Scientists at IOCB Prague are uncovering new details of gene transcription. They have identified a previously unknown molecular mechanism by which the transcription of genetic information from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into ribonucleic acid (RNA) can be initiated. The researchers focused on a specific class of molecules known as alarmones, which are found in cells across a wide range of organisms and whose levels often increase under conditions of cellular stress. The results were published in the prestigious scientific journal Nature Chemical Biology.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/UOCHB_Vyzkum_z_UOCHB_odhaluje_dosud_nepoznany_zpusob_prepisu_geneticke_informace_bc2bfffa6c.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague/Tomáš Belloň: Research from IOCB Prague reveals a previously unknown mechanism of genetic transcription: Dr. Hana Cahová, head of the Chemical Biology of Nucleic Acids research group." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_UOCHB_Vyzkum_z_UOCHB_odhaluje_dosud_nepoznany_zpusob_prepisu_geneticke_informace_bc2bfffa6c.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="2000" height="1335"><div>Molecules of ribonucleic acid can carry a variety of chemical modifications at one end, known as caps. In eukaryotic organisms, including human cells, the best-known cap plays an important role in RNA stability and in regulating its subsequent fate. In recent years, however, it has become clear that alternative, non-canonical RNA caps also exist, although their formation and the mechanisms by which they are attached to RNA remain only partially understood. These include alarmone caps, formed by dinucleoside polyphosphate molecules, that protect cellular RNA at moments when the cell is under threat.In their study, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://cahova.group.uochb.cz/en">Dr. Hana Cahová</a> and colleagues examined bacterial RNA polymerase and investigated how this enzyme can initiate transcription using dinucleoside polyphosphates (NpNs) instead of the standard RNA building blocks. For the first time, the scientists described, at the atomic level, how RNA bearing an alarmone cap can be generated directly at the initiation of gene transcription. They also observed that NpNs bind through a different type of base pairing than is typically observed.The work was significantly shaped by Valentina Serianni from Hana Cahová’s team, who demonstrated the ability of dinucleoside polyphosphates to initiate gene transcription, and by Jana Škerlová, who focused on the structural analysis of RNA polymerase. Using cryogenic electron microscopy data, she showed how dinucleoside polyphosphate molecules bind within the active site of RNA polymerase – that is, the core of the enzyme where genetic information is transcribed. Together, their findings help to elucidate the processes that accompany the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA.Hana Cahová adds: “We’re describing something that truly occurs in cells and that we’re now able to observe directly at the level of individual molecules. This allows us to answer fundamental questions about cellular processes, such as how cells adapt to stress. RNA plays a central role in this, as it carries the cascade of information underlying any cellular response – for example, to threatening conditions caused by nutrient deprivation or temperature shock.”<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/UOCHB_Vyzkum_z_UOCHB_odhaluje_dosud_nepoznany_zpusob_prepisu_geneticke_informace_2_0fe88ff9e9.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague/Tomáš Belloň: Research from IOCB Prague reveals a previously unknown mechanism of genetic transcription: Dr. Tomáš Kouba, head of the Cryogenic Electron Microscopy core facility." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_UOCHB_Vyzkum_z_UOCHB_odhaluje_dosud_nepoznany_zpusob_prepisu_geneticke_informace_2_0fe88ff9e9.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="2000" height="1335"><div>Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) was central to the project. This part of the work was led by Dr. Tomáš Kouba, one of the authors of the study. “Cryogenic electron microscopy allows us to freeze biological molecules in a state very close to their natural form and then determine their three-dimensional structure. This makes it possible to look directly into the active centers of enzymes and observe their function down to the atomic level,” he explains.Last year, IOCB Prague opened a new <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://cryoem.group.uochb.cz/en">cryo-EM center</a> that is unique within the Czech research environment. State-of-the-art cryogenic electron microscopes are housed in a specially designed building and enable the study of biological processes with exceptional structural precision.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/UOCHB_Vyzkum_z_UOCHB_odhaluje_dosud_nepoznany_zpusob_prepisu_geneticke_informace_3_4d881e7a58.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague: Research from IOCB Prague reveals a previously unknown mechanism of genetic transcription: This work shows how NpnNs initiate bacterial transcription. Cryo-EM reveals how nucleobases pair with the template: one in canonical and one in reverse Watson–Crick mode, providing a structural basis for their function as non-canonical RNA caps." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_UOCHB_Vyzkum_z_UOCHB_odhaluje_dosud_nepoznany_zpusob_prepisu_geneticke_informace_3_4d881e7a58.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="2000" height="1077"><blockquote><h4>The Original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41589-025-02134-5">Molecular insight into 5′ RNA capping with NpnNs by bacterial RNA polymerase</a></h4>Valentina M. Serianni, Jana Škerlová, Anna Knopp Dubánková, Anton Škríba, Hana Šváchová, Tereza Vučková, Anatolij Filimoněnko, Milan Fábry, Pavlína Řezáčová, Tomáš Kouba &amp; Hana Cahova&nbsp;Nat. Chem. Biol. 21 (2026)<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-025-02134-5">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-025-02134-5</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote><h4>Abstract</h4>RNA capped with dinucleoside polyphosphates has been discovered in bacteria and eukaryotes only recently. The likely mechanism of this specific capping involves direct incorporation of dinucleoside polyphosphates by RNA polymerase as noncanonical initiating nucleotides. However, how these compounds bind into the active site of RNA polymerase during transcription initiation is unknown. Here, we explored transcription initiation in vitro, using a series of DNA templates in combination with dinucleoside polyphosphates and model RNA polymerase from Thermus thermophilus. We observed that the transcription start site can vary on the basis of the compatibility of the specific template and dinucleoside polyphosphate. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of transcription initiation complexes with dinucleoside polyphosphates revealed that both nucleobase moieties can pair with the DNA template. The first encoded nucleotide pairs in a canonical Watson–Crick manner, whereas the second nucleobase pairs noncanonically in a reverse Watson–Crick manner. Our work provides a structural explanation of how dinucleoside polyphosphates initiate RNA transcription.</div></div>

