<p><strong>Scientists at IOCB Prague are uncovering new details of gene transcription. They have identified a previously unknown molecular mechanism by which the transcription of genetic information from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into ribonucleic acid (RNA) can be initiated. The researchers focused on a specific class of molecules known as alarmones, which are found in cells across a wide range of organisms and whose levels often increase under conditions of cellular stress. The results were published in the prestigious scientific journal </strong><i><strong>Nature Chemical Biology</strong></i><strong>.</strong></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/UOCHB_Vyzkum_z_UOCHB_odhaluje_dosud_nepoznany_zpusob_prepisu_geneticke_informace_bc2bfffa6c.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague/Tomáš Belloň: Research from IOCB Prague reveals a previously unknown mechanism of genetic transcription: Dr. Hana Cahová, head of the Chemical Biology of Nucleic Acids research group." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_UOCHB_Vyzkum_z_UOCHB_odhaluje_dosud_nepoznany_zpusob_prepisu_geneticke_informace_bc2bfffa6c.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="2000" height="1335"></p><div><p>Molecules of ribonucleic acid can carry a variety of chemical modifications at one end, known as caps. In eukaryotic organisms, including human cells, the best-known cap plays an important role in RNA stability and in regulating its subsequent fate. In recent years, however, it has become clear that alternative, non-canonical RNA caps also exist, although their formation and the mechanisms by which they are attached to RNA remain only partially understood. These include alarmone caps, formed by dinucleoside polyphosphate molecules, that protect cellular RNA at moments when the cell is under threat.</p><p>In their study,<strong> </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://cahova.group.uochb.cz/en"><strong>Dr. Hana Cahová</strong></a> and colleagues examined bacterial RNA polymerase and investigated how this enzyme can initiate transcription using dinucleoside polyphosphates (NpNs) instead of the standard RNA building blocks. For the first time, the scientists described, at the atomic level, how RNA bearing an alarmone cap can be generated directly at the initiation of gene transcription. They also observed that NpNs bind through a different type of base pairing than is typically observed.</p><p>The work was significantly shaped by <strong>Valentina Serianni from Hana Cahová’s team</strong>, who demonstrated the ability of dinucleoside polyphosphates to initiate gene transcription, and by <strong>Jana Škerlová</strong>, who focused on the structural analysis of RNA polymerase. Using cryogenic electron microscopy data, she showed how dinucleoside polyphosphate molecules bind within the active site of RNA polymerase – that is, the core of the enzyme where genetic information is transcribed. Together, their findings help to elucidate the processes that accompany the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA.</p><p>Hana Cahová adds: <i>“We’re describing something that truly occurs in cells and that we’re now able to observe directly at the level of individual molecules. This allows us to answer fundamental questions about cellular processes, such as how cells adapt to stress. RNA plays a central role in this, as it carries the cascade of information underlying any cellular response – for example, to threatening conditions caused by nutrient deprivation or temperature shock.”</i></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/UOCHB_Vyzkum_z_UOCHB_odhaluje_dosud_nepoznany_zpusob_prepisu_geneticke_informace_2_0fe88ff9e9.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague/Tomáš Belloň: Research from IOCB Prague reveals a previously unknown mechanism of genetic transcription: Dr. Tomáš Kouba, head of the Cryogenic Electron Microscopy core facility." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_UOCHB_Vyzkum_z_UOCHB_odhaluje_dosud_nepoznany_zpusob_prepisu_geneticke_informace_2_0fe88ff9e9.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="2000" height="1335"></p><div><p>Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) was central to the project. This part of the work was led by<strong> Dr. Tomáš Kouba</strong>, one of the authors of the study. <i>“Cryogenic electron microscopy allows us to freeze biological molecules in a state very close to their natural form and then determine their three-dimensional structure. This makes it possible to look directly into the active centers of enzymes and observe their function down to the atomic level,”</i> he explains.</p><p>Last year, IOCB Prague opened a new <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://cryoem.group.uochb.cz/en"><strong>cryo-EM center</strong></a><strong> </strong>that is unique within the Czech research environment. State-of-the-art cryogenic electron microscopes are housed in a specially designed building and enable the study of biological processes with exceptional structural precision.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/UOCHB_Vyzkum_z_UOCHB_odhaluje_dosud_nepoznany_zpusob_prepisu_geneticke_informace_3_4d881e7a58.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague: Research from IOCB Prague reveals a previously unknown mechanism of genetic transcription: This work shows how NpnNs initiate bacterial transcription. Cryo-EM reveals how nucleobases pair with the template: one in canonical and one in reverse Watson–Crick mode, providing a structural basis for their function as non-canonical RNA caps." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_UOCHB_Vyzkum_z_UOCHB_odhaluje_dosud_nepoznany_zpusob_prepisu_geneticke_informace_3_4d881e7a58.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="2000" height="1077"></p><blockquote><h4><strong>The Original article</strong></h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41589-025-02134-5"><strong>Molecular insight into 5′ RNA capping with Np<sub>n</sub>Ns by bacterial RNA polymerase</strong></a></h4><p>Valentina M. Serianni, Jana Škerlová, Anna Knopp Dubánková, Anton Škríba, Hana Šváchová, Tereza Vučková, Anatolij Filimoněnko, Milan Fábry, Pavlína Řezáčová, Tomáš Kouba &amp; Hana Cahova&nbsp;</p><p>Nat. Chem. Biol. 21 (2026)</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-025-02134-5">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-025-02134-5</a></p><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><strong>CC-BY 4.0</strong></a></h6></blockquote><h4><strong>Abstract</strong></h4><p>RNA capped with dinucleoside polyphosphates has been discovered in bacteria and eukaryotes only recently. The likely mechanism of this specific capping involves direct incorporation of dinucleoside polyphosphates by RNA polymerase as noncanonical initiating nucleotides. However, how these compounds bind into the active site of RNA polymerase during transcription initiation is unknown. Here, we explored transcription initiation in vitro, using a series of DNA templates in combination with dinucleoside polyphosphates and model RNA polymerase from <i>Thermus</i> <i>thermophilus</i>. We observed that the transcription start site can vary on the basis of the compatibility of the specific template and dinucleoside polyphosphate. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of transcription initiation complexes with dinucleoside polyphosphates revealed that both nucleobase moieties can pair with the DNA template. The first encoded nucleotide pairs in a canonical Watson–Crick manner, whereas the second nucleobase pairs noncanonically in a reverse Watson–Crick manner. Our work provides a structural explanation of how dinucleoside polyphosphates initiate RNA transcription.</p></div></div>

Research from IOCB Prague reveals a previously unknown mechanism of genetic transcription

