapT) and the charging detection module (CDM).<ul><li>EvapT plays a crucial role in determining the performance of the detector, and changing this temperature may alter analyte “selectivity”</li><li>The CDM is where particle charge and measurement happen</li></ul>In previous CAD models, the EvapT is adjustable, but the temperature of the CDM is permanently set at 40 °C. This fixed temperature difference between the EvapT and CDM could negatively impact the measurement of semi-volatile compounds that require a lower EvapT.Adding TCM resolves this issue, by linking the EvapT and CDM temperatures, thereby improving the quantitation of semi-volatile species.<h3>Using TCM to help improve quantification of semi-volatiles, like fatty acids</h3>To demonstrate the effectiveness of this new temperature coupling feature, we anlazyed a working solution of four individual fatty acids (FAs) and compared the CAD repsonse with TCM turned on and turned off (Figure 2).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_How_to_Get_More_Accurate_HPLC_Quantitation_of_Semi_Volatiles_3_da6cf5006c.jpeg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: How to Get More Accurate HPLC Quantitation of Semi-Volatiles: Figure 2. The mean S/N ratio of the FAs analyzed with TCM turned on and off." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_How_to_Get_More_Accurate_HPLC_Quantitation_of_Semi_Volatiles_3_da6cf5006c.jpeg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="700" height="410">Notably, we observed 46.8% increase in the S/N at the optimal EvapT of 25 °C and with the TCM switched on for lauric acid, the most semi-volatile compound!Interestingly, the observed S/N improvement matches the respective analyte volatility—lauric acid (lowest MW) shows the greatest improvement, and stearic acid (highest MW) the least.Taken together, these findings show how stricter temperature control in the CAD can allow you to extend the range and improve quantification of semi-volatiles.<h3>Extending this application to impurity analysis of polysorbates</h3>Now that we’ve seen TCM is useful for analyzing fatty acids, let’s consider more complex solutions, like polysorbates.Given the CAD is well-established for determining <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967324010240?via%3Dihub">polysorbate impurities</a>, and fatty acid impurities are quite abundant in polysorbates, and a logical next step is to use this technique for analyzing these solutions.Afterall, free acids in polysorbates <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/review-of-analytical-methods-for-quantifying-amp-profiling/">may form insoluble particles</a> that can seriously compromise product quality, efficacy, and patient safety. Thus, your ability to accurately measure these acids in raw materials and finished goods is of the upmost importance.Download our paper to see how the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_003867_hplc_vanquish_cad_gradient_optimized_evap_temp_an003867_na_en_b64411eb47.pdf">Vanquish CAD P Series</a> can help your lab measure fatty acids with greater confidence today.