Research from IOCB Prague reveals a previously unknown mechanism of genetic transcription

Food adulteration is a phenomenon with a long history that has gained increasing importance in recent years due to the globalization of food supply chains and strong economic pressures. Whether it involves diluting olive oil with cheaper oils, adding sugar to honey, or the hidden use of substitutes in protein supplements, the result is a loss of consumer trust and, in some cases, a potential risk to health. Analytical chemistry plays a key role in this area by providing methods and technologies capable of identifying and quantifying target compounds as well as unwanted impurities in a wide range of food matrices.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_Praha_Falsovani_potravin_a_jak_ho_odhali_analyticka_chemie_6912db5492.jpg" alt="Watrex: Food Adulteration and How It Is Revealed by Analytical Chemistry" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Watrex_Praha_Falsovani_potravin_a_jak_ho_odhali_analyticka_chemie_6912db5492.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="900"><h4>The Role of Chromatography in Forensic Food Analysis</h4>Chromatography, particularly liquid chromatography (HPLC), is one of the most effective analytical tools for separating complex mixtures of molecules. It enables:<ul><li>qualitative identification of individual components in a sample,</li><li>quantitative determination of their concentrations,</li><li>detection of impurities and unexpected components that may indicate adulteration.</li></ul>In practice, HPLC is often combined with various types of detectors (UV/VIS, DAD, refractive index detectors) or with other techniques (e.g., mass spectrometry) to increase selectivity and sensitivity.<h4>Isocratic vs. Gradient Elution</h4>In the analysis of food samples, chromatographic methods are selected according to the analytical goal:<ul><li>Isocratic HPLC uses a constant mobile phase composition throughout the analysis. It is simple, robust, and ideal for routine determinations of well-defined target analytes (e.g., sugars or vitamins).</li><li>Gradient HPLC changes the mobile phase composition during separation, enabling better resolution of complex mixtures with a wide range of polarities (e.g., peptides or phenolic compounds).</li></ul>Gradient methods are particularly useful when analytes have very different properties and high separation efficiency is required.<h4>Watrex Praha and the Contribution of Modern Systems to Food Analysis</h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_clanky_HPLCsystemy">Watrex Praha, s.r.o.</a> is one of the leading Czech manufacturers and distributors of liquid chromatography systems and instruments, with a long tradition dating back to 1990. The company has successfully transformed from a distributor into a manufacturer of its own HPLC and related technologies, focusing on modular, robust systems suitable even for demanding analytical tasks.Their <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?manufacturerItems=93&amp;search=streamline">Streamline™ product line</a> includes several HPLC system concepts suitable for food analysis:<ul><li>Isocratic HPLC system – a simple yet precise configuration with a single pump, column thermostat, and UV/VIS detector; suitable for routine determination of known analytes (e.g., basic carbohydrates, food additives).</li><li>Binary gradient HPLC system – equipped with two pumps enabling mobile phase gradient formation, which enhances separation performance for complex mixtures (e.g., phenolic profiles of wine, components of aromatic extracts).</li><li>GPC/SEC system (Gel Permeation / Size Exclusion Chromatography) – a specialized solution for the determination of macromolecules and polymers, also relevant for the analysis of high-molecular-weight components in foods (e.g., polysaccharides).</li></ul><blockquote>👉<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_catalog_2024_ba97395f92.pdf">Product catalogue HERE</a></blockquote>Thanks to the modular nature of these systems, analysts can easily adapt the configuration to a specific analytical problem, from simple routine analyses to complex characterization of food samples.<h4>Practical Examples of Adulteration Revealed by HPLC</h4><ul><li>Detection of olive oil dilution: HPLC can separate and quantify characteristic triacylglycerols and fatty acids; unusual patterns indicate the presence of cheaper oils.</li><li>Estimation of sugar addition in honey: Isocratic HPLC with a refractive index detector can determine sugar profiles (glucose, fructose, sucrose), revealing dilution or the addition of sugar syrups.</li><li>Identification of aromatic adulterants in wine: Gradient HPLC with a PDA detector can reveal phenolic and aromatic profiles that are altered by the addition of synthetic compounds.</li></ul><h4>Conclusion</h4>Food adulteration remains a current issue that requires reliable and sensitive analytical methods. Liquid chromatography, and in particular modern HPLC systems, represent one of the most powerful tools for detecting unwanted additives, impurities, and unexpected components in complex food samples. Manufacturers such as <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_clanky_HPLCsystemy">Watrex Praha</a> provide flexible chromatographic platforms covering a wide range of analytical tasks from simple isocratic to advanced gradient and GPC/SEC applications thereby supporting analysts in ensuring food quality and consumer protection.<blockquote>Did you find this article interesting? Follow <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_clanky_HPLCsystemy">Watrex Praha</a> on their social media (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/watrex/?viewAsMember=true">LinkedIn</a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/WatrexPrague">Facebook</a>) for more engaging topics.</blockquote>