<p><strong>Food adulteration is a phenomenon with a long history that has gained increasing importance in recent years due to the globalization of food supply chains and strong economic pressures. Whether it involves diluting olive oil with cheaper oils, adding sugar to honey, or the hidden use of substitutes in protein supplements, the result is a loss of consumer trust and, in some cases, a potential risk to health. Analytical chemistry plays a key role in this area by providing methods and technologies capable of identifying and quantifying target compounds as well as unwanted impurities in a wide range of food matrices.</strong></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_Praha_Falsovani_potravin_a_jak_ho_odhali_analyticka_chemie_6912db5492.jpg" alt="Watrex: Food Adulteration and How It Is Revealed by Analytical Chemistry" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Watrex_Praha_Falsovani_potravin_a_jak_ho_odhali_analyticka_chemie_6912db5492.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="900"></p><h4><strong>The Role of Chromatography in Forensic Food Analysis</strong></h4><p>Chromatography, particularly liquid chromatography (HPLC), is one of the most effective analytical tools for separating complex mixtures of molecules. It enables:</p><ul><li>qualitative identification of individual components in a sample,</li><li>quantitative determination of their concentrations,</li><li>detection of impurities and unexpected components that may indicate<br>adulteration.</li></ul><p>In practice, HPLC is often combined with various types of detectors (UV/VIS, DAD, refractive index detectors) or with other techniques (e.g., mass spectrometry) to increase selectivity and sensitivity.</p><h4><strong>Isocratic vs. Gradient Elution</strong></h4><p>In the analysis of food samples, chromatographic methods are selected according to the analytical goal:</p><ul><li><strong>Isocratic HPLC </strong>uses a constant mobile phase composition throughout the analysis. It is simple, robust, and ideal for routine determinations of well-defined target analytes (e.g., sugars or vitamins).</li><li><strong>Gradient HPLC</strong> changes the mobile phase composition during separation, enabling better resolution of complex mixtures with a wide range of polarities (e.g., peptides or phenolic compounds).</li></ul><p>Gradient methods are particularly useful when analytes have very different properties and high separation efficiency is required.</p><h4><strong>Watrex Praha and the Contribution of Modern Systems to Food Analysis</strong></h4><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_clanky_HPLCsystemy"><strong>Watrex Praha, s.r.o.</strong></a> is one of the leading Czech manufacturers and distributors of liquid chromatography systems and instruments, with a long tradition dating back to 1990. The company has successfully transformed from a distributor into a manufacturer of its own HPLC and related technologies, focusing on modular, robust systems suitable even for demanding analytical tasks.</p><p>Their <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?manufacturerItems=93&amp;search=streamline"><strong>Streamline™ product line</strong></a><strong> </strong>includes several HPLC system concepts suitable for food analysis:</p><ul><li><strong>Isocratic HPLC system</strong> – a simple yet precise configuration with a single pump, column thermostat, and UV/VIS detector; suitable for routine determination of known analytes (e.g., basic carbohydrates, food additives).</li><li><strong>Binary gradient HPLC system</strong> – equipped with two pumps enabling mobile phase gradient formation, which enhances separation performance for complex mixtures<br>(e.g., phenolic profiles of wine, components of aromatic extracts).</li><li><strong>GPC/SEC system (Gel Permeation / Size Exclusion Chromatography)</strong> – a specialized solution for the determination of macromolecules and polymers, also relevant for the analysis of high-molecular-weight components in foods (e.g., polysaccharides).</li></ul><blockquote><p class="cke-user_style-important"><strong>👉</strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_catalog_2024_ba97395f92.pdf"><strong>Product catalogue HERE</strong></a></p></blockquote><p>Thanks to the modular nature of these systems, analysts can easily adapt the configuration to a specific analytical problem, from simple routine analyses to complex characterization of food samples.</p><h4><strong>Practical Examples of Adulteration Revealed by HPLC</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Detection of olive oil dilution: </strong>HPLC can separate and quantify characteristic triacylglycerols and fatty acids; unusual patterns indicate the presence of cheaper oils.</li><li><strong>Estimation of sugar addition in honey:</strong> Isocratic HPLC with a refractive index detector can determine sugar profiles (glucose, fructose, sucrose), revealing dilution or the addition of sugar syrups.</li><li><strong>Identification of aromatic adulterants in wine:</strong> Gradient HPLC with a PDA detector can reveal phenolic and aromatic profiles that are altered by the addition of synthetic compounds.</li></ul><h4><strong>Conclusion</strong></h4><p>Food adulteration remains a current issue that requires reliable and sensitive analytical methods. Liquid chromatography, and in particular modern HPLC systems, represent one of the most powerful tools for detecting unwanted additives, impurities, and unexpected components in complex food samples. Manufacturers such as <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_clanky_HPLCsystemy"><strong>Watrex Praha</strong></a> provide flexible chromatographic platforms covering a wide range of analytical tasks from simple isocratic to advanced gradient and GPC/SEC applications thereby supporting analysts in ensuring food quality and consumer protection.</p><blockquote><p>Did you find this article interesting? Follow <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_clanky_HPLCsystemy"><strong>Watrex Praha</strong></a> on their social media (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/watrex/?viewAsMember=true"><strong>LinkedIn</strong></a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/WatrexPrague"><strong>Facebook</strong></a>) for more engaging topics.</p></blockquote>