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_How_to_Get_More_Accurate_HPLC_Quantitation_of_Semi_Volatiles_4_70473e3696.jpeg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: How to Get More Accurate HPLC Quantitation of Semi-Volatiles: Figure 3. Thermo Scientific Vanquish CAD P Series" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_How_to_Get_More_Accurate_HPLC_Quantitation_of_Semi_Volatiles_4_70473e3696.jpeg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="700" height="410"><h3>FAQs</h3><ol><li>What are the advantages of using a charged aerosol detector for HPLC analysis?</li></ol>The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/content/lifetech/global/en/home/c/b/vanquish-charged-aerosol-detector-p-series.html">charged aerosol detector</a> (CAD) is now recognized as the most capable “universal” detector available and offers several advantages over other UHPLC-based detectors including:<ul><li>Uniform response for all non-volatile analytes (ideal for quantitation when certified standards are unavailable)</li><li>Universal response independent of chemical structure (analyte does not have to form gas phase ions or possess a chromophore)</li><li>High sensitivity at high pg to low ng on column (ideal for drug impurity analysis)</li><li>Wide linear and dynamic range (measure API and impurities in one run)</li><li>Simple calibration curves (no need to deal with complex, unpredictable sigmoidal calibration curves)</li><li>Gradient compatible (inverse gradient available to ensure consistent response throughout the gradient)</li></ul><ol start="2"><li>Why should I use CAD for measuring fatty acid impurities in polysorbates?</li></ol>Fatty acids don’t contain strong chromophores, so HPLC-CAD analysis is the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/cad-vs-elsd-which-hplc-detector-is-your-better-option/">ideal choice</a> since the detector response depends on particle charge and is independent of analyte structure.<ol start="3"><li>How does changing the evaporation tube temperature affect the CAD response for semi-volatiles?</li></ol>A high EvapT can <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/tn_72806_uhplc_charged_aerosol_detection_tn72806_en_5979117651/tn-72806-uhplc-charged-aerosol-detection-tn72806-en.pdf">improve sensitivity</a> for non-volatiles by reducing noise but may negatively impact measurement of semi-volatile species. Conversely, a lower EvapT can improve the detection of semi-volatile species, but sensitivity for all analytes may be adversely impacted due to increased noise.Visit us on&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/72003132/admin/dashboard/">LinkedIn:</a>&nbsp;#HPLC #CAD #biopharma<section><blockquote><h5>Dr. Kimberly M. Lincoln</h5>Dr. Kimberly M. Lincoln is a marketing specialist in the HPLC division at Thermo Fisher Scientific. She holds a Ph.D. in bioinorganic chemistry and a B.S. in chemistry, with professional experience in digital marketing, medical device manufacturing, and chemical synthesis. Kimberly enjoys writing educational chemical content as a guide to help customers solve analytical problems. She is passionate about living a clean lifestyle and keeping the planet healthy for future generations. In her spare time, Kimberly loves to cook, cycle, attend rock concerts, and spend time with her pit bulls.</blockquote></section>

