<h3>How are PFAS regulations changing, and what role will ion chromatography play in the future of environmental testing?</h3>In this episode, &nbsp;David interviews Jay Gandhi, PhD, Vertical Markets Manager at Metrohm USA, for an in-depth discussion on PFAS analysis, the rise of AOF (Adsorbable Organic Fluorine) testing, and the development of EPA 1621 and ISO 18127 standards.With more than 30 years of experience in ion chromatography, Jay shares valuable perspective on how the field has evolved—from early applications and NASA water recovery projects to today’s challenges involving PFAS, TFA, and emerging contaminants.<h4>Topics covered in this episode include:</h4><ul><li>What PFAS are and why they matter</li><li>The difference between targeted PFAS methods and AOF analysis</li><li>How combustion ion chromatography works</li><li>Behind the scenes of EPA 1621 and ISO 18127 method development</li><li>Regulatory trends in water, textiles, and food packaging</li><li>TFA analysis using IC-MS and IC-MS/MS</li><li>The future of ion chromatography in environmental labs</li></ul><h3>Video Transcription</h3>For more than three decades, Jay Gandhi has worked with ion chromatography (IC), watching the technique expand from a specialized tool for water analysis into an analytical platform used across environmental testing, food and beverage analysis, semiconductor manufacturing, battery applications, and, increasingly, PFAS analysis.In an interview for Concentrating on Chromatography, Gandhi discusses his introduction to IC during his work on a NASA Mars exploration project, the emergence of PFAS as a major analytical challenge, and why techniques such as adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) determination and combustion ion chromatography (CIC) can provide information that targeted LC-MS analysis alone cannot deliver. He also examines the development of standardized methods, sample preparation challenges, and the future role of IC-MS and total fluorine approaches in PFAS monitoring.<h4>From NASA to ion chromatography</h4>Gandhi's introduction to ion chromatography came through his work as a principal scientist on a NASA Mars exploration project focused on water recovery under zero-gravity conditions. IC played an important role because it enabled researchers to establish the ionic balance of anions and cations in water.The technology was used both to investigate micronutrients relevant to agricultural applications and to evaluate water purity for potential astronaut consumption. During approximately three years of this work, Gandhi gained extensive experience with ion chromatography. This ultimately led him deeper into IC instrumentation and, 24 years ago, to joining Metrohm.At the beginning of his career, IC was strongly associated with relatively straightforward anion and cation analysis in water. The technique itself had been used for water analysis since the 1970s, but Gandhi has seen its application range expand dramatically.Food and beverage testing and environmental analysis became important fields, supported by both direct and indirect detection strategies. More recently, IC has also found applications in areas such as the semiconductor industry and battery recycling.In Gandhi's words, ion chromatography has effectively "bloomed" into numerous application areas.<h4>PFAS changes the analytical challenge</h4>PFAS represent a particularly important chapter in this development. These chemicals have been used for decades in numerous consumer and industrial products, including non-stick materials, firefighting foams, water-resistant textiles and other applications.Gandhi recalls work on PFOA and PFOS using ion chromatography with conductivity detection as early as 2008. However, the achievable detection limits were insufficient for the extremely low concentrations that later became important in PFAS analysis.A major turning point for him came in 2015, when he encountered research from Sweden using combustion ion chromatography to investigate total fluorine. Subsequent collaboration with researchers at Clarkson University and Harvard University, particularly on aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), further demonstrated the importance of looking beyond individual targeted PFAS compounds.<h4>Why targeted LC-MS does not tell the whole story</h4>Targeted LC-MS is highly sensitive and selective and can provide detailed information about individual PFAS compounds. However, according to Gandhi, the number of possible PFAS structures in the environment is vastly greater than the number routinely included in targeted methods.A targeted method may monitor dozens or perhaps around one hundred compounds, while the overall PFAS universe can include thousands of chemical structures. Consequently, targeted analysis may characterize only a small fraction of the total PFAS burden.There are other practical considerations. LC-MS measurements can be affected by matrix-dependent ion suppression, while accurate quantification frequently relies on isotope-labelled internal standards. Such standards are available for only a limited number of compounds and can be expensive.This is where measurements of total or adsorbable organic fluorine can provide complementary information. Rather than asking which specific PFAS compounds are present?, these approaches can help answer a broader question: how much fluorine associated with this chemical space is present in the sample?<h4>AOF as a complementary approach</h4>Adsorbable organic fluorine analysis provides a different perspective from targeted LC-MS. In the workflow discussed by Gandhi, organic fluorine compounds are captured during sample preparation and subsequently measured using combustion ion chromatography.The principle of CIC builds upon older total organic halogen analysis. The sample is combusted at temperatures above approximately 1,000 °C, breaking carbon-halogen bonds. In PFAS-related analysis, carbon-fluorine bonds are broken and the resulting fluoride is collected in an absorption solution.Ion chromatography is then used to separate and quantify the fluoride.Replacing older detection approaches with IC provides both sensitivity and selectivity for the halogens being measured. Effective combustion is critical: oxygen supports the combustion process, while a carrier gas transports the products into the absorption solution for subsequent IC analysis.