Food Adulteration and How It Is Revealed by Analytical Chemistry

<p><strong>Join us for a fascinating conversation with Dr. Subhoja Chakraborty from the University of Central Florida, whose cutting-edge research targets the global challenge of malaria drug resistance. Dr. Chakraborty shares her journey from structure-based drug design during her PhD to her recent collaborative work repurposing human kinase inhibitors as rapid, selective antimalarials against drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains.</strong></p><h4><strong>In this episode, you'll learn:</strong></h4><ul><li>How structure-guided approaches reveal potential drug targets, including cysteine proteases like falcipain-2, and kinases implicated in malaria's complex life cycle.</li><li>The power of repurposing kinase inhibitors originally developed for cancer and other diseases, focusing on compound 12, which blocks hemozoin formation and protein kinase 6—key steps in parasite survival.</li><li>Lab techniques such as affinity, gel filtration, and size exclusion chromatography for recombinant protein purification—and how troubleshooting is crucial for high-yield, stable complexes.</li><li>Advances in mass spectrometry for characterizing protein interactions, validating drug targets, and mapping molecular pathways pivotal to malaria therapeutics.</li><li>Tips and lessons for new researchers facing the challenges of sample preparation, complex protocols, and working as part of a collaborative team.</li></ul><p>Dr. Chakraborty’s insights bridge the gap between basic science and translational drug discovery, offering hope for more effective, targeted malaria treatments in a world where resistance to frontline therapies threatens millions.</p><h4><strong>Referenced Papers:</strong></h4><ul><li>"Plasmodium falciparum protein kinase 6 and hemozoin formation are inhibited by a type II human kinase inhibitor exhibiting antimalarial activity" (Cell Chemical Biology, 2025)</li><li>"New insights of falcipain 2 structure from Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain" (BBRC, 2022)</li><li>"Structure-Based Optimization of Protease−Inhibitor Interactions to Enhance Specificity of Human Stefin‑A against Falcipain‑2 from the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Strain" (Biochemistry, 2023)</li></ul><p>If you’re a student, scientist, or simply passionate about advances in infectious disease research, this episode offers actionable insights, inspiring advice, and a front-row seat to innovation in combating malaria.</p><h3><strong>Video Transcription</strong></h3><h4><strong>From Structural Biology to Drug Discovery: Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry in Malaria Research</strong></h4><h5><strong>Introduction</strong></h5><p>In this discussion, Subhoja shares insights into her research journey, focusing on malaria drug discovery and the role of modern analytical techniques in biological and biomedical research. The conversation is aimed primarily at undergraduate students and early-career researchers interested in chemistry, biotechnology, and life sciences.</p><h5><strong>Research Focus: Malaria Drug Discovery and Kinase Targets</strong></h5><p>Subhoja is currently involved in malaria drug discovery research at the University of Central Florida, where she has been working since beginning her postdoctoral position two years ago. Her earlier PhD research focused on structure-based drug design in malaria, using a combination of in silico approaches, recombinant protein expression, and X-ray crystallography to determine precise three-dimensional structures of target proteins and their inhibitors.</p><p>This structural perspective provided a foundation for her current work, which centers on drug discovery through compound screening and repurposing. A recent publication from her laboratory explores the use of repurposed mammalian CDK-like kinase inhibitors as potential antimalarial agents. While such kinase inhibitors are well known in cancer and cardiovascular research, their application to malaria targets represents a novel and promising approach.</p><p>Kinases are attractive drug targets because of their central role in cell signaling and growth pathways. By targeting specific kinases involved in different stages of the malaria parasite life cycle—whether asexual growth, gametocytogenesis, or differentiation—it may be possible to significantly inhibit parasite growth and progression.</p><h5><strong>Chromatography in Protein Expression and Purification Workflows</strong></h5><p>Chromatography plays a critical role throughout Subhoja’s research. Her experience spans from basic chromatography techniques during her early training to advanced protein purification workflows using affinity chromatography, gel filtration (size exclusion chromatography), and ion exchange chromatography.</p><p>Recombinant proteins are routinely purified using affinity resins such as nickel or cobalt, followed by further purification to remove contaminants. Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) enables compact, stepwise purification workflows suitable for producing proteins for in vitro assays.</p><p>A recurring challenge in this process is the expression of high-molecular-weight proteins, which often accumulate in insoluble fractions or inclusion bodies. Careful selection of expression vectors, host systems, and induction conditions is therefore essential to maximize yield and solubility.</p><h5><strong>Integrating Size Exclusion Chromatography into the Workflow</strong></h5><p>Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is typically used after affinity purification to further improve protein purity. Following elution with imidazole or glutathione, desalting is required to prevent buffer components from interfering with downstream assays. This is often achieved using desalting columns such as G-25 or PD-10.</p><p>To remove lower-molecular-weight contaminants, finer SEC media—such as Superdex or Sephacryl columns—are employed. Concentration steps using molecular-weight cut-off filters are then applied to obtain the desired protein concentration for functional studies.</p><p>These iterative purification and troubleshooting steps are a routine part of protein biochemistry and reflect the importance of methodical optimization and careful validation.</p><h5><strong>The Role of Mass Spectrometry in Biomolecular Characterization</strong></h5><p>Mass spectrometry is a key analytical tool in Subhoja’s research pipeline, particularly for target identification and validation. In both malaria and cancer research, MS is used alongside chromatography, immunoprecipitation, and pull-down assays to study protein interactions and molecular recognition events.</p><p>Affinity-based mass spectrometry enables the identification of binding partners and interactors, whether studying proteins, long non-coding RNAs, or protein complexes. Techniques such as native MS, tandem affinity purification, and proximity labeling (e.g., TurboID-based workflows) provide deeper insights into molecular networks and signaling pathways.</p><p>These approaches are essential for understanding how candidate drug targets function within complex biological systems.</p><h5><strong>Sample Preparation Challenges in Biological Research</strong></h5><p>Sample preparation remains one of the most challenging aspects of biological experimentation. Whole-cell lysates contain proteases, nucleases, and other components that can rapidly degrade target molecules. Preventing degradation requires minimizing preparation time, maintaining low temperatures, and using appropriate inhibitor cocktails.</p><p>Reproducibility is also critical: biological experiments require multiple replicates, and variability is often unavoidable. Careful handling, protocol optimization, and continuous troubleshooting are essential to ensure reliable results, whether preparing samples for chromatography, mass spectrometry, sequencing, or immunoprecipitation.</p><h5><strong>Advances in Chromatography and MS for Malaria Research</strong></h5><p>Modern advances in chromatography and mass spectrometry significantly enhance malaria research by enabling precise target identification, quantification, and functional characterization. Drug discovery workflows begin with construct design and recombinant expression, followed by purification and interaction studies.</p><p>In malaria research, stage-specific parasite biology requires careful extraction and analysis of proteins from different life cycle stages. Tandem affinity MS, immunoprecipitation, and in vivo validation studies help confirm target relevance and therapeutic potential.</p><p>Recent work on repurposed kinase inhibitors has shown promising results, including inhibition of hemozoin formation—a key detoxification pathway for the malaria parasite—highlighting the potential of such compounds for further development.</p><h5><strong>Malaria, Drug Resistance, and Global Impact</strong></h5><p>Malaria remains a major global health burden, with over 600,000 deaths annually and widespread drug resistance complicating treatment. Artemisinin resistance, particularly associated with mutations in the K13 propeller domain, has driven the search for new targets and therapies.</p><p>During her PhD, Subhoja focused on falcipain-2, a cysteine protease involved in hemoglobin degradation within the parasite. This pathway is critical for parasite survival and has emerged as a promising drug target. Her work revealed that falcipain-2 operates within a larger protein complex responsible for hemoglobin processing and amino acid release.</p><p>Understanding these molecular mechanisms is essential for developing robust, stage-specific antimalarial strategies.</p><h5><strong>Advice for Early-Career Researchers</strong></h5><p>For researchers just starting out, Subhoja emphasizes the importance of hands-on experience. Working directly with cells, lysates, and analytical tools is essential for truly understanding experimental systems. Failure is an inherent part of research, and perseverance is key.</p><p>Motivation, teamwork, careful sample handling, and thorough preparation all contribute to long-term success. Reading extensively, critically evaluating one’s own work, and appreciating incremental progress are vital aspects of a sustainable research career.</p><p>Every successful experiment—no matter how small—represents meaningful progress and contributes to the broader goals of science and medicine.</p><h5><strong>Closing Remarks</strong></h5><p>The discussion highlights how interdisciplinary approaches combining chromatography, mass spectrometry, structural biology, and biochemistry are driving advances in malaria drug discovery. Through careful experimental design, analytical rigor, and collaborative teamwork, researchers can address complex biological challenges and contribute to global health solutions.</p><blockquote><p><strong>This text has been automatically transcribed from a video presentation using AI technology. It may contain inaccuracies and is not guaranteed to be 100% correct.</strong></p></blockquote><blockquote><h4><strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast</strong></h4><p>Dive into the frontiers of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation with host David Oliva. Each episode features candid conversations with leading researchers, industry innovators, and passionate scientists who are shaping the future of analytical chemistry. From decoding PFAS detection challenges to exploring the latest in AI-assisted liquid chromatography, this show uncovers practical workflows, sustainability breakthroughs, and the real-world impact of separation science. Whether you’re a chromatographer, lab professional, or researcher you'll discover inspiring content!</p><p>You can find <strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast </strong>in podcast apps:</p><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/1wZg67rCjoGju4yhqxI3tL"><strong>Spotify</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/tz/podcast/concentrating-on-chromatography/id1788429185"><strong>Apple podcast</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podscan.fm/podcasts/concentrating-on-chromatography"><strong>podscan</strong></a></li></ul><p>and on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@ChromatographyTalk/videos"><strong>YouTube channel</strong></a></p></blockquote>

Affinity, Gel Filtration, Size Exclusion Chromatography: Repurposing Kinase Inhibitors for Malaria

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The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IOCB Prague) is a leading scientific institution in the Czech Republic, recognized internationally. Its primary mission is basic research in the fields of chemical biology and medicinal chemistry, organic and material oriented chemistry, chemistry of natural compounds, biochemistry and molecular biology, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, and analytical chemistry. 

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences

Organomation, founded in 1959, designs and manufactures high-quality nitrogen evaporators and extraction systems. Known for innovation and durability, their lab instruments are used globally for efficient sample preparation with strong customer support.