How to Get More Accurate HPLC Quantitation of Semi-Volatiles

We are pleased to announce that a maintenance release is now available for KnowItAll 2026. Maintenance releases are an important way to introduce improvements and bug fixes between major releases to make sure users get the most out of KnowItAll.In Fall 2025, we announced the KnowItAll 2026 major release featuring a new principal component analysis tool, Trendfinder, and various advances for spectral analysis workflows. This is the first update available after that release.<h5>Updates in the 2026.1 maintenance release include:</h5><ul><li>Continued to LC-MS deconvolution improvement</li><li>Updated the DEA regulations rulebase that’s used to automatically categorize structures in databases you build in MineIt according to current Drug Enforcement Agency controlled substance regulations.</li><li>Various bug fixes</li></ul>We encourage users to update now to the most recent version of the software to ensure the best performance.<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://get.knowitall.com/Download?_gl=1*18h0vjr*_gcl_au*Mjk3ODY0Mzg1LjE3MTMyNzcyMDEuMTkwNDkyNDI4NS4xNzEzMzY3NDc0LjE3MTMzNjc0Nzk.">Download the most recent version here</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://sciencesolutions.wiley.com/whats-new-in-knowitall-2026/">What's New in KnowItAll 2026</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://sciencesolutions.wiley.com/knowitall-version-history/">KnowItAll version history</a></li></ul><h4>About KnowItAll</h4>KnowItAll Software offers solutions to analyze and manage multiple types of spectral and chemical data in multiple file and instrument formats. KnowItAll's integrated toolsets eliminate the need for multiple software packages and increase overall lab efficiency and staff proficiency. Combined with Wiley’s comprehensive, high-quality spectral reference libraries, it provides an unparalleled solution for fast, reliable spectral analysis. Learn more.<h4>About <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.wiley.com/en-ie/">Wiley</a></h4>Wiley (NYSE: WLY) is a global leader in authoritative content and research intelligence for the advancement of scientific discovery, innovation, and learning. With more than 200 years at the center of the scholarly ecosystem, Wiley combines trusted publishing heritage with AI-powered platforms to transform how knowledge is discovered, accessed, and applied. From individual researchers and students to Fortune 500 R&amp;D teams, Wiley enables the transformation of scientific breakthroughs into real-world impact. From knowledge to impact—Wiley is redefining what's possible in science and learning. Visit us at Wiley.com and Investors.Wiley.com. Follow us on Facebook, X, LinkedIn and Instagram.