<h4>The challenge of inorganic fluoride</h4>The broad response of CIC is simultaneously one of its strengths and one of its analytical challenges. Combustion does not distinguish fluorine originating from PFAS from fluorine present in inorganic compounds such as fluoride salts.This becomes particularly important when analyzing water containing relatively high concentrations of inorganic fluoride while attempting to quantify organic fluorine at very low levels.Sample preparation therefore has a critical role. Inorganic fluoride must be effectively separated from the fraction of interest, while materials used during sample preparation must themselves have sufficiently low fluoride backgrounds.Contamination can come from unexpected sources. Gandhi points out that background fluoride may originate not only from reagents and sample preparation materials but potentially from the laboratory environment. Careful blank control, appropriate materials and rigorous evaluation of interferences are therefore essential when moving toward increasingly low detection limits.<h4>From research method to international standardization</h4>The development of standardized AOF methods illustrates the importance of collaboration between academia, industry, regulatory organizations and analytical laboratories.Gandhi describes work that began in Europe around 2015 and subsequently progressed through German standardization activities, ISO development, ASTM-related collaboration and the U.S. EPA. The process eventually contributed to methods such as EPA Method 1621.He emphasizes that this was not the work of a single scientist or organization. Developing a robust method required years of experiments, discussions and sometimes difficult technical debates among numerous stakeholders.For Gandhi, the essential principle was that experimental evidence ultimately had to determine the outcome. Collaboration becomes possible when scientists focus on the data rather than the organizations they represent.<h4>PFAS monitoring is moving beyond drinking water</h4>Regulatory attention to PFAS is also expanding beyond drinking water. Gandhi describes a broader strategy that begins with reducing the manufacture and use of PFAS-containing materials and continues with removing existing contamination from the environment.Wastewater represents an important part of this picture because PFAS can enter it from numerous sources. Historical contamination from landfills and contaminated sites can also migrate into groundwater and ultimately affect drinking-water supplies.Consumer products are another area of increasing attention. Food packaging, disposable containers, automotive fabrics, outdoor clothing and water-repellent textiles have historically used fluorinated substances to provide properties such as grease, water or stain resistance.Reducing PFAS use in such products could therefore gradually decrease the amount entering waste streams and the wider environment.<h4>Screening first, regulation later?</h4>Gandhi expects AOF to be particularly valuable as a screening tool, providing an estimate of broader fluorine contamination before laboratories proceed to more specific analyses.Its importance becomes clear when AOF results are compared with targeted PFAS measurements. Gandhi reports that laboratories working with EPA Method 1621 have observed differences between targeted PFAS results and broader AOF measurements ranging from approximately 300- to 4,000-fold in the total fluorine mass balance.Such discrepancies suggest that targeted methods can leave a substantial portion of fluorine unexplained.Rather than competing with LC-MS, AOF and CIC therefore provide complementary information. A broad screening method can reveal the magnitude of total contamination, while targeted mass spectrometry identifies and quantifies specific compounds of interest.<h4>Where IC-MS fits into the PFAS toolbox</h4>No single technique can cover the entire PFAS problem. Gandhi highlights very short-chain, highly polar fluorinated compounds as another analytical challenge.Compounds such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) are highly water-soluble and may not be quantitatively retained by the carbon materials used for AOF sample preparation. Direct ion chromatography can provide an alternative route for separating such compounds from common inorganic anions.Coupling IC with mass spectrometry adds another level of sensitivity and selectivity. Gandhi therefore sees IC-MS and IC-MS/MS as increasingly important tools for highly polar fluorinated compounds. Similar approaches can also be useful beyond PFAS, including the determination of polar pesticides such as glyphosate and glufosinate.<h4>Toward lower detection limits and more complete PFAS analysis</h4>For Gandhi, current standardized methods represent a beginning rather than an endpoint. Improvements in instrumentation and particularly sample preparation could push total fluorine analysis to substantially lower concentrations.He notes that current combustion IC configurations can reach approximately 0.5 ppb, or 500 parts per trillion, and believes that improvements in sample volume, preparation procedures and mitigation of inorganic fluoride backgrounds could eventually move detection below 100 ppt and potentially toward 50 ppt.Extractable organic fluorine workflows could provide another bridge between broad fluorine screening and targeted LC-MS methods. Combining improved extraction with CIC could allow samples to be screened for organic fluorine before more detailed compound-specific characterization.The broader message from Gandhi's career is that PFAS analysis is unlikely to be solved by a single analytical technique. Targeted LC-MS provides compound-specific sensitivity and selectivity; AOF and combustion IC reveal a broader fluorine picture; and IC-MS can address highly polar compounds that are difficult to capture using conventional workflows. Used together, these techniques can provide laboratories with a much more complete understanding of PFAS contamination than any one approach alone.