Organomation

WATREX Prague is the distributor and producer of HPLC techniques in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Main Chromatografic and Related Techniques Supported: LC, GPC, IC, IEC, Automated SPE, LC Columns and special column packings, LC method development, Software development, Laboratory Robots.

Watrex Praha

Watrex Streamline GPC system

GPC system is an isocratic HPLC system consisting of one P1 pump, CT1i column thermostat with manual injector and RI1 refractive index detector.

<p><strong>GPC system is an isocratic HPLC system consisting of one P1 pump, CT1i column thermostat with manual injector and RI1 refractive index detector.</strong></p><h3><strong>FEATURES</strong></h3><ul><li>Optimized pump mechanics of P1 pump with parallel piston design offers excellent flow rate accuracy and low RI signal pulsation.</li><li>The thermal isolated optic with a counter-current heat exchanger and programmable temperature control, results in an extremly stable baseline and an optimal Signal/Noise ratio od RI1.</li><li>The system can be upgraded with autosampler and fraction collector, or VD 400 Viscometer Detector.</li><li>Data acquisition, processing and instrument control is done by Clarity Chromatography Station with GPC option or Agilent TriSEC software.</li></ul><h3><strong>TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION</strong></h3><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/?s=streamline+p1+pump&amp;post_type=product&amp;dgwt_wcas=1?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty"><strong>P1 HPLC pump: Flow Rates</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/obchod/chromatography/detectors/other-hplc-detectors/streamline-ri1-detector/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty"><strong>RI1 refractive index detector</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/obchod/chromatography/column-thermostats/streamline-ct1-columm-thermostat/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty"><strong>CT1 Column thermostat</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/999"><strong>Clarity™ Chromatography Station</strong></a></li></ul><h5><strong>COMPONENT SPECIFICATION - P1 HPLC pump: Flow Rates</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Flow Rates:</strong> 0.001 to 10.000 mL/min</li><li><strong>Pressure:</strong> 0 to 6,000 psi (42 MPa)</li><li><strong>Flow precision:</strong> &gt; 0.2% RSD</li><li><strong>Flow accuracy:</strong> ± 1 % @ 1mL/min and 7 MPa,</li><li><strong>Pressure accuracy:</strong> ± 2% of full-scale, with 80:20 H2O/IPA @ 7 MPa</li><li><strong>Pulsation:</strong> ± 0.5 % @ 1mL/min and 7 MPa</li><li><strong>Remote inputs:</strong> USB</li></ul><h5><strong>COMPONENT SPECIFICATION - RI1 refractive index detector</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Light Source:</strong> Long-life LED</li><li><strong>Refractive index Range:</strong> 1.00 - 1.75 RIU</li><li><strong>Baseline Noise:</strong> ± 2.5 nRIU</li><li><strong>Baseline Drift:</strong> 200 nRIU/h</li><li><strong>Linearity:</strong> &gt; 1000 μRIU</li><li><strong>Flow cell pressure resistance:</strong> 5 bar</li><li><strong>Flow cell volume:</strong> 15 μl</li><li><strong>Time constant:</strong> 0.00/0.01/0.02/0.05/0.1/0.2/0.5/1.0/2.0/5.0/10.0 s</li><li><strong>Analog Output:</strong> 1x 0-2.5V</li><li><strong>Outputs:</strong> Event 1, Start (OUT), Error (OUT), + 5 V, 24 V Valve</li></ul><h5><strong>COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONS - CT1 Column thermostat</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Temperature range:</strong> 10 °C above ambient temperature to 100 °C</li><li><strong>Temperature accuracy:</strong> max. 0,5 % of actual temperature</li><li><strong>Temperature stability:</strong> RSD &lt; 0,4 %</li><li><strong>Settability:</strong> 0,1 °C</li><li><strong>Internal dimensions:</strong> 320 x 50 x 30 mm (L x W x H)</li><li><strong>Compartment material:</strong> PTFE coated metal</li><li><strong>Compartment connection:</strong> USB</li><li><strong>Control:</strong> build-in color touch panel, datasystem</li></ul><h5><strong>COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONS - </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/999"><strong>Clarity™ Chromatography Station:</strong></a></h5><p>Advanced chromatographic datastation for data acquisition and evaluation supported with <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1004"><strong>GPC module for MWD, Mw, Mn, Mz calculation</strong></a>. Enables rutine separations with pre-set methods, containing all experimental and conditions and data evaluation settings. PC Win 10 Professional with LCD monitor included.</p><h3><strong>Ordering information:</strong></h3><h5><strong>PN/Component:</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>SGPC01-001</strong> Streamline™ manual GPC system with Refractive index detector (Includes P1 pump, RI1 detector, CT1i column thermostat with manual injector, solvent rack, Clarity PC station)</li></ul><p><strong>Optional configurations:</strong></p><ul><li><strong>ST99-002</strong> Remove CT1i column thermostat with manual injector from system</li><li><strong>SAS90-001</strong> Add AS1 Autosampler to system</li><li><strong>SFC90-001</strong> Add FC1 Fraction collector to system</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA GPC/SEC Systems

AZURA® SEC is KNAUER's line of GPC and SEC systems that offer solutions for different applications and labs. These systems can analyze, separate and fractionate sample components based on size and molecular weight. 