KnowItAll 2026.1 maintenance release now available - Upgrade for the latest features and fixes

<h3>Introduction</h3>Modern analytical laboratories often operate multiple chromatographic instruments simultaneously, which places high demands on software usability and workspace navigation. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/999">Clarity Chromatography Software</a> developed by DataApex provides a structured, instrument-oriented user interface designed to simplify work even in complex multi-instrument environments. This article explains how to efficiently move between windows in Clarity.<h3>Concept of Instrument-Centric Workspace Organization</h3><h4>Instrument-Specific Color Schemes</h4>Each instrument in Clarity is visually distinguished by its own color scheme. This design choice allows users to:<ul><li>Instantly recognize which windows belong to the same instrument</li><li>Avoid confusion when multiple instruments are open simultaneously</li><li>Maintain orientation within complex analytical workflows</li></ul>Color coding is consistent across all windows associated with a given instrument.<h3>Types of Windows in Clarity</h3>Within a single instrument context, Clarity typically provides access to several interconnected windows, including:<ul><li>Instrument Window – the central control and overview window</li><li>Chromatogram Window – displays acquired chromatographic data</li><li>Sequence Window – manages sample sequences and runs</li></ul>Efficient navigation between these windows is essential for smooth operation.<h3>Navigation Methods Between Windows</h3>Clarity offers multiple complementary ways to switch between related windows. Users can choose the method that best fits their workflow preferences.<h4>1. Instrument Window Tiles</h4>Within the Instrument Window, large tiles represent related windows.Example workflow:<ul><li>Select the large chromatogram tile to switch directly from the Instrument Window to the Chromatogram Window</li></ul>This tile-based approach is intuitive and visually guided.<h4>2. Toolbar Icons</h4>Each instrument window contains a toolbar with window icons that provide direct access to other related windows.Key characteristics:<ul><li>The same set of window icons is available across all instrument-related windows</li><li>Enables quick transitions, for example:<ul><li>From Chromatogram Window → Sequence Window</li></ul></li><li>Ideal for experienced users who prefer icon-based navigation</li></ul><h4>3. Window Menu</h4>For users who prefer menu-driven control, Clarity includes a Window menu.Typical use case:<ul><li>Select Main from the Window menu to return to the Clarity main window</li></ul>This method is particularly useful when:<ul><li>Navigating back to the global workspace</li><li>Managing multiple instruments at once</li></ul><h3>Practical Navigation Workflow Example</h3>A typical navigation sequence demonstrated in the video follows this logic:<ol><li>Start in the Instrument Window</li><li>Click the Chromatogram tile to open chromatographic data</li><li>Use the toolbar icon to switch to the Sequence Window</li><li>Open the Window menu and select Main to return to the Clarity main interface</li></ol>This combination of tiles, icons, and menus ensures flexible and efficient workspace control.<h3>Advantages of Clarity’s Navigation Design</h3>The navigation system in Clarity provides several practical benefits:<ul><li>Consistency – identical navigation tools across instrument windows</li><li>Efficiency – rapid switching without losing context</li><li>Scalability – effective even with many instruments open</li><li>User preference flexibility – toolbar or menu-based workflows</li></ul>These features are especially valuable in high-throughput laboratories and 24/7 operational environments.<h3>Conclusion</h3>Clarity Chromatography Software uses a well-structured, instrument-oriented window system that simplifies navigation even in complex multi-instrument setups. By combining color-coded instruments, tile-based access, universal toolbar icons, and traditional menus, Clarity allows users to move quickly and confidently between windows.Mastering these navigation techniques significantly improves workflow efficiency, reduces errors, and enhances overall user experience—making Clarity a robust platform for modern chromatographic laboratories.For additional tutorials and practical demonstrations, users are encouraged to explore further educational resources provided by DataApex.