<blockquote>This text has been automatically transcribed from a video presentation using AI technology. It may contain inaccuracies and is not guaranteed to be 100% correct.</blockquote><blockquote><h4>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast</h4>Dive into the frontiers of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation with host David Oliva. Each episode features candid conversations with leading researchers, industry innovators, and passionate scientists who are shaping the future of analytical chemistry. From decoding PFAS detection challenges to exploring the latest in AI-assisted liquid chromatography, this show uncovers practical workflows, sustainability breakthroughs, and the real-world impact of separation science. Whether you’re a chromatographer, lab professional, or researcher you'll discover inspiring content!You can find Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast in podcast apps:<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/1wZg67rCjoGju4yhqxI3tL">Spotify</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/tz/podcast/concentrating-on-chromatography/id1788429185">Apple podcast</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podscan.fm/podcasts/concentrating-on-chromatography">podscan</a></li></ul>and on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@ChromatographyTalk/videos">YouTube channel</a></blockquote>

The Future of Ion Chromatography | PFAS Testing, EPA 1621 & AOF Explained

In late February 2025, a train carrying benzene derailed in Hustopeče nad Bečvou, and within hours, a race was on to save the groundwater and surface water. One of the most toxic industrial substances began seeping into the gravel-sand subsoil. While fieldwork was underway to prevent the spread of contamination, decisions were already being made in the CXI TUL laboratories regarding how to subsequently clean up the contaminated rock environment.The accident ranks among the most serious environmental incidents in the Czech Republic in recent years. After a tanker train derailed, hundreds of metric tons of benzene leaked; due to the highly permeable geological subsoil, it quickly seeped into deeper soil layers and into the groundwater. The combination of the substance’s high toxicity and local conditions complicated both the emergency response and the subsequent remediation. The key was to stop further spread, determine the extent of the contamination, and establish a remediation strategy for the entire site.It was at this stage that CXI TUL became involved in the solution. At the request of the renowned remediation company DEKONTA, a.s., a team led by RNDr. Jan Němeček, Ph.D., began testing the feasibility of the in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) method. This technology is designed to break down benzene directly within the rock matrix, without the need for extensive excavation of contaminated soil or the pumping out of large volumes of groundwater. The goal was simple: to find a method that would work quickly, safely, and under the actual conditions of the affected site.<h4>Benzene Remediation: Technically Simple, Complicated in Practice</h4>Benzene is a highly toxic and carcinogenic substance that rapidly penetrates into groundwater in permeable subsoil, where it dissolves and spreads further as the water flows toward surface water bodies. Benzene also binds to rock particles and migrates in the form of vapors into overlying unconsolidated layers.Scientists in Liberec therefore tested in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) technology under laboratory conditions. The goal was to find an oxidant capable of breaking down benzene directly underground into less hazardous substances.The tests evaluated two main options: activated hydrogen peroxide and sodium peroxodisulfate. Both substances removed up to 99.99% of the benzene, but there was a difference in their kinetics and impacts on the natural environment. Activated hydrogen peroxide achieved nearly complete degradation of the contaminant within a single day. Activated sodium peroxodisulfate was slower and also significantly altered the chemistry of the water; it acidified the environment and increased the sulfate content in the water, which poses an additional environmental burden.For field applications, the researchers therefore unequivocally recommended activated hydrogen peroxide.<h4>Dosage Matters</h4>It was not just the oxidant’s effectiveness that was key. It was equally important to determine how the chemical reaction would behave in a real geological environment. The team of scientists therefore also analyzed what is known as soil oxidant consumption (SOD). It turned out that a significant portion of the oxidizing agent does not react solely with benzene but is also consumed to a significant extent by the rock environment itself, particularly by natural organic substances present in the fine-grained fraction of the soil.An oxidant consumption value was determined specifically for the local composition of the aquifers, which is essential for the correct dosing of chemicals in the field so that the remediation is not only effective but also economically viable and safe for surrounding ecosystems.<h4>One Year After the Accident: Research Turns into Real-World Assistance</h4>While the public often perceives university science as a distant world of laboratories and grant projects, it is precisely situations like this that demonstrate its practical impact. The results of the work by researchers at CXI TUL did not remain confined to academic studies but directly influenced decisions regarding the technology used to clean up one of the largest environmental accidents in recent years.