Food Adulteration and How It Is Revealed by Analytical Chemistry

Join us for a fascinating conversation with Dr. Subhoja Chakraborty from the University of Central Florida, whose cutting-edge research targets the global challenge of malaria drug resistance. Dr. Chakraborty shares her journey from structure-based drug design during her PhD to her recent collaborative work repurposing human kinase inhibitors as rapid, selective antimalarials against drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains.<h4>In this episode, you'll learn:</h4><ul><li>How structure-guided approaches reveal potential drug targets, including cysteine proteases like falcipain-2, and kinases implicated in malaria's complex life cycle.</li><li>The power of repurposing kinase inhibitors originally developed for cancer and other diseases, focusing on compound 12, which blocks hemozoin formation and protein kinase 6—key steps in parasite survival.</li><li>Lab techniques such as affinity, gel filtration, and size exclusion chromatography for recombinant protein purification—and how troubleshooting is crucial for high-yield, stable complexes.</li><li>Advances in mass spectrometry for characterizing protein interactions, validating drug targets, and mapping molecular pathways pivotal to malaria therapeutics.</li><li>Tips and lessons for new researchers facing the challenges of sample preparation, complex protocols, and working as part of a collaborative team.</li></ul>Dr. Chakraborty’s insights bridge the gap between basic science and translational drug discovery, offering hope for more effective, targeted malaria treatments in a world where resistance to frontline therapies threatens millions.<h4>Referenced Papers:</h4><ul><li>"Plasmodium falciparum protein kinase 6 and hemozoin formation are inhibited by a type II human kinase inhibitor exhibiting antimalarial activity" (Cell Chemical Biology, 2025)</li><li>"New insights of falcipain 2 structure from Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain" (BBRC, 2022)</li><li>"Structure-Based Optimization of Protease−Inhibitor Interactions to Enhance Specificity of Human Stefin‑A against Falcipain‑2 from the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Strain" (Biochemistry, 2023)</li></ul>If you’re a student, scientist, or simply passionate about advances in infectious disease research, this episode offers actionable insights, inspiring advice, and a front-row seat to innovation in combating malaria.<h3>Video Transcription</h3><h4>From Structural Biology to Drug Discovery: Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry in Malaria Research</h4><h5>Introduction</h5>In this discussion, Subhoja shares insights into her research journey, focusing on malaria drug discovery and the role of modern analytical techniques in biological and biomedical research. The conversation is aimed primarily at undergraduate students and early-career researchers interested in chemistry, biotechnology, and life sciences.<h5>Research Focus: Malaria Drug Discovery and Kinase Targets</h5>Subhoja is currently involved in malaria drug discovery research at the University of Central Florida, where she has been working since beginning her postdoctoral position two years ago. Her earlier PhD research focused on structure-based drug design in malaria, using a combination of in silico approaches, recombinant protein expression, and X-ray crystallography to determine precise three-dimensional structures of target proteins and their inhibitors.This structural perspective provided a foundation for her current work, which centers on drug discovery through compound screening and repurposing. A recent publication from her laboratory explores the use of repurposed mammalian CDK-like kinase inhibitors as potential antimalarial agents. While such kinase inhibitors are well known in cancer and cardiovascular research, their application to malaria targets represents a novel and promising approach.Kinases are attractive drug targets because of their central role in cell signaling and growth pathways. By targeting specific kinases involved in different stages of the malaria parasite life cycle—whether asexual growth, gametocytogenesis, or differentiation—it may be possible to significantly inhibit parasite growth and progression.<h5>Chromatography in Protein Expression and Purification Workflows</h5>Chromatography plays a critical role throughout Subhoja’s research. Her experience spans from basic chromatography techniques during her early training to advanced protein purification workflows using affinity chromatography, gel filtration (size exclusion chromatography), and ion exchange chromatography.Recombinant proteins are routinely purified using affinity resins such as nickel or cobalt, followed by further purification to remove contaminants. Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) enables compact, stepwise purification workflows suitable for producing proteins for in vitro assays.A recurring challenge in this process is the expression of high-molecular-weight proteins, which often accumulate in insoluble fractions or inclusion bodies. Careful selection of expression vectors, host systems, and induction conditions is therefore essential to maximize yield and solubility.<h5>Integrating Size Exclusion Chromatography into the Workflow</h5>Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is typically used after affinity purification to further improve protein purity. Following elution with imidazole or glutathione, desalting is required to prevent buffer components from interfering with downstream assays. This is often achieved using desalting columns such as G-25 or PD-10.To remove lower-molecular-weight contaminants, finer SEC media—such as Superdex or Sephacryl columns—are employed. Concentration steps using molecular-weight cut-off filters are then applied to obtain the desired protein concentration for functional studies.These iterative purification and troubleshooting steps are a routine part of protein biochemistry and reflect the importance of methodical optimization and careful validation.<h5>The Role of Mass Spectrometry in Biomolecular Characterization</h5>Mass spectrometry is a key analytical tool in Subhoja’s research pipeline, particularly for target identification and validation. In both malaria and cancer research, MS is used alongside chromatography, immunoprecipitation, and pull-down assays to study protein interactions and molecular recognition events.Affinity-based mass spectrometry enables the identification of binding partners and interactors, whether studying proteins, long non-coding RNAs, or protein complexes. Techniques such as native MS, tandem affinity purification, and proximity labeling (e.g., TurboID-based workflows) provide deeper insights into molecular networks and signaling pathways.These approaches are essential for understanding how candidate drug targets function within complex biological systems.<h5>Sample Preparation Challenges in Biological Research</h5>Sample preparation remains one of the most challenging aspects of biological experimentation. Whole-cell lysates contain proteases, nucleases, and other components that can rapidly degrade target molecules. Preventing degradation requires minimizing preparation time, maintaining low temperatures, and using appropriate inhibitor cocktails.Reproducibility is also critical: biological experiments require multiple replicates, and variability is often unavoidable. Careful handling, protocol optimization, and continuous troubleshooting are essential to ensure reliable results, whether preparing samples for chromatography, mass spectrometry, sequencing, or immunoprecipitation.<h5>Advances in Chromatography and MS for Malaria Research</h5>Modern advances in chromatography and mass spectrometry significantly enhance malaria research by enabling precise target identification, quantification, and functional characterization. Drug discovery workflows begin with construct design and recombinant expression, followed by purification and interaction studies.In malaria research, stage-specific parasite biology requires careful extraction and analysis of proteins from different life cycle stages. Tandem affinity MS, immunoprecipitation, and in vivo validation studies help confirm target relevance and therapeutic potential.Recent work on repurposed kinase inhibitors has shown promising results, including inhibition of hemozoin formation—a key detoxification pathway for the malaria parasite—highlighting the potential of such compounds for further development.<h5>Malaria, Drug Resistance, and Global Impact</h5>Malaria remains a major global health burden, with over 600,000 deaths annually and widespread drug resistance complicating treatment. Artemisinin resistance, particularly associated with mutations in the K13 propeller domain, has driven the search for new targets and therapies.During her PhD, Subhoja focused on falcipain-2, a cysteine protease involved in hemoglobin degradation within the parasite. This pathway is critical for parasite survival and has emerged as a promising drug target. Her work revealed that falcipain-2 operates within a larger protein complex responsible for hemoglobin processing and amino acid release.Understanding these molecular mechanisms is essential for developing robust, stage-specific antimalarial strategies.<h5>Advice for Early-Career Researchers</h5>For researchers just starting out, Subhoja emphasizes the importance of hands-on experience. Working directly with cells, lysates, and analytical tools is essential for truly understanding experimental systems. Failure is an inherent part of research, and perseverance is key.Motivation, teamwork, careful sample handling, and thorough preparation all contribute to long-term success. Reading extensively, critically evaluating one’s own work, and appreciating incremental progress are vital aspects of a sustainable research career.Every successful experiment—no matter how small—represents meaningful progress and contributes to the broader goals of science and medicine.<h5>Closing Remarks</h5>The discussion highlights how interdisciplinary approaches combining chromatography, mass spectrometry, structural biology, and biochemistry are driving advances in malaria drug discovery. Through careful experimental design, analytical rigor, and collaborative teamwork, researchers can address complex biological challenges and contribute to global health solutions.<blockquote>This text has been automatically transcribed from a video presentation using AI technology. It may contain inaccuracies and is not guaranteed to be 100% correct.</blockquote><blockquote><h4>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast</h4>Dive into the frontiers of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation with host David Oliva. Each episode features candid conversations with leading researchers, industry innovators, and passionate scientists who are shaping the future of analytical chemistry. From decoding PFAS detection challenges to exploring the latest in AI-assisted liquid chromatography, this show uncovers practical workflows, sustainability breakthroughs, and the real-world impact of separation science. Whether you’re a chromatographer, lab professional, or researcher you'll discover inspiring content!You can find Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast in podcast apps:<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/1wZg67rCjoGju4yhqxI3tL">Spotify</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/tz/podcast/concentrating-on-chromatography/id1788429185">Apple podcast</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podscan.fm/podcasts/concentrating-on-chromatography">podscan</a></li></ul>and on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@ChromatographyTalk/videos">YouTube channel</a></blockquote>