How to switch between the Clarity Windows

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ISTRAN EcaFlow Model 150 GLP automatic laboratory analyser

EcaFlow Model 150 GLP is a PC controlled automatic laboratory analyser for the determination of trace and high concentrations of metals, semi-metals and numerous nonmetals in various samples.

EcaFlow Model 150 GLP is a PC controlled automatic laboratory analyser for the determination of trace and high concentrations of metals, semi-metals and numerous nonmetals in various samples. By making use of the autosampler AS-150 up to 42 samples can be analysed in full automatic mode. The system supports the standardless, calibration curve and standard additions techniques. Over 70 validated applications are available for numerous sample types such as waters, foods, industrial liquids, wastes, etc. EcaFlow is a compact laboratory instrument controlled by a PC.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:675/449;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_Eca_Flow_150_GLP_4_26c42795eb.jpg" alt="ISTRAN EcaFlow 150 GLP" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_Eca_Flow_150_GLP_4_26c42795eb.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="675" height="449"></figure>The control unit contains the power support unit, control processor with a channel analyser, fast A/D and D/A converters and a high performance generic potentiostat/galvanostat. The compact flow system is controlled by the control unit and operates full automatically. It contains computer controlled electromagnetic valves for switching either to the sample solution or to an electrolyte solution or to a standard solution for the standard addition. Solutions are driven by a peristaltic pump. The heart of the system is the patented compact electrochemical cell.&nbsp;The cell uses disposable flow-through working electrodes made of suitable inert material. The counter and reference electrodes are separated from the flowing solutions hydrodynamically, so the reaction products at the counter electrode cannot interfere at the working electrode. The working electrode can be easily changed simply by loosening a screw. The cell is fixed to the panel of the instrument by a special connector which serves as an electrical contact to the electrodes. The connections of the tubes are made of Luer-type fitting, which facilitates fast manipulation when the electrode or cell is changed.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:675/449;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_Eca_Flow_150_GLP_5_ac69cdfecf.jpg" alt="ISTRAN EcaFlow 150 GLP" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_Eca_Flow_150_GLP_5_ac69cdfecf.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="675" height="449"></figure><h4>Technical data</h4>Potentiostat/galvanostat: 12 V / 20 mA Measuring cell: EcaCell 353c or EcaCell 104 with three electrodes Flow system: Full computer control with peristaltic pumping Weight: 7 kg Dimensions: 500 x 450 x 140 mm Software: Chronopotentiometry, coulometry, voltammetry Computer (option): Any PC with Windows XP and higher Autosampler (option): 42 positions + blank + standard<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:675/449;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_Eca_Flow_150_GLP_3_f4b61911c2.jpg" alt="ISTRAN EcaFlow 150 GLP" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_Eca_Flow_150_GLP_3_f4b61911c2.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="675" height="449"></figure><h4>Available applications (all included):</h4><ol><li>Flow-through analyser test&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Cd, Pb and C&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Pb&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Sn and Pb&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Pb, Cd and Hg&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of EDTA&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Cd, Pb, a Cu in wines&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Ag&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of As(III) and total As in urine&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of As(III) and total As in fertilisers&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Se in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Mn&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Hg&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Fe in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Sn&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Bi&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of As in drugs&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of chlorides in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in wines&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in spirits&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Cd, Pb, and Cu in beers&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Fe (higher concentrations) in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Cd, Pb, and Cu in soil extracts&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Sb&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of As(III) and total As in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in pectines&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of iodides in urine&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Au in water samples&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of low Ni contents&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of iodides in foods and beverages&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Cr(VI) and total Cr in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of nitrates in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Ascorbic Acid&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of chlorites in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of bromates in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Boric acid in nickel plating baths&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of total As in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Acidimetry determination of strong and weak acids&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Fe in concentrated sulphuric acid&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Cu in waste waters&nbsp;</li><li>Alkalimetry determination of strong bases&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of total As and Hg&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Zn in galvanic baths&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Ni in galvanic baths&nbsp;</li><li>Chlorides in galvanic baths&nbsp;</li><li>Cr(III) in passivating galvanic baths&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of phosphates with microporous electrodes&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of sub-ppb Hg concentrations&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Zn in waste waters&nbsp;</li><li>Cu in wine samples&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Fe in clear and turbid water samples&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Au in ores&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Sb in the presence of As and Cu&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of low Se concentrations&nbsp;</li><li>Sulphites in wines&nbsp;</li><li>Sulphites in beers&nbsp;</li><li>Titanium in TiO2&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of phosphates in clear as well as turbid water samples&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of total ammonia in underground and tap waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of total ammonia in waste waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Cr(VI) in clear as well as turbid water samples&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Ni in clear as well as turbid water samples&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of sulphides (S2-) in waste waters&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in turbid samples&nbsp;</li><li>Coulometric determination of sulphides in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Acid content in wines&nbsp;</li><li>Ethanol in beverages&nbsp;</li><li>Sulphites (SO3-) in foods&nbsp;</li><li>Chlorides (Cl-) in foods&nbsp;</li><li>Chlorites (ClO2-) in disinfected water&nbsp;</li><li>Manganese (Mn) in aquatic samples&nbsp;</li><li>Bromides (Br-) in water&nbsp;</li><li>Cd, Pb and Cu in concentrated zinc sulphate&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Pb, Cu and Hg in water</li></ol>