Science on the Front Lines: Cleanup of a Benzene Spill

This study uses ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) lipidomics to characterize plasma lipid alterations associated with long-term aromatase inhibitor therapy in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. A total of 649 lipid species across 23 classes and subclasses were relatively quantified, revealing significant differences in phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, ceramides, hexosylceramides, and other lipid groups.Multivariate analysis showed clear group separation, while a Naive Bayes model based on lipid-class profiles achieved an AUC of 0.79. The results indicate that aromatase inhibitor therapy is associated with systematic lipidomic changes linked to estrogen deprivation and sphingolipid metabolism, providing potential mechanistic insight into long-term metabolic effects of treatment.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926">Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy Is Associated with Distinct Plasma Lipidomic Profiles in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Patients&nbsp;</a></h4><div>Aleksandra Arsic, Ales Kvasnicka<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5973-316X"><img></a>, David Friedecky<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3448-9073"><img></a>, Nebojsa Ivanovic, Maja Milosevic<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0985-0728"><img></a> and Vesna Vucic</div>Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(4), 1926<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27041926">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27041926</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.<div><div>Breast cancer (BRC) is the most common malignancy among women, with over 2.2 million new cases diagnosed globally in 2022 [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B1-ijms-27-01926">1</a>]. A substantial proportion of breast cancers are estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and/or progesterone receptor-positive (PR+) [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B2-ijms-27-01926">2</a>], necessitating multimodal treatment approaches, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapy. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) represent the gold-standard adjuvant endocrine treatment for postmenopausal women, as they improve disease control and reduce the risk of distant metastasis by inhibiting peripheral aromatase activity [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B3-ijms-27-01926">3</a>]. This inhibition prevents the conversion of androgenic precursors into estrogens in peripheral tissues, resulting in a marked reduction in systemic estrogen levels. For postmenopausal women with ER+ and PR+ breast tumors, a five-year course of AI therapy, often extended beyond this duration, is recommended to reduce the risk of disease recurrence [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B4-ijms-27-01926">4</a>].AIs decrease plasma and tissue concentrations of endogenous estrogens by inhibiting aromatase (cytochrome P450), the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for estrogen biosynthesis from testosterone and adrenal androgens [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B5-ijms-27-01926">5</a>]. Because estrogen plays a protective role in lipid metabolism, AI therapy is frequently associated with dyslipidemia. Increased levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) have been reported in patients receiving AIs [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B6-ijms-27-01926">6</a>], thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in postmenopausal women with BRC [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B7-ijms-27-01926">7</a>].Disturbances in lipid metabolism are recognized as a hallmark of cancer, leading to increasing interest in lipidomic profiling as a tool for characterizing tumor-associated metabolic alterations [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B8-ijms-27-01926">8</a>]. In recent years, clinical lipidomics studies have been conducted across multiple malignancies, including lung [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B9-ijms-27-01926">9</a>], pancreatic [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B10-ijms-27-01926">10</a>], renal cell carcinoma [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B11-ijms-27-01926">11</a>], colorectal [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B12-ijms-27-01926">12</a>], and BRC [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B13-ijms-27-01926">13</a>], highlighting cancer-specific lipidomic signatures and the growing relevance of lipid metabolism in oncology. Lipidomic reprogramming is now recognized as a defining feature of BRC. To date, elevated levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC 32:1), stearic acid, and ceramide (Cer 43:1), along with reduced levels of diacylglycerol (DG 34:2), have been reported in BRC patients compared with healthy women [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B14-ijms-27-01926">14</a>]. These lipid species, together with phosphatidylinositol (PI 16:0/16:1) and PI (18:0/20:4), have been proposed as potential biomarkers for BRC [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B14-ijms-27-01926">14</a>].Despite these advances, there remains a paucity of studies investigating the lipidomic profiles in BRC patients in relation to endocrine therapy. The present cross-sectional study aims to address this gap by conducting mass spectrometry-based profiling of lipid classes and comparing profiles between postmenopausal BRC patients receiving AI therapy and another cohort assessed before this treatment. This approach aims to characterize associations between AI therapy status and plasma lipidomic patterns.