Affinity, Gel Filtration, Size Exclusion Chromatography: Repurposing Kinase Inhibitors for Malaria

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Food

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Science and research

The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IOCB Prague) is a leading scientific institution in the Czech Republic, recognized internationally. Its primary mission is basic research in the fields of chemical biology and medicinal chemistry, organic and material oriented chemistry, chemistry of natural compounds, biochemistry and molecular biology, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, and analytical chemistry. 

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences

Organomation, founded in 1959, designs and manufactures high-quality nitrogen evaporators and extraction systems. Known for innovation and durability, their lab instruments are used globally for efficient sample preparation with strong customer support.

Organomation

WATREX Prague is the distributor and producer of HPLC techniques in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Main Chromatografic and Related Techniques Supported: LC, GPC, IC, IEC, Automated SPE, LC Columns and special column packings, LC method development, Software development, Laboratory Robots.

Watrex Praha

Villa Labeco ITP-CZE EA 202M electrophoretic analyser

For the analysis of ionic substances in water, agriculture, food, and clinical materials. The modular design of the Villa Labeco ITP-CZE EA 202M analyzer allows its use with multiple electrophoretic modes.

The modular arrangement of this analyser enables its application with several electrophoretic modes of operation e.g.<ul><li>isotachophoresis (ITP)</li><li>capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)</li><li>or the highly efficient combination of ITP – CZE</li></ul>Users can choose to work with traditional columns (employing contact conductivity detectors) or alternatively take advantage of our updated columns which employ contactless conductivity detectors (less sensitivity and a higher price but with increased lifetimes).Columns for the first and second dimension are named ‘pre-separation' and ‘analytical' columns respectively. Pre-separation columns employ FEP capillaries (i.d 0.8 mm) and are available in several lengths (see Acessories). Each analytical column is equipped with an adapter (SMA or 2 mm JM) for connection with optical fibres to the UV detection facility. The standard package includes an in-built UV detector with 4 wavelengths, however a variable wavelength or DAD UV detector can be purchased as an optional extra.The standard and most basic version of the instrument is equipped with an ITP injection valve, 2 columns and modules for manual filling of electrolytes.<h4>Standard Package:</h4><ul><li>Preseparation column with contact conductivity detectors employing FEP capillaries</li><li>Analytical column with contact conductivity (FEP capillary) detector</li><li>Variable column lengths: 85 mm PC CLD, 90 mm PC CD and AC CD, 140mm AC CLD, 160 – 200 mm PC CD and AC CD</li><li>Max. voltage: 15kV</li><li>Max. current: 500 mA</li><li>UV detector: 200, 220, 254, 280 nm</li><li>ITP injection valve: 30 μl</li><li>Variable injection volume via microsyringe facility: up to 100 μl</li><li>Dimensions: 400 x 685 x 390 mm (w x h x d)</li><li>Weight: 25 kg</li><li>Power supply: 230, 50 Hz, 100 W</li></ul><h4>Optional Accessories:</h4><ul><li>Preseparation column with contactless conductivity detectors employing FEP capillaries</li><li>Analytical column with contactless detector (FEP or quartz capillary).</li><li>UV VIS detector (190 - 600 nm): optional</li><li>DAD detector: optional</li><li>CZE and micro-preparative injection valve: optional</li><li>Education columns: clear column housing for educational purposes as zones can be directly visualised during separation</li></ul>

Villa Labeco ITP-CZE EA 303 A electrophoretic analyser

New Electrophoretic Analyser EA303A is a fully automatic 2-column analyzer that enables to perform the electrophoretic analysis in ITP, ITP-ITP and ITP-CZE mode. The modular design provides simple and user friendly changing of the columns.