ISTRAN PCA2 Portable coulometric analyser

The new Portable Coulometric Analyser PCA is designed for laboratory and field analysis of heavy metals, semi-metals and numerous non-metals in aquatic solutions for a broad concentration range addressing contents from sub-μg/L up to several g/L.

The new Portable Coulometric Analyser PCA is designed for laboratory and field analysis of heavy metals, semi-metals and numerous non-metals in aquatic solutions for a broad concentration range addressing contents from sub-μg/L up to several g/L. In battery operation mode it is well suited for field applications. The analysis is full automatic, the sample solution is transported to the electrochemical measuring cell by means of a small but robust peristaltic pump and on completing the analysis the result is displayed and stored in the memory. The human interface is a simple touch screen.<h3>APPLICATION FIELDS</h3><ul><li>Drinking water</li><li>Surface water</li><li>Waste water</li><li>Foods and beverages</li><li>Biological samples</li></ul><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:1116/324;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_PCA_2_Portable_coulometric_analyser_aae89cc7dc.jpg" alt="ISTRAN PCA2 Portable coulometric analyser" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_PCA_2_Portable_coulometric_analyser_aae89cc7dc.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1116" height="324"></figure><h3>UNIQUE FEATURES</h3><ul><li>Metals, semi-metals, non-metals</li><li>Robust portable design</li><li>Full automatic analysis</li><li>At least 12 hours on battery operation ideal for field applications</li><li>Simple and fast operation</li><li>Ready to use applications</li><li>Broad concentration range, starting at sub-μg/L</li><li>Also suitable for coloured and turbid samples</li></ul><h3>TYPICAL APPLICATIONS INCLUDE</h3><ul><li>Arsenic, antimony, tin and selenium in various water samples</li><li>Heavy metals such as mercury, thallium, cadmium, indium, lead, bismuth, silver, gold.</li><li>Manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium in various water samples</li><li>Chromium(VI) and total chromium</li><li>Iron(II), iron(III), total iron</li><li>Arsenic(III) and total arsenic</li><li>C-vitamin in vegetables, fruits, beverages, foods</li><li>Fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide in waters and biological samples</li><li>Disinfection reagents such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, hypochlorite in drinking water</li><li>Disinfection by-products such as chlorite, bromate in drinking water</li><li>Sulphite in foods, wines and beers</li><li>Sulphides in waste waters</li><li>Ammonia, hydrazine, nitrite, nitrate, cyanide in aquatic samples</li><li>Phosphate in waste waters</li><li>Ethanol in beverages</li><li>Methanol in waste water</li><li>Acids and bases in aquatic solutions, wines</li><li>Samples with suspended particles and solid samples can be analysed after an appropriate sample digestion, e.g. thermal, UV or microwave-assisted sample digestion.</li></ul>Ag, Ammonia, As, Bromate, Bromide, Cd, Chloride, Chlorite, Co, Cr(VI), Cu, EDTA, Fe, Hg, Iodide, Mn, Ni, Nitrite, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sulphide, Tl, Zn<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Screenshot_2025_03_21_at_12_33_28_Istran_2_2d3350cbc8.jpg" alt="ISTRAN PCA2 Portable coulometric analyser" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Screenshot_2025_03_21_at_12_33_28_Istran_2_2d3350cbc8.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1116" height="326"><h3>ANALYSIS PRINCIPLE</h3>The analysis is based on automatic flow-through coulometry and voltammetry making use of a unique robust electrochemical measuring cell with a maintenance-free built-in reference and auxiliary electrodes and a long-life disposable working electrode. The sample solution is pumped into the cell where the determined species (analyte) is measured through its electrochemical conversion, i.e. it is electrochemically oxidised or reduced at the electrode surface. Low concentrations are determined after a preliminary electrochemical deposition of the measured species at the electrode surface (enrichment step), then the deposit is stripped by constant current while the signal is recorded and evaluated. In such a way, concentrations in the sub- μg/L level can be easily measured. A typical response of copper displayed on the touchscreen is depicted below.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:1116/326;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_PCA_2_Portable_coulometric_analyser_3_d630e0cd53.jpg" alt="ISTRAN PCA2 Portable coulometric analyser: A typical response of copper displayed on the touchscreen" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_PCA_2_Portable_coulometric_analyser_3_d630e0cd53.