<h4>2. Results</h4><h5>2.3. Lipidomic Analysis</h5>Plasma lipid profiling identified 649 lipids across 23 lipid classes and subclasses, covering the major structural families of the circulating lipidome, including neutral lipids (triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters, and cholesterol), glycerophospholipids (phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidylglycerols, phosphatidylserines, and their lysophospholipid counterparts), sphingolipids (sphingomyelins, ceramides, monohexosylceramides, and dihexosylceramides), and free fatty acids. In addition to diacyl phospholipids, the dataset included ether-linked and plasmalogen species (denoted as O- and P-), most prominently within PC, PE, and LPC and LPE classes. An overview of the plasma lipidome is shown as a global lipid network (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#fig_body_display_ijms-27-01926-f001">Figure 1</a>). To assess whether the observed lipid changes reflect coordinated remodeling rather than isolated signals, we performed Fisher’s combined probability test at the lipid-class level. This analysis revealed significant cumulative differences in several lipid classes, including Cer, LPC, ether/plasmalogen LPC, LPE, and SM (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#fig_body_display_ijms-27-01926-f001">Figure 1</a>), supporting systematic class-level alterations despite limited power at the single-species level.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Int_J_Mol_Sci_2026_27_4_1926_Figure_1_Global_lipid_network_analysis_of_plasma_lipidomic_differences_between_breast_cancer_patients_BRC_prior_to_initiation_of_the_aromatase_inhibitor_6f82827773.jpg" alt="Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(4), 1926: Figure 1. Global lipid network analysis of plasma lipidomic differences between breast cancer patients (BRC) prior to initiation of the aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy and patients receiving AI. Cytoscape-based network visualization illustrates lipid species grouped according to structural similarity and lipid class. Each node represents an individual lipid species, while edges indicate class-based relationships. Node size corresponds to the −log10 p-value from the Mann–Whitney U test, reflecting the statistical significance (−log p-Value &gt; 1.3) of differences between groups. Node color indicates the direction and magnitude of change, based on log2 fold change, with red representing higher abundance in AI-treated patients and blue representing higher abundance in patients before AI therapy. Major lipid classes, including glycerophospholipids (GPL), sphingolipids (SP), glycerolipids (GL), fatty acids (FA), and cholesteryl esters (CE), are shown to highlight coordinated class- and species-level lipidomic alterations. Fisher’s combined p-value for individual lipid classes is shown at the bottom (significant p-Value &lt; 0.05). " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Int_J_Mol_Sci_2026_27_4_1926_Figure_1_Global_lipid_network_analysis_of_plasma_lipidomic_differences_between_breast_cancer_patients_BRC_prior_to_initiation_of_the_aromatase_inhibitor_6f82827773.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="847"><h5>2.4. Multivariate Analysis of Plasma Lipidomic Profiles</h5>Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to the lipidomic dataset to assess global variation and group separation between the BRC and AI groups (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#fig_body_display_ijms-27-01926-f002">Figure 2</a>). PCA was performed as an unsupervised analysis, including all samples and quality control (QC) samples. The first two principal components explained 37.9% (PC1) and 15.6% (PC2) of the total variance, accounting for 53.5% of the cumulative variance. QC samples clustered tightly near the center of the PCA score plot, indicating analytical stability and reproducibility of the LC–MS measurements. In the PCA score plot, samples from the BRC and AI groups showed partial overlap, with no complete separation observed along the first two principal components. To further evaluate group discrimination, a supervised OPLS-DA model was constructed using the same dataset. The OPLS-DA score plot demonstrated improved separation between the BRC and AI groups along the first latent variable, with group-specific clustering highlighted by confidence ellipses. Permutation testing confirmed that the supervised OPLS-DA model was not overfitted, with a negative Q2 intercept (Q2 = −0.55), indicating that permuted models lacked predictive ability compared with the original model (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#app1-ijms-27-01926">Supplementary Figure S1</a>). Together, these multivariate analyses indicate differences in lipidomic profiles between the BRC and AI groups, while also demonstrating acceptable analytical performance as evidenced by the clustering of QC samples.