New Electrophoretic Analyser EA303A is a fully automatic 2-column analyzer that enables to perform the electrophoretic analysis in ITP, ITP-ITP and ITP-CZE mode. The modular design provides simple and user friendly changing of the columns to optimize analysis and quick change the type of analysis. Both (preseparation and analytical) columns are equipped with the conductometric contact or contactless detectors. The analytical column is possible (via optical cables) to connect to UV, DAD or LIF detector. The capillary in the preseparation column is made from FEP with the inner diameter 0.8 mm and in the analytical column from FEP or quartz with the inner diameter 0.3 mm.&nbsp;<h4>Compare to previous type EA202A</h4><ul><li>Much smaller dimensions (only 1 box + autosampler)</li><li>Substantially reduce consumption of buffers</li><li>Originally designed much more versatile sample injection system</li><li>More reliable liquid connections</li><li>New principle improve reliability of checking of the level of the buffers in the reservoirs</li><li>Up-date software enables faster and more evaluating of the data</li></ul><h4>Technical Specifications</h4><ul data-start="124" data-end="432"><li data-start="124" data-end="162">Dimensions: 410 × 290 × 670 mm</li><li data-start="163" data-end="184">Weight: 28 kg</li><li data-start="185" data-end="218">Current Range: 0 – 500 µA</li><li data-start="219" data-end="251">Voltage Range: 0 – 15 kV</li><li data-start="252" data-end="311">Autosampler: Spark Marathon or Triathlon – 99 vials</li><li data-start="312" data-end="389">Sample Volume: 20 µL (standard), other options available upon request</li><li data-start="390" data-end="432">Power Supply: 230 V, 50 Hz, 150 VA</li></ul>

Villa Labeco ITP-CZE EA 102 electrophoretic analyser

Villa Labeco ITP-CZE EA 102 analyser is a more sophisticated and electronically reliable up-grade from the EA 100 and EA 101. From the analytical point of view, this analyser is identical to the EA 202M.

Villa Labeco ITP-CZE EA 102 analyser is a more sophisticated and electronically reliable up-grade from the EA 100 and EA 101. From the analytical point of view, this analyser is identical to the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1716">EA 202M </a>but with the advantage that it has a smaller foot-print (dimensions (w x h x d): 275 x 620 x 256 mm). It is also possible to use both contact and contactless conductivity column detectors with this analyser and the whole unit is controlled by up-graded, easy to operate Windows software. However, in comparison to the EA 202M, an automation up-grade is not possible.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Villa_Labeco_ITP_CZE_EA_102_19af05a38d.jpg" alt="Villa Labeco ITP-CZE EA 102." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Villa_Labeco_ITP_CZE_EA_102_19af05a38d.jpg 174w," sizes="100vw" width="1147" height="1029">The analyser is on offer at a SPECIALLY REDUCED PRICE. Due to this low price, we highly recommend this analyser for use as an education tool in Universities and to this end we have a special ‘education column' available.

ISTRAN EcaFlow Model 150 GLP automatic laboratory analyser

EcaFlow Model 150 GLP is a PC controlled automatic laboratory analyser for the determination of trace and high concentrations of metals, semi-metals and numerous nonmetals in various samples.