<p><strong>AZURA<sup>®</sup> SEC is KNAUER's line of GPC and SEC systems</strong> that offer solutions for different applications and labs. These systems can analyze, separate and fractionate sample components based on size and molecular weight, making them useful for industries such as polymer, food, biochemistry, and pharmaceuticals, as well as research.</p><p>The systems come in different variants, each tailored to specific lab needs, such as the <strong>AZURA SEC</strong> Compact for budget-friendly solutions or the &nbsp;Lab for highest analytical performance.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_Systems_Application_areas_caaeb1284f.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA GPC/SEC Systems - Application areas" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_Systems_Application_areas_caaeb1284f.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="1204" height="1204"></p><h3><strong>GPC/SEC&nbsp; – Principles and parameters</strong></h3><h4><strong>Principle of GPC/SEC</strong></h4><h5><strong>How does GPC/SEC work?</strong></h5><p>Gel Permeation Chromatography (<strong>GPC</strong>) and&nbsp;Size Exclusion Chromatography (<strong>SEC</strong>) separate&nbsp;analytes by size using special columns with a porous matrix. The basic separation principle relies on the fact that smaller molecules will be more likely to enter those pores, making their travel time through the matrix longer than that of larger molecules. Separations (typically of a mixture of polymers, polysaccharides or biomolecules) are facilitated by choosing optimal particle and pore sizes, as well as column length. GPC/SEC is often used in quality control and R&amp;D.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_System_principle_gpc_00e63025c7.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA GPC/SEC Systems - principle of GPC" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_System_principle_gpc_00e63025c7.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="648" height="232"></p><h4><strong>GPC, SEC or GFC</strong></h4><h5><strong>Terminology in GPC/SEC</strong></h5><p>Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and Gel Filtration Chromatography (GFC) &nbsp;all essentially describe the same methodology, but the term GPC tends to be used in polymer chemistry by those working with aggressive, organic solvents, while SEC and GFC are more commonly used by those separating biomolecules using aqueous solvents (buffers) or to reflect the use of aqueous buffers in polymer separations. Systems with organic solvents or aqueous-based solvents present some inherent challenges.</p><p>The solvents used in polymer analysis are chosen for their ability to dissolve polymeric substances – and therefore may damage certain components of a device. And the use of salt buffers in SEC is harmful to metal components of the system. Hence, all liquid-contacting system components, from the valves and seals to tubing, must be carefully considered when developing such systems.</p><h4><strong>What does GPC require?</strong></h4><h5><strong>What do I need for GPC?</strong></h5><p>GPC columns are typically long and runs are performed at&nbsp;low flow rates of up to 1 ml/min and at low (&lt;100 bar) pressures. For the precise molecular weight determination, which is the goal of most GPC/SEC users, a good isocratic pump is essential for a steady baseline. Also a degasser suitable for a wide range of partly highly aggressive solvents is very important to ensure reproducible results. Additionally, temperature is crucial for many GPC applications so a thermostat to control the column temperature is essential.</p><p>Due to the often very aggressive media used in polymer analysis, all wetted parts need to be compatible with the used solvent. Depending on the polymer it is important to keep this in mind when configuring a GPC system.</p><h4><strong>What is GPC Cleanup?</strong></h4><p>GPC Cleanup is a sample preparation method based on gel permeation chromatography (GPC). It is primarily employed for performing general cleanup tasks on a wide range of sample matrices such as foodstuffs, tissues, plants, and environmental samples. High-weight molecular substances, such as lipids, proteins, natural resins, cellular components, and steroids, interfering with subsequent analysis e.g. of pesticides are efficiently removed.</p><h3><strong>Components for GPC/SEC systems</strong></h3><h5><span lang="EN-GB"><strong>Columns</strong></span></h5><p><span lang="EN-GB">Columns GPC/SEC separation efficiency is driven by long columns with large diameters, and the matrix is often based on porous silica or polymer material – the pore size determines the molecular weight range of the separation, and columns with different pore sizes are determines the molecular&nbsp; weight range of the separation, and columns with different pore sizes are combined to broaden separation and increase resolution.</span></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_System_Column_af59e0a074.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA GPC/SEC Systems- Column" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_System_Column_af59e0a074.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="699"></p><h5><span lang="EN-GB"><strong>Software</strong></span></h5><p><span lang="EN-GB">The main goals are the determination of molar mass averages and the distribution of molar masses, which is performer through calibration using general standards with molar masses in a given range. Many chromatography data systems (CDS) are incapable of processing this data. With the GPC/SEC extension to our well-known ClarityChrom CDS software we offer our customers the possibility to continue working with a familiar software.</span></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Clarity_Chrom_Workstation_7ed6c2cb72.jpg" alt="Knauer: ClarityChrom Workstation" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Clarity_Chrom_Workstation_7ed6c2cb72.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="839" height="495"></p><h5><span lang="EN-GB"><strong>Extensions</strong></span></h5><p><span lang="EN-GB">AZURA also affords customers the flexibility to extend their GPC/ SEC systems with autosamplers, valves, feed pumps, and column thermostats. In fact, many GPC runs are conducted at higher temperatures (&lt;60°C), so the AZURA column thermostat is of great interest.</span></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Column_selection_and_thermostat_567c35ab61.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA GPC/SEC Systems - column thermostats" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Column_selection_and_thermostat_567c35ab61.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1700" height="881"></p><h5><span lang="EN-GB"><strong>Pumps</strong></span></h5><p><span lang="EN-GB">GPC/SEC analyses necessitate lower flow rates and lower pressure than HPLC. GPC/SEC runs are conducted isocratically, so a good isocratic pump is essential for a steady baseline. The AZURA excellent isocratic pump has been optimized to meet the requirements of GPC applications.</span></p><p><span lang="EN-GB"><strong>Options:</strong></span></p><ul><li><span lang="EN-GB">Normal phase</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB">Aqueous eluents</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB">Reversed phase pump with integrated solvent selection valve and degasser</span></li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_High_pressure_gradient_HPLC_pump_AZURA_P_6_1_L_High_Pressure_Pump_with_10_ml_pump_head_stainless_steel_b7d7d07d6c.jpg" alt="Knauer: AZURA GPC/SEC Systems - pumps" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_High_pressure_gradient_HPLC_pump_AZURA_P_6_1_L_High_Pressure_Pump_with_10_ml_pump_head_stainless_steel_b7d7d07d6c.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="627"></p><h5><span lang="EN-GB"><strong>Detectors</strong></span></h5><p><span lang="EN-GB">Our AZURA RI detector has been optimized for a better performance with organic solvents. Especially we have worked on significantly lower the drift with THF.</span></p><p><span lang="EN-GB">Yu can alternatively choose between our UV/VIS detectors, variable single wavelength, multi- wavelength, or diode array.</span></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_System_AZURA_RID_2_1_2_13953c7ec5.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA GPC/SEC Systems - RID 2.1 detector" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_System_AZURA_RID_2_1_2_13953c7ec5.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1066" height="438"></p>

KNAUER AZURA® Bio Compact SEC FPLC System

AZURA Compact SEC systems handle time-consuming SEC methods in your lab without occupying your valuable FPLC system.

<p class="cke-user_style-important"><strong>KNAUER protein purification: </strong>The flexible FPLC platform</p><p><strong>AZURA® Bio purification systems&nbsp;</strong></p><p>complete solutions for FPLC on a minimum footprint: AZURA FPLC systems combine flexibility and reliability. The biocompatible/metal-free FPLC is the perfect choice for your protein purification task.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_6_a874551078.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Compact AC FPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_6_a874551078.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1506" height="600"></p><p data-start="0" data-end="257">Design your AZURA Bio purification system to fit your needs. Multiple functionalities such as automatic sample injection via autosampler, column switching, buffer and sample selection, and fraction collection enable automation of the purification process.</p><p data-start="259" data-end="530" data-is-last-node="" data-is-only-node="">A wide range of detectors ensures the visibility of target molecules. Various flow rates and compatibility with columns from all vendors provide maximum flexibility. The intuitive <strong data-start="439" data-end="455">PurityChrom®</strong> software integrates all the advantages of a versatile purification system.</p><h3><strong>AZURA® Bio Compact </strong><font style="color:rgb(29, 29, 31);"><span style="animation-delay:0.25s;animation-name:o_anim_fade_in;animation-play-state:running;visibility:visible;"><strong>SEC FPLC System</strong></span></font></h3><h4><font style="color:rgb(29, 29, 31);"><span style="animation-delay:0.25s;animation-name:o_anim_fade_in;animation-play-state:running;visibility:visible;"><strong>For Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)</strong></span></font></h4><p data-start="0" data-end="249"><strong>AZURA Compact SEC</strong> systems take over time-consuming SEC methods in your lab without blocking your valuable FPLC system. Due to its compact design and intuitive FPLC <strong>software PurityChrom®</strong>, the system offers outstanding performance and ease of use.&nbsp;</p><p data-start="0" data-end="249"><strong>Pre-designed methods </strong>are included in the software for the designated SEC system and can be easily adapted by changing the column volume.<strong> AZURA Compact SEC</strong> supports <strong>all columns available on the market</strong>.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_SEC_FPLC_System_4_f5efb08061.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Compact SEC FPLC System " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_SEC_FPLC_System_4_f5efb08061.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1358" height="540"></p><h3><strong>Key features</strong></h3><ul><li data-start="93" data-end="157"><strong data-start="95" data-end="108">Flow rate</strong>: 0.001–10 ml/min (recommended: 0.1–8.0 ml/min)</li><li data-start="158" data-end="197"><strong data-start="160" data-end="187">Maximum system pressure</strong>: 50 bar</li><li data-start="198" data-end="276"><strong data-start="200" data-end="220">Injection system</strong>: Injection valve for sample injection via sample loop</li><li data-start="277" data-end="347"><strong data-start="279" data-end="292">Detection</strong>: Variable single wavelength UV detector (190–500 nm)</li><li data-start="348" data-end="423"><strong data-start="350" data-end="373">Fraction collection</strong>: Fraction collector for automated fractionation</li><li data-start="424" data-end="522"><strong data-start="426" data-end="450">Column compatibility</strong>: Supports columns from all vendors, including third-party SEC columns</li><li data-start="523" data-end="611"><strong data-start="525" data-end="537">Software</strong>: Intuitive and powerful PurityChrom® software, 21 CFR Part 11 compliant</li><li data-start="612" data-end="780"><strong data-start="614" data-end="631">System design</strong>:<ul data-start="637" data-end="780"><li data-start="637" data-end="666">Isocratic buffer delivery</li><li data-start="669" data-end="687">Loop injection</li><li data-start="690" data-end="734">Wide range of collection racks available</li><li data-start="737" data-end="780">Specially designed for SEC applications</li></ul></li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_SEC_FPLC_System_3_7a4bc1f60b.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Compact SEC FPLC System " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_SEC_FPLC_System_3_7a4bc1f60b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1920" height="1152"></p><p><strong>Don't use your valuable gradient FPLC system for boring and time-consuming size exclusion separations. Choose your dedicated AZURA SEC system.</strong></p><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:690/490;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_SEC_FPLC_System_45d5079064.webp" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Compact SEC FPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_SEC_FPLC_System_45d5079064.webp 220w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="490"></figure><p>With its compact design and intuitive software, the system offers excellent performance, ease of use and <strong>supports all SEC columns</strong> available on the market.​</p>