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Int_J_Mol_Sci_2026_27_4_1926_Figure_2_Multivariate_analysis_of_plasma_lipidomic_profiles_in_breast_cancer_patients_BRC_56f65f265b.jpg" alt="Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(4), 1926: Figure 2. Multivariate analysis of plasma lipidomic profiles in breast cancer patients (BRC) prior to initiation of the aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy and patients receiving AI. Principal component analysis (PCA) score plot (a) shows the distribution of plasma lipidomic profiles from patients before AI therapy (BRC, blue), patients receiving AI therapy (AI, red), and quality control samples (QC, gray). Orthogonal partial least squares–discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) score plot (b) demonstrates improved separation between BRC and AI groups. The ellipse represents the 95% Hotelling’s T2 confidence interval. " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Int_J_Mol_Sci_2026_27_4_1926_Figure_2_Multivariate_analysis_of_plasma_lipidomic_profiles_in_breast_cancer_patients_BRC_56f65f265b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="652"><h4>4. Materials and Methods</h4><h5>4.5. Lipidomic Analysis</h5>Chromatographic separation was performed using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=55&amp;search=ExionLC">ExionLC system</a> (SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA) coupled to a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=55&amp;search=6500">QTRAP® 6500+ mass spectrometer </a>(SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA). Lipids were separated on an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1953">ACQUITY Premier BEH C8 column</a> (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm; Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, UK). The column temperature was kept at 55 °C, and the autosampler was set to 10 °C. The mobile phases consisted of solvent A (acetonitrile/water, 6:4, v/v, containing 10 mM ammonium acetate) and solvent B (isopropanol/acetonitrile, 9:1, v/v, containing 10 mM ammonium acetate), delivered at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The total analytical run time was 20 min per sample. Data acquisition was carried out using Analyst software (version 1.6.2), and data processing and semiautomatic peak integration were performed with MultiQuant software (version 3.0; SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA). Samples were analyzed in a randomized sequence with continuous monitoring of quality control samples. Raw peak areas were QC-normalized by LOESS [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B48-ijms-27-01926">48</a>] and IS-normalized by the corresponding IS class for each lipid.<h5>4.6. Statistical Analysis</h5>The data were processed using the Metabol package [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B48-ijms-27-01926">48</a>] in R program (v 3.6.3). Preprocessing of the data included locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS), Pareto scaling, filtering of analytes (coefficients of variation in the QC above 30%), mean centering, and the lnPQN normalization (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#app1-ijms-27-01926">Supplementary Table S1</a>) [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B49-ijms-27-01926">49</a>]. Univariate statistical analysis (based on the non-parametric non-paired Mann–Whitney U test (p-values shown as −log) together with the log2 fold-change in medians) was performed and visualized using GraphPad Prism (version 9.0, GraphPad Software, LLC, Boston, MA, USA). Data were also evaluated using multivariate statistical analysis, namely the principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal discriminant analysis by partial least squares (OPLS-DA) and validated by permutation using SIMCA software (version 18.0, Sartorius Umetrics, Umeå, Sweden). Benjamini–Hochberg correction was used for false discovery rate correction. Detected lipid species were mapped to standardized lipid classes and subclasses according to accepted lipidomics nomenclature, enabling consistent grouping of lipid species for downstream statistical, class-level, and network analyses. LipidOne 2.4 was further used to support lipid-centric data integration and visualization prior to multivariate and pathway-based analyses (such as heatmaps, ROC analyses using a Naive-Bayesian model and Logistic Regression model, and protein–protein interaction network based on lipidomics data) [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B50-ijms-27-01926">50</a>]. Lipid network visualization was performed using Cytoscape software (v 3.8.2) [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B51-ijms-27-01926">51</a>]. Differentially abundant lipid species were organized according to lipid class and structural similarity. Node size reflected the −log10 p-value from univariate analysis, while node color represented log2 fold change between groups. Calculation of Fisher’s combined probability test for assessing systematic lipid class-level differences was performed (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#app1-ijms-27-01926">