EcaFlow Model 150 GLP is a PC controlled automatic laboratory analyser for the determination of trace and high concentrations of metals, semi-metals and numerous nonmetals in various samples. By making use of the autosampler AS-150 up to 42 samples can be analysed in full automatic mode. The system supports the standardless, calibration curve and standard additions techniques. Over 70 validated applications are available for numerous sample types such as waters, foods, industrial liquids, wastes, etc. EcaFlow is a compact laboratory instrument controlled by a PC.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:675/449;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_Eca_Flow_150_GLP_4_26c42795eb.jpg" alt="ISTRAN EcaFlow 150 GLP" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_Eca_Flow_150_GLP_4_26c42795eb.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="675" height="449"></figure>The control unit contains the power support unit, control processor with a channel analyser, fast A/D and D/A converters and a high performance generic potentiostat/galvanostat. The compact flow system is controlled by the control unit and operates full automatically. It contains computer controlled electromagnetic valves for switching either to the sample solution or to an electrolyte solution or to a standard solution for the standard addition. Solutions are driven by a peristaltic pump. The heart of the system is the patented compact electrochemical cell.&nbsp;The cell uses disposable flow-through working electrodes made of suitable inert material. The counter and reference electrodes are separated from the flowing solutions hydrodynamically, so the reaction products at the counter electrode cannot interfere at the working electrode. The working electrode can be easily changed simply by loosening a screw. The cell is fixed to the panel of the instrument by a special connector which serves as an electrical contact to the electrodes. The connections of the tubes are made of Luer-type fitting, which facilitates fast manipulation when the electrode or cell is changed.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:675/449;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_Eca_Flow_150_GLP_5_ac69cdfecf.jpg" alt="ISTRAN EcaFlow 150 GLP" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_Eca_Flow_150_GLP_5_ac69cdfecf.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="675" height="449"></figure><h4>Technical data</h4>Potentiostat/galvanostat: 12 V / 20 mA Measuring cell: EcaCell 353c or EcaCell 104 with three electrodes Flow system: Full computer control with peristaltic pumping Weight: 7 kg Dimensions: 500 x 450 x 140 mm Software: Chronopotentiometry, coulometry, voltammetry Computer (option): Any PC with Windows XP and higher Autosampler (option): 42 positions + blank + standard<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:675/449;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_Eca_Flow_150_GLP_3_f4b61911c2.jpg" alt="ISTRAN EcaFlow 150 GLP" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_Eca_Flow_150_GLP_3_f4b61911c2.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="675" height="449"></figure><h4>Available applications (all included):</h4><ol><li>Flow-through analyser test&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Cd, Pb and C&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Pb&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Sn and Pb&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Pb, Cd and Hg&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of EDTA&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Cd, Pb, a Cu in wines&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Ag&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of As(III) and total As in urine&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of As(III) and total As in fertilisers&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Se in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Mn&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Hg&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Fe in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Sn&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Bi&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of As in drugs&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of chlorides in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in wines&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in spirits&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Cd, Pb, and Cu in beers&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Fe (higher concentrations) in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Cd, Pb, and Cu in soil extracts&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Sb&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of As(III) and total As in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in pectines&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of iodides in urine&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Au in water samples&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of low Ni contents&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of iodides in foods and beverages&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Cr(VI) and total Cr in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of nitrates in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Ascorbic Acid&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of chlorites in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of bromates in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Boric acid in nickel plating baths&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of total As in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Acidimetry determination of strong and weak acids&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Fe in concentrated sulphuric acid&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Cu in waste waters&nbsp;</li><li>Alkalimetry determination of strong bases&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of total As and Hg&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Zn in galvanic baths&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Ni in galvanic baths&nbsp;</li><li>Chlorides in galvanic baths&nbsp;</li><li>Cr(III) in passivating galvanic baths&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of phosphates with microporous electrodes&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of sub-ppb Hg concentrations&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Zn in waste waters&nbsp;</li><li>Cu in wine samples&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Fe in clear and turbid water samples&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Au in ores&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Sb in the presence of As and Cu&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of low Se concentrations&nbsp;</li><li>Sulphites in wines&nbsp;</li><li>Sulphites in beers&nbsp;</li><li>Titanium in TiO2&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of phosphates in clear as well as turbid water samples&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of total ammonia in underground and tap waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of total ammonia in waste waters&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Cr(VI) in clear as well as turbid water samples&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of Ni in clear as well as turbid water samples&nbsp;</li><li>Determination of sulphides (S2-) in waste waters&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in turbid samples&nbsp;</li><li>Coulometric determination of sulphides in waters&nbsp;</li><li>Acid content in wines&nbsp;</li><li>Ethanol in beverages&nbsp;</li><li>Sulphites (SO3-) in foods&nbsp;</li><li>Chlorides (Cl-) in foods&nbsp;</li><li>Chlorites (ClO2-) in disinfected water&nbsp;</li><li>Manganese (Mn) in aquatic samples&nbsp;</li><li>Bromides (Br-) in water&nbsp;</li><li>Cd, Pb and Cu in concentrated zinc sulphate&nbsp;</li><li>Simultaneous determination of Pb, Cu and Hg in water</li></ol>

ISTRAN PCA2 Portable coulometric analyser

The new Portable Coulometric Analyser PCA is designed for laboratory and field analysis of heavy metals, semi-metals and numerous non-metals in aquatic solutions for a broad concentration range addressing contents from sub-μg/L up to several g/L.