KNAUER AZURA® SEC Compact System

The AZURA SEC Compact systems provide excellent price-to-performance value, ideal for labs entering GPC/SEC, process control, or those with limited budgets and educational needs.

<h3><strong>Compact, versatile system for SEC and GPC applications&nbsp;</strong></h3><p data-start="0" data-end="257">The <strong>AZURA SEC Compact systems</strong> offer an outstanding price-to-performance ratio and are the perfect solution for every laboratory entering the analytical world of <strong>GPC/SEC</strong>, for process control applications, or for limited-budget and educational laboratories.</p><p data-start="259" data-end="530">The heart of the systems is the <strong data-start="290" data-end="312">Assistant ASM 2.2</strong><strong>L</strong> is a docking station for three compact devices. Valves, pumps and UV detectors can be combined in one housing. Routine maintenance work e.g. replacing the lamp of a detector is easily performed by the user.</p><p data-start="532" data-end="631">Thanks to its modular concept the systems can be extended with additional components at any time later.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Compact_System_3_313d153f48.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® SEC Compact System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Compact_System_3_313d153f48.jpg 237w," sizes="100vw" width="1009" height="664"></p><h3 data-start="857" data-end="879"><strong data-start="861" data-end="877">Key Features</strong></h3><ul data-start="880" data-end="1168"><li data-start="880" data-end="914"><strong data-start="882" data-end="895">Flow rate</strong>: 0.001–10 ml/min</li><li data-start="915" data-end="946"><strong data-start="917" data-end="929">Pressure</strong>: Up to 400 bar</li><li data-start="947" data-end="997"><strong data-start="949" data-end="995">Intuitive operation with maximum precision</strong></li><li><strong data-start="1000" data-end="1040">Injection via valve drive for minimal pressure spikes</strong></li><li data-start="1043" data-end="1095"><strong data-start="1045" data-end="1093">Supports a wide range of SEC and GPC columns</strong></li><li data-start="1096" data-end="1128"><strong data-start="1098" data-end="1126">Dedicated SEC/GPC ClarityChrom<sup>®</sup> add-on for in-depth data evaluation</strong></li><li data-start="1129" data-end="1168"><strong data-start="1131" data-end="1166">Expandable, space-saving design</strong></li><li data-start="1129" data-end="1168"><strong data-start="1131" data-end="1166">Suitable for organic and aqueous eluents</strong></li></ul><h3 data-start="1175" data-end="1219"><strong data-start="1179" data-end="1217">System Components &amp; Configurations</strong></h3><ul data-start="1220" data-end="1486"><li data-start="1220" data-end="1242">Isocratic pump</li><li data-start="1243" data-end="1270">UV and RI detectors</li><li data-start="1271" data-end="1296">Column thermostat</li><li data-start="1297" data-end="1335">Automatic injection (optional)</li><li data-start="1336" data-end="1393">ClarityChrom® add-on for in-depth data evaluation</li><li data-start="1394" data-end="1486">Choose a hardware version for aqueous SEC of biomolecules or organic GPC of polymers</li></ul><h3 data-start="1493" data-end="1520"><strong data-start="1497" data-end="1518">Detection Options</strong></h3><ul data-start="1521" data-end="1555"><li data-start="1521" data-end="1555">RI, UV, ELSD, PDA, FLD, MS</li></ul><h3 data-start="1562" data-end="1587"><strong data-start="1566" data-end="1585">Upgrade Options</strong></h3><ul data-start="1588" data-end="1745"><li data-start="1588" data-end="1649">Automatic solvent recycle valve (cost-saving feature)</li><li data-start="1650" data-end="1666">Degasser</li><li data-start="1667" data-end="1686">Autosampler</li><li data-start="1687" data-end="1745">Additional detectors (RI, UV, ELSD, PDA, FLD, ECD)</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:1886/1452;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Compact_System_3c56c6482f.webp" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® SEC Compact System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Compact_System_3c56c6482f.webp 203w," sizes="100vw" width="1886" height="1452"></figure>

KNAUER AZURA® SEC Lab System

The AZURA SEC Lab systems are ideal for labs requiring top analytical performance, offering unmatched flow precision and ultra-low pulsation for exceptional retention volume accuracy and reproducibility.

<h3><strong>Highest analytical performance and robustness for SEC and GPC applications</strong></h3><p>The <strong>AZURA SEC Lab</strong> systems are the perfect choice for laboratories that demands highest analytical performance. The system shows <strong>unsurpassed flow precision</strong> paired with <strong>ultra-low pulsation</strong> for outstanding retention volume precision and reproducibility.</p><p>The autosampler can inject from up to <strong>768 positions</strong> via microtiter plates or <strong>108 standard 1.5 ml sample vials</strong> and is therefore the perfect choice for larger sample amount as well as for high sample throughput laboratories. Thanks to the reliable and robust design it is the workhorse in any laboratory.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Lab_System_e161ecef84.webp" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® SEC Lab System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Lab_System_e161ecef84.webp 203w," sizes="100vw" width="1886" height="1452"></p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li><strong data-start="882" data-end="895">Injection volume</strong>: 1 –1000 µl&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Easy maintenance</strong></li><li>Great selection of <strong>SEC/GPC columns</strong></li><li><strong>Unsurpassed flow precision </strong>paired with <strong>ultra-low pulsation</strong> for</li><li>Highest analytical performance</li><li>Suitable for <strong>organic </strong>and <strong>aqueous eluents</strong></li><li><strong>Highest level of automation</strong></li><li>Choose the <strong>matching hardware</strong> version for aqueous <strong>SEC of biomolecules</strong> or organic <strong>GPC of polymers</strong></li></ul><h3><strong>Upgrade Options</strong></h3><ul><li>Save operating costs with an <strong>automatic solvent recycle valve</strong></li><li>Degasser</li><li>Detector (<strong>RI, UV, ELSD, PDA, FLD, ECD</strong>)</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Lab_System_2_2cbe13a95d.webp" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® SEC Lab System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Lab_System_2_2cbe13a95d.webp 234w," sizes="100vw" width="953" height="635"><br><strong>All wetted parts are available in either bioinert materials or for standard phase solvents.</strong></p>

KNAUER AZURA® SEC Semi-Prep System

The AZURA SEC Semi-prep systems enable fractionation of specific molecular weight ranges or purification tasks, with a pump delivering up to 50 ml/min, making it ideal for all semi-preparative GPC/SEC columns.