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1116" height="326"></figure><h4>The analytical procedure consists of three main steps:</h4><ol><li>Sample preparation. It includes the filtration of the sample (when necessary) and addition of a reagent to the sample. Solid samples or samples with suspended particles require a sample digestion..</li><li>Analysis. Full automatic procedure yielding the result displayed on the touch screen. The analysis starts on immersing the sampling tube into the sample which is pumped through the measuring cell where the analyte is electrochemically measured. Usually multiple runs are done with measurements repeated and evaluated automatically.</li><li>Cleaning. On completion of the analyses the cell is rinsed with water or a suitable reagent solution and the analyser is set to standby mode or turned down.</li></ol><h3>CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION</h3><ul><li>User interface: Powerful 4.3” Intelligent LCD-TFT display module. 480 x 272 Resolution, RGB 65K true to life colours, TFT Screen with integrated 4-wire Resistive Touch Panel. On-board micro-SD memory card connector for data logging purposes</li><li>User interface for uploading new measuring parameters, downloading results and curves</li><li>User interface with administrator access, firmware upgrading and calibration of electronic circuits</li></ul><h3>MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL DATA</h3><ul><li>Enclosure: The PCA instrument is integrated into a robust transport case made of polypropylene. Watertight, crushproof, and dustproof. Protection class IP 67</li><li>Dimensions (W x D x H): 27 x 24.6 x 12.4 cm (10.62” x 9.68” x 4.87”)</li><li>Weight: 2.9 kg (6.4 lbs)</li><li>Power input: 100-240V/50-60Hz&nbsp;</li><li>Battery: Ni-MH, 14.4V/4.5Ah</li><li>Ambient operating conditions: 5 °C – 45 °C at 5 - 95% relative humidity non-condensing (41 °F – 113 °F)</li></ul><h3>TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS</h3><h4>MEASUREMENT</h4><ul><li>Analysis method: Coulometry and voltammetry in chronopotentiometric mode</li><li>Determined species: Metals, semi-metals, non-metals, organics (refer to the up to date list of applications)</li><li>Measuring cell: robust three-electrode flow-through cell. Built-in maintenance-free platinum auxiliary and silver/silver chloride reference electrodes. Longlife disposable working electrodes made of glassy carbon, gold, silver, platinum, copper. No mercury or gold plating solutions required.</li><li>Detection limit: less than 1 μg/L *</li><li>Precision (RSD, under repeatability conditions): 5 % full scale for calibration or validation solutions</li><li>Calibration: A built-in 10 point calibration curve adjusted in the factory</li><li>Re-calibration: Two point re-calibration (blank and calibration solution) carried out on demand</li><li>Measuring ranges: Please check the respective application list for each parameter</li><li>Analysis time/run: 1-10 min, depending on the analyte concentration *.</li></ul>*Refer to the corresponding application list<h4>DATA LOGGING AND SECURITY</h4><ul><li>Log files with over 1000 results and corresponding curves are stored</li><li>Easy export to spreadsheet files</li></ul><h4>GLP FEATURES</h4><ul><li>Automatic storage of about 1000 results, including the corresponding signal curve, date, time of analysis and the sample identifier.</li><li>Statistical evaluation of the results</li><li>Checking the accuracy and precision by means of a control sample with known analyte concentration.</li></ul><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:1116/326;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_PCA_2_Portable_coulometric_analyser_4_6b3bf1dde1.jpg" alt="ISTRAN PCA2 Portable coulometric analyser " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_PCA_2_Portable_coulometric_analyser_4_6b3bf1dde1.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1116" height="326"></figure><h4>REAGENTS AND CONSUMABLES</h4><ul><li>Reagents, consumables, containers and tools can be transported in a separate transport case</li><li>Reagent consumption is low, usually 0.1 to 1 mL/sample</li><li>No organic or toxic reagents are used</li><li>All reagents and consumables are delivered by the producer</li><li>Reagent formulas are available against royalties</li><li>Cleaning solution: Demineralised water or in most cases tap water is sufficient</li><li>Calibration or validation solution: Available from the producer, prepared from single element Certified Reference Materials</li></ul><h4>OPTIONS</h4><ul><li>Additional applications each including a measurement parameter file, measuring cell (if needed), electrode</li><li>Transport case for reagents, consumables, tools ideal for field operation</li></ul>