The new Portable Coulometric Analyser PCA is designed for laboratory and field analysis of heavy metals, semi-metals and numerous non-metals in aquatic solutions for a broad concentration range addressing contents from sub-μg/L up to several g/L. In battery operation mode it is well suited for field applications. The analysis is full automatic, the sample solution is transported to the electrochemical measuring cell by means of a small but robust peristaltic pump and on completing the analysis the result is displayed and stored in the memory. The human interface is a simple touch screen.<h3>APPLICATION FIELDS</h3><ul><li>Drinking water</li><li>Surface water</li><li>Waste water</li><li>Foods and beverages</li><li>Biological samples</li></ul><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:1116/324;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_PCA_2_Portable_coulometric_analyser_aae89cc7dc.jpg" alt="ISTRAN PCA2 Portable coulometric analyser" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_PCA_2_Portable_coulometric_analyser_aae89cc7dc.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1116" height="324"></figure><h3>UNIQUE FEATURES</h3><ul><li>Metals, semi-metals, non-metals</li><li>Robust portable design</li><li>Full automatic analysis</li><li>At least 12 hours on battery operation ideal for field applications</li><li>Simple and fast operation</li><li>Ready to use applications</li><li>Broad concentration range, starting at sub-μg/L</li><li>Also suitable for coloured and turbid samples</li></ul><h3>TYPICAL APPLICATIONS INCLUDE</h3><ul><li>Arsenic, antimony, tin and selenium in various water samples</li><li>Heavy metals such as mercury, thallium, cadmium, indium, lead, bismuth, silver, gold.</li><li>Manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium in various water samples</li><li>Chromium(VI) and total chromium</li><li>Iron(II), iron(III), total iron</li><li>Arsenic(III) and total arsenic</li><li>C-vitamin in vegetables, fruits, beverages, foods</li><li>Fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide in waters and biological samples</li><li>Disinfection reagents such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, hypochlorite in drinking water</li><li>Disinfection by-products such as chlorite, bromate in drinking water</li><li>Sulphite in foods, wines and beers</li><li>Sulphides in waste waters</li><li>Ammonia, hydrazine, nitrite, nitrate, cyanide in aquatic samples</li><li>Phosphate in waste waters</li><li>Ethanol in beverages</li><li>Methanol in waste water</li><li>Acids and bases in aquatic solutions, wines</li><li>Samples with suspended particles and solid samples can be analysed after an appropriate sample digestion, e.g. thermal, UV or microwave-assisted sample digestion.</li></ul>Ag, Ammonia, As, Bromate, Bromide, Cd, Chloride, Chlorite, Co, Cr(VI), Cu, EDTA, Fe, Hg, Iodide, Mn, Ni, Nitrite, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sulphide, Tl, Zn<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Screenshot_2025_03_21_at_12_33_28_Istran_2_2d3350cbc8.jpg" alt="ISTRAN PCA2 Portable coulometric analyser" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Screenshot_2025_03_21_at_12_33_28_Istran_2_2d3350cbc8.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1116" height="326"><h3>ANALYSIS PRINCIPLE</h3>The analysis is based on automatic flow-through coulometry and voltammetry making use of a unique robust electrochemical measuring cell with a maintenance-free built-in reference and auxiliary electrodes and a long-life disposable working electrode. The sample solution is pumped into the cell where the determined species (analyte) is measured through its electrochemical conversion, i.e. it is electrochemically oxidised or reduced at the electrode surface. Low concentrations are determined after a preliminary electrochemical deposition of the measured species at the electrode surface (enrichment step), then the deposit is stripped by constant current while the signal is recorded and evaluated. In such a way, concentrations in the sub- μg/L level can be easily measured. A typical response of copper displayed on the touchscreen is depicted below.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:1116/326;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_PCA_2_Portable_coulometric_analyser_3_d630e0cd53.jpg" alt="ISTRAN PCA2 Portable coulometric analyser: A typical response of copper displayed on the touchscreen" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_PCA_2_Portable_coulometric_analyser_3_d630e0cd53.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1116" height="326"></figure><h4>The analytical procedure consists of three main steps:</h4><ol><li>Sample preparation. It includes the filtration of the sample (when necessary) and addition of a reagent to the sample. Solid samples or samples with suspended particles require a sample digestion..</li><li>Analysis. Full automatic procedure yielding the result displayed on the touch screen. The analysis starts on immersing the sampling tube into the sample which is pumped through the measuring cell where the analyte is electrochemically measured. Usually multiple runs are done with measurements repeated and evaluated automatically.</li><li>Cleaning. On completion of the analyses the cell is rinsed with water or a suitable reagent solution and the analyser is set to standby mode or turned down.</li></ol><h3>CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION</h3><ul><li>User interface: Powerful 4.3” Intelligent LCD-TFT display module. 480 x 272 Resolution, RGB 65K true to life colours, TFT Screen with integrated 4-wire Resistive Touch Panel. On-board micro-SD memory card connector for data logging purposes</li><li>User interface for uploading new measuring parameters, downloading results and curves</li><li>User interface with administrator access, firmware upgrading and calibration of electronic circuits</li></ul><h3>MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL DATA</h3><ul><li>Enclosure: The PCA instrument is integrated into a robust transport case made of polypropylene. Watertight, crushproof, and dustproof. Protection class IP 67</li><li>Dimensions (W x D x H): 27 x 24.6 x 12.4 cm (10.62” x 9.68” x 4.87”)</li><li>Weight: 2.9 kg (6.4 lbs)</li><li>Power input: 100-240V/50-60Hz&nbsp;</li><li>Battery: Ni-MH, 14.4V/4.5Ah</li><li>Ambient operating conditions: 5 °C – 45 °C at 5 - 95% relative humidity non-condensing (41 °F – 113 °F)</li></ul><h3>TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS</h3><h4>MEASUREMENT</h4><ul><li>Analysis method: Coulometry and voltammetry in chronopotentiometric mode</li><li>Determined species: Metals, semi-metals, non-metals, organics (refer to the up to date list of applications)</li><li>Measuring cell: robust three-electrode flow-through cell. Built-in maintenance-free platinum auxiliary and silver/silver chloride reference electrodes. Longlife disposable working electrodes made of glassy carbon, gold, silver, platinum, copper. No mercury or gold plating solutions required.</li><li>Detection limit: less than 1 μg/L *</li><li>Precision (RSD, under repeatability conditions): 5 % full scale for calibration or validation solutions</li><li>Calibration: A built-in 10 point calibration curve adjusted in the factory</li><li>Re-calibration: Two point re-calibration (blank and calibration solution) carried out on demand</li><li>Measuring ranges: Please check the respective application list for each parameter</li><li>Analysis time/run: 1-10 min, depending on the analyte concentration *.</li></ul>*Refer to the corresponding application list<h4>DATA LOGGING AND SECURITY</h4><ul><li>Log files with over 1000 results and corresponding curves are stored</li><li>Easy export to spreadsheet files</li></ul><h4>GLP FEATURES</h4><ul><li>Automatic storage of about 1000 results, including the corresponding signal curve, date, time of analysis and the sample identifier.</li><li>Statistical evaluation of the results</li><li>Checking the accuracy and precision by means of a control sample with known analyte concentration.</li></ul><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:1116/326;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_PCA_2_Portable_coulometric_analyser_4_6b3bf1dde1.jpg" alt="ISTRAN PCA2 Portable coulometric analyser " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_PCA_2_Portable_coulometric_analyser_4_6b3bf1dde1.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1116" height="326"></figure><h4>REAGENTS AND CONSUMABLES</h4><ul><li>Reagents, consumables, containers and tools can be transported in a separate transport case</li><li>Reagent consumption is low, usually 0.1 to 1 mL/sample</li><li>No organic or toxic reagents are used</li><li>All reagents and consumables are delivered by the producer</li><li>Reagent formulas are available against royalties</li><li>Cleaning solution: Demineralised water or in most cases tap water is sufficient</li><li>Calibration or validation solution: Available from the producer, prepared from single element Certified Reference Materials</li></ul><h4>OPTIONS</h4><ul><li>Additional applications each including a measurement parameter file, measuring cell (if needed), electrode</li><li>Transport case for reagents, consumables, tools ideal for field operation</li></ul>

ISTRAN EcaLayer Metal Layer Analyser

The coulometric method ensures accurate and precise results. The analyser is extremely simple to use and therefore it is also suitable for routine measurements not needing any special qualification.