<h3><strong>Automated system for semi-preparative SEC and GPC</strong></h3><p>The <strong>AZURA SEC Semi-prep </strong>systems offer the possibility of fractionating specific molecular weight ranges or purification tasks. The pump can deliver flow rates of up to <strong>50 ml/min </strong>and is therefore suitable for every semi-preparative <strong>GPC/SEC column</strong>.</p><p>Thanks to the modular concept of the AZURA platform and the dedicated <strong>PurityChrom® software</strong>, the systems can be highly adapted to any separation task.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Semi_Prep_System_12215b2eda.webp" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® SEC Semi-Prep System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Semi_Prep_System_12215b2eda.webp 203w," sizes="100vw" width="1886" height="1452"></p><h3><strong>Fraction Collection</strong></h3><p><strong>Collect large quantities or large numbers of fractions:</strong></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list 36.0pt;"><strong>Manually </strong>– collection by direct control</li><li style="tab-stops:list 36.0pt;"><strong>Volume-based</strong> – collection at defined volumes</li><li style="tab-stops:list 36.0pt;"><strong>Peak-based</strong> – collection according to detector signal</li><li style="tab-stops:list 36.0pt;">From switching valve to fraction collector solutions</li></ul><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li data-start="70" data-end="134"><strong data-start="72" data-end="91">Modular concept</strong> for any separation and purification task</li><li data-start="135" data-end="169"><strong data-start="137" data-end="151">Flow rates</strong>: 0.01–50 ml/min</li><li data-start="170" data-end="249"><strong data-start="172" data-end="193">Injection options</strong>: Manual or autosampler (up to 10 ml injection volume)</li><li data-start="250" data-end="320"><strong data-start="252" data-end="276">Eluent compatibility</strong>: Suitable for organic and aqueous eluents</li><li data-start="321" data-end="390"><strong data-start="323" data-end="343">Column selection</strong>: Wide range of SEC and GPC columns available</li><li data-start="563" data-end="649"><strong data-start="565" data-end="588">Efficiency features</strong>: Automatic solvent recycle valve to reduce operating costs</li><li data-start="650" data-end="757"><strong data-start="652" data-end="672">Hardware options</strong>: Choose a version for <strong data-start="695" data-end="725">aqueous SEC (biomolecules)</strong> or <strong data-start="729" data-end="755" data-is-only-node="">organic GPC (polymers)</strong></li><li data-start="758" data-end="813"><strong data-start="760" data-end="780">Software options</strong>: ClarityChrom® or PurityChrom®</li></ul><h3><strong>Available Detectors for Semi-prep</strong></h3><p>The<strong> AZURA SEC Semi-prep </strong>systems can be equipped with a dedicated<strong> high-flow RI detector</strong> that can be used up to <strong>10 ml/min</strong> as well as with the <strong>UV Detectors UVD 2.1S</strong> and <strong>UVD 2.1L</strong>.</p>

KNAUER AZURA® GPC Cleanup System

Do not waste time and labor with manual sample preparation. The AZURA GPC Cleanup system automates work-intensive and time-consuming cleanup tasks based on gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

<h3><strong>Save time with automatic sample preparation</strong></h3><p>Do not waste time and labor with manual sample preparation. The <strong>AZURA GPC Cleanup </strong>system automates work-intensive and time-consuming cleanup tasks based on gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Further, reproducibility and quality of the cleanup are improved.</p><p>After sample loading, the dedicated system fully automated processes up to <strong>15 samples</strong> while requiring minimal bench space. Based on the versatile AZURA device platform the system can be customized to fulfill individual requirements. The cost-effective software <strong>Mobile Control </strong>provides a touch-optimized user interface for intuitive device control directly at the system.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_Cleanup_System_224a241335.webp" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® GPC Cleanup System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_Cleanup_System_224a241335.webp 203w," sizes="100vw" width="1886" height="1452"></p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li data-start="69" data-end="102"><strong data-start="71" data-end="84">Flow rate</strong>: 0.01–10 ml/min</li><li data-start="103" data-end="169"><strong data-start="105" data-end="133">Enhanced reproducibility</strong> – consistent and reliable results</li><li data-start="170" data-end="214"><strong data-start="172" data-end="212">Handles viscous and complex matrices</strong></li><li data-start="215" data-end="269"><strong data-start="217" data-end="267">Fully automated processing of up to 15 samples</strong></li><li data-start="270" data-end="320"><strong data-start="272" data-end="318">Supports AOAC, EPA, and European Standards</strong></li><li data-start="321" data-end="365"><strong data-start="323" data-end="363">Adaptable to specific lab procedures</strong></li><li data-start="366" data-end="405"><strong data-start="368" data-end="403">Compact, space-efficient system</strong></li><li data-start="406" data-end="466"><strong data-start="408" data-end="464">Touch-optimized Mobile Control for device management</strong></li><li data-start="467" data-end="551"><strong data-start="469" data-end="549">Automated workflows for streamlined sample preparation and higher efficiency</strong></li><li data-start="552" data-end="606"><strong data-start="554" data-end="581">Optimized cleanup tasks</strong> for better performance</li><li data-start="607" data-end="658"><strong data-start="609" data-end="656">Easily adaptable for different applications</strong></li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_Cleanup_System_2_27867ae999.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® GPC Cleanup System: Chromatogram of US EPA method 3640A calibration standard containing 1) Corn oil matrix 2) Bis-(2-ethylhexyl)phalate 3) Methoxychlor 4) Perylene." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_Cleanup_System_2_27867ae999.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1247" height="626"></p><p><strong>In accordance with established methods to determine pesticide residues</strong></p><ul><li><strong>Method 984.21</strong> – AOAC international</li><li><strong>EPA SW-846 Method 3640A </strong>– US Environmental Protection Agency</li><li><strong>AEN 12393 and EN 1528</strong> – European Standard</li><li><strong>L 00.00-34 </strong>Method in accordance with §64 LFGB (formerly § 35 LMBG)</li></ul>

Waters ACQUITY Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) System

The ACQUITY APC System Increase sample throughput and laboratory operations by obtaining accurate and repeatable sample separation up to 20 time faster than before.