ISTRAN EcaLayer Metal Layer Analyser

The coulometric method ensures accurate and precise results. The analyser is extremely simple to use and therefore it is also suitable for routine measurements not needing any special qualification.

The coulometric technique is used for measuring the thickness of electroplated deposits on a wide variety of substrates such as steel, aluminium, copper, nickel, silver, alloys, some insulators.The coulometric method ensures accurate and precise results. The analyser is extremely simple to use and therefore it is also suitable for routine measurements not needing any special qualification. Moreover, coulometry is the only method allowing the measurement of multi-layer coatings such as chrome, chrome oxide on tin, tin, tin-iron intermetals on steel, etc.<h3>Measuring principle</h3>The fundamental principle is the Faraday’s Law. The method is similar to the electrolytic plating process but here the coating is removed electrochemically from a defined surface area. For this purpose, a piece of the sample is placed to the flow-through measuring cell which is filled with a suitable electrolyte solution and the analysed metal coating is subsequently removed by applying an appropriate current. Hence, metal layers are measured by anodic dissolution, metal oxide layers, such as tin oxide on a tin coating, are measured by cathodic dissolution. The measured sample area is given by the gasket used and it can include 0.2 to 20 cm2. The analysis is performed totally automatically and is controlled by a PC.By applying the Faraday’s Laws, the thickness of a metal layer can be calculated.<h3>The EcaLayer Model 220/220a consists of three major parts:</h3><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:643/961;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_4_ab4b7f6aff.jpg" alt="ISTRAN EcaLayer Metal Layer Analyser - Scheme" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_4_ab4b7f6aff.jpg 104w," sizes="100vw" width="643" height="961"></figure><h4>1. Analytical Unit</h4><h5>Two types of analytical units can be used:</h5><ul><li>Module A for metal coatings and metal oxide layer measurements needing the removal of dissolved oxygen, e.g. tin oxide measurements, and</li><li>Module B for measurements not needing oxygen removal, e.g. tin layer thickness measurements.</li></ul>Module A encloses a unique flow-through analytical cell with the sample as the working electrode, a stainless steel counter and Ag/AgCl reference electrodes, a peristaltic pump, an electromagnetic valve for the gas and a reservoir for the electrolyte solution.Module B is built in the same way but without the gas unit.<h4>2. Control Unit</h4>The control unit comprises a computer controlled potentiostat/galvanostat with a maximum output of 100 mA, 16-bit A/D and D/A converters. The unit is controlled by a microprocessor linked to the PC through a serial line.<h4>3. Computer and software</h4>Any IBM compatible PC can be coupled to the instrument. The user-friendly software facilitates the use without any special knowledge about electrochermistry. GLP facilities such as archiving, printing of reports, selftesting are included.<h3>Function</h3><h4>The metal layer analyser works as follows:</h4><ol><li>The sample is placed into the cell and the cell is closed. The next steps are performed automatically by computer control.</li><li>The cell is filled with the electrolyte from the reservoir. If needed, the electrolyte solution is with an inert gas to remove dissolved oxygen.</li><li>The coating is removed by applying a suitable constant current and the potential of the sample material (i.e. the working electrode) is monitored and registered in the time.</li><li>The electrolyte solution is removed from the cell.</li><li>In the meantime, the registered potential-time dependence is evaluated giving the dissolution time and the layer thickness is calculated automatically.</li><li>The cell is opened and the sample is removed. The whole procedure takes 4 to 8 minutes.</li></ol><h3>Some applications</h3><h5>Measurements of tin coatings on steel</h5>Tin coatings are measured by anodic dissolution in HCl electrolyte solution with currents up to 100 mA. Both the tin and the tin-iron intermetallic layers can be measured in a single run.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:621/342;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_0d2f857bae.jpg" alt="ISTRAN EcaLayer Metal Layer Analyser: Measurements of tin coatings on steel" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_0d2f857bae.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="621" height="342"></figure><h5>Measurement of passivating chromous layers on tin coated steel</h5>The chromium layers are dissolved by anodic oxidation in a phosphate buffer electrolyte solution with currents of few mA.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:645/353;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_2_31bc2b54d5.jpg" alt="ISTRAN EcaLayer Metal Layer Analyser: Measurement of passivating chromous layers on tin coated steel" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_2_31bc2b54d5.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="645" height="353"></figure><h5>Measurement of oxide layers on tin coatings</h5>Oxide layers can be determined by cathodic dissolution in deairated HBr electrolyte solution with currents about -1 mA. Due to the uncertain stoichiometry of the oxide layers, the results are expressed as charge consumed per sample area.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:685/348;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_3_0b111ab468.jpg" alt="ISTRAN EcaLayer Metal Layer Analyser: Measurement of oxide layers on tin coatings" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_3_0b111ab468.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="685" height="348"></figure><h3>Ordering information</h3><h5>EcaLayer Model 220 includes</h5><ul><li>Control Unit</li><li>Flow System with Module A</li><li>Application software</li><li>PC with printer (specified by the customer)</li><li>All necessary cables</li><li>Users manual</li><li>Methodologies according to EN ISO 2177</li></ul><h5>EcaLayer Model 220a includes</h5><ul><li>Control Unit</li><li>Flow System with Module B</li><li>Application software</li><li>PC with printer (specified by the customer)</li><li>All necessary cables</li><li>Users manual</li><li>Methodologies according to EN ISO 2177</li></ul>

Products from category Electroanalytical methods focused on Electrochemistry - page 1

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