The coulometric technique is used for measuring the thickness of electroplated deposits on a wide variety of substrates such as steel, aluminium, copper, nickel, silver, alloys, some insulators.The coulometric method ensures accurate and precise results. The analyser is extremely simple to use and therefore it is also suitable for routine measurements not needing any special qualification. Moreover, coulometry is the only method allowing the measurement of multi-layer coatings such as chrome, chrome oxide on tin, tin, tin-iron intermetals on steel, etc.<h3>Measuring principle</h3>The fundamental principle is the Faraday’s Law. The method is similar to the electrolytic plating process but here the coating is removed electrochemically from a defined surface area. For this purpose, a piece of the sample is placed to the flow-through measuring cell which is filled with a suitable electrolyte solution and the analysed metal coating is subsequently removed by applying an appropriate current. Hence, metal layers are measured by anodic dissolution, metal oxide layers, such as tin oxide on a tin coating, are measured by cathodic dissolution. The measured sample area is given by the gasket used and it can include 0.2 to 20 cm2. The analysis is performed totally automatically and is controlled by a PC.By applying the Faraday’s Laws, the thickness of a metal layer can be calculated.<h3>The EcaLayer Model 220/220a consists of three major parts:</h3><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:643/961;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_4_ab4b7f6aff.jpg" alt="ISTRAN EcaLayer Metal Layer Analyser - Scheme" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_4_ab4b7f6aff.jpg 104w," sizes="100vw" width="643" height="961"></figure><h4>1. Analytical Unit</h4><h5>Two types of analytical units can be used:</h5><ul><li>Module A for metal coatings and metal oxide layer measurements needing the removal of dissolved oxygen, e.g. tin oxide measurements, and</li><li>Module B for measurements not needing oxygen removal, e.g. tin layer thickness measurements.</li></ul>Module A encloses a unique flow-through analytical cell with the sample as the working electrode, a stainless steel counter and Ag/AgCl reference electrodes, a peristaltic pump, an electromagnetic valve for the gas and a reservoir for the electrolyte solution.Module B is built in the same way but without the gas unit.<h4>2. Control Unit</h4>The control unit comprises a computer controlled potentiostat/galvanostat with a maximum output of 100 mA, 16-bit A/D and D/A converters. The unit is controlled by a microprocessor linked to the PC through a serial line.<h4>3. Computer and software</h4>Any IBM compatible PC can be coupled to the instrument. The user-friendly software facilitates the use without any special knowledge about electrochermistry. GLP facilities such as archiving, printing of reports, selftesting are included.<h3>Function</h3><h4>The metal layer analyser works as follows:</h4><ol><li>The sample is placed into the cell and the cell is closed. The next steps are performed automatically by computer control.</li><li>The cell is filled with the electrolyte from the reservoir. If needed, the electrolyte solution is with an inert gas to remove dissolved oxygen.</li><li>The coating is removed by applying a suitable constant current and the potential of the sample material (i.e. the working electrode) is monitored and registered in the time.</li><li>The electrolyte solution is removed from the cell.</li><li>In the meantime, the registered potential-time dependence is evaluated giving the dissolution time and the layer thickness is calculated automatically.</li><li>The cell is opened and the sample is removed. The whole procedure takes 4 to 8 minutes.</li></ol><h3>Some applications</h3><h5>Measurements of tin coatings on steel</h5>Tin coatings are measured by anodic dissolution in HCl electrolyte solution with currents up to 100 mA. Both the tin and the tin-iron intermetallic layers can be measured in a single run.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:621/342;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_0d2f857bae.jpg" alt="ISTRAN EcaLayer Metal Layer Analyser: Measurements of tin coatings on steel" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_0d2f857bae.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="621" height="342"></figure><h5>Measurement of passivating chromous layers on tin coated steel</h5>The chromium layers are dissolved by anodic oxidation in a phosphate buffer electrolyte solution with currents of few mA.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:645/353;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_2_31bc2b54d5.jpg" alt="ISTRAN EcaLayer Metal Layer Analyser: Measurement of passivating chromous layers on tin coated steel" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_2_31bc2b54d5.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="645" height="353"></figure><h5>Measurement of oxide layers on tin coatings</h5>Oxide layers can be determined by cathodic dissolution in deairated HBr electrolyte solution with currents about -1 mA. Due to the uncertain stoichiometry of the oxide layers, the results are expressed as charge consumed per sample area.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:685/348;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_3_0b111ab468.jpg" alt="ISTRAN EcaLayer Metal Layer Analyser: Measurement of oxide layers on tin coatings" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISTRAN_Eca_Layer_Metal_Layer_Analyser_3_0b111ab468.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="685" height="348"></figure><h3>Ordering information</h3><h5>EcaLayer Model 220 includes</h5><ul><li>Control Unit</li><li>Flow System with Module A</li><li>Application software</li><li>PC with printer (specified by the customer)</li><li>All necessary cables</li><li>Users manual</li><li>Methodologies according to EN ISO 2177</li></ul><h5>EcaLayer Model 220a includes</h5><ul><li>Control Unit</li><li>Flow System with Module B</li><li>Application software</li><li>PC with printer (specified by the customer)</li><li>All necessary cables</li><li>Users manual</li><li>Methodologies according to EN ISO 2177</li></ul>

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