<div><div><h4><strong>The highest performance for polymers and oligomers</strong></h4></div></div><div><div><p><strong>Today’s polymer scientists operate within an increasingly dynamic market space, one with a growing demand for high-performing materials, bio-material innovations, and intense competition. But the long run times of traditional chromatography polymer characterization has made keeping up with this demand a challenge for many labs.</strong></p><p>Not anymore. With the <strong>next era in polymer separation</strong>, the <strong>ACQUITY Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) System</strong>, you can achieve the <strong>highest resolution size-based separations</strong> for <strong>chromatographic polymer and oligomer characterization</strong>, all <strong>faster than ever</strong>. With the <strong>ACQUITY APC System</strong>, you can <strong>improve data consistency and quality</strong> with <strong>fast, daily calibration</strong>, and <strong>automate your method development</strong> with <strong>advanced system technologies</strong> – so you can <strong>innovate faster</strong> while <strong>improving lab operations.</strong></p><div><div><div><div><h3><strong>Features and Benefits</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Accelerate your insights</strong> - Reduce laboratory turnaround times for polymer samples by getting answers to your development labs, your manufacturing operations teams, and your customers 5 to 20 times faster than traditional SEC/GPC with the ultra-low system dispersion of the ACQUITY APC System paired with <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1950"><strong>ACQUITY APC Columns</strong></a>.</li><li><strong>Get the accurate data you need for informed decisions</strong> - Gain more insight into your polymer samples through compatibility with a wide range of specific detection techniques (refractive index, UV/Vis, PDA, ELS) and third-party advanced detectors like multi-angle light scattering and viscometry. Get accurate molecular weight (MW) data every day with the precise flow delivery of the isocratic solvent manager.</li><li><strong>Optimize method development, even in harsh conditions</strong> - Optimize method development via rapid and automated solvent switching and aggressive solvent compatibility, which supports the harsh separation conditions associated with polymer analyses.</li><li><strong>Improve lab efficiency with one system</strong> - Increase analytical scope and laboratory efficiency by leveraging one system to perform multiple applications, including basic liquid chromatography (LC), gradient, isocratic, reverse-phase, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC).</li><li><strong>Simplify your column management</strong> - Simplify and optimize column bank calibration through standards that are matched to column bank MW ranges. Versatile column management allows you to automatically select up to two banks of <strong>ACQUITY APC</strong> columns and up to two banks of traditional GPC columns - all housed in a stable, temperature-controlled environment.</li></ul></div></div><div><div><h4><strong>Recommended Use</strong></h4><p>Highest-resolution, size-based separations for chromatographic polymer and oligomer characterization.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_APC_System_nakonfigurovany_pro_automaticke_prepinani_jak_APC_tak_GPC_kolon_e198c774f4/Waters-ACQUITY-APC-System-nakonfigurovany-pro-automaticke-prepinani-jak-APC-tak-GPC-kolon.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_APC_System_nakonfigurovany_pro_automaticke_prepinani_jak_APC_tak_GPC_kolon_e198c774f4/thumbnail_Waters-ACQUITY-APC-System-nakonfigurovany-pro-automaticke-prepinani-jak-APC-tak-GPC-kolon.jpg 213w," sizes="100vw" width="969" height="710"></p><div><div><h3><strong>Accelerate innovation with enhanced insight</strong></h3><p>Harnessing the benefits of advanced polymer chromatography with the ACQUITY APC System means obtaining accurate and repeatable polymer and oligomer molecular weight information anywhere between<strong> 5 to 20 times faster than was possible</strong> with traditional<strong> GPC/SEC technology</strong> - so you can innovate faster while improving laboratory operations.</p><p><strong>With the ACQUITY APC System, you can:</strong></p><ul><li><strong>Reduce laboratory turnaround times for polymer samples&nbsp;</strong>by getting answers to your development labs, your manufacturing operations teams, and your customers - faster.</li><li><strong>Drive innovation</strong>&nbsp;with faster results and more information so that your entire operation can respond more rapidly by decreasing development cycle times and accelerating time to market.</li><li><strong>Streamline process monitoring</strong>&nbsp;and achieve better batch control with the agility to make timely decisions “on-the-fly” about process and synthesis optimization<strong>.</strong></li><li><strong>Significantly reduce the analysis cost per sample</strong>&nbsp;by reducing solvent consumption and waste disposal volumes.</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Advanced_Polymer_Chromatography_APC_System_ca5154865a.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) System: Accelerate your innovation with enhanced insight into polymer chemical structure with the ACQUITY APC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Advanced_Polymer_Chromatography_APC_System_ca5154865a.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="600"></p><div><div><h3><strong>Optimize method development with solvent switching and compatibility</strong></h3><p>Using the ACQUITY APC System with <strong>Polymer Quaternary Solvent Manager</strong> (p-QSM) <strong>technology </strong>provides chemists and polymer scientists with the ultimate flexibility to analyze the most complex polymer blends and additives using standard polymer chromatography, gradient polymer elution chromatography (GPEC), and reverse-phase LC with a single system.</p><p>Additional system features allow automated solvent selection of up to six different solvents. Automated column bank switching capabilities can also be paired with the rigid and solvent-resilient particles of the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1950"><strong>ACQUITY APC Columns</strong></a> to achieve the world’s first truly automated solution for method development of size-based polymer separations. This supports separation of polymers in hours, instead of days.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Advanced_Polymer_Chromatography_APC_System_2_b95f96f0a2.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) System: Repeatable analysis of poly (methyl methacrylate co ethylacrylate) using the same two running ACQUITY APC 4.6 x 150 mm Columns (450 Å and 125 Å) in series after automated switching of the solvents from THF to toluene to DMF and back to THF." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Advanced_Polymer_Chromatography_APC_System_2_b95f96f0a2.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="609"></p></div></div><div><div><h3><strong>Use advanced detection for even more insights</strong></h3><p>Get the valuable decision-making information you need from a single analysis by equipping the ACQUITY APC System with advanced detectors. Combining the ACQUITY APC System with advanced detection solutions significantly increases information attainable from <strong>size-exclusion chromatography</strong> (SEC) analysis through addition of <strong>refractive index</strong> (RI), <strong>ultraviolet </strong>(UV),<strong> photodiode array </strong>(PDA), <strong>light scattering</strong> (LS), and <strong>differential viscometry</strong> (IV). Advanced detection options from <strong>Wyatt Technology</strong> are seamlessly integrated with ACQUITY APC System, enabling you to fully characterize samples to better inform the structure-property relationship of novel complex polymers.</p></div></div><div><div><h3><strong>Keep pace with your research with dedicated consumables</strong></h3><p>The ACQUITY APC System is even more powerful with <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.waters.com/nextgen/global/products/columns/acquity-apc-columns.html"><strong>ACQUITY APC Columns</strong></a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.waters.com/nextgen/global/products/standards-and-reagents/acquity-advanced-polymer-chromatography-calibration-standards-ki.html"><strong>ACQUITY APC Calibration Standards Kits</strong></a>. The Ethylene Bridged Hybrid (BEH) Technology in ACQUITY APC Columns creates particles that ensure extreme column performance and long column lifetime under harsh operating conditions – ideal for general purpose, reversed-phase chromatography, and for method development due to extreme pH stability and applicability to the broadest range of compound classes.</p><p>With run times of less than 10 minutes, a bank of ACQUITY APC Columns can be <strong>calibrated in less than 30 minutes</strong> using ACQUITY APC Calibration Standards Kits.&nbsp;These standard kits have been matched to the MW range of ACQUITY APC Columns, generating a 10-point calibration for any bank combination in a simple dilute-and-shoot format. With daily column bank calibration, you can greatly improve data consistency to increase confidence in batch-to-batch measurements. Select the best column and calibration standards for a given application with our convenient <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.waters.com/waters/promotionDetail.htm?id=134823417">selector tool</a>.&nbsp;</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Advanced_Polymer_Chromatography_APC_System_4_056bb6d284.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) System: Ethylene Bridged Hybrid (BEH) Technology helps you keep up with the pace of your research with state-of-the-art reversed-phase and HILIC HPLC columns." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Advanced_Polymer_Chromatography_APC_System_4_056bb6d284.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="620"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Advanced_Polymer_Chromatography_APC_System_5_7a814e249b.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) System: Improve data and consistency with ACQUITY APC Calibration Standards." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Advanced_Polymer_Chromatography_APC_System_5_7a814e249b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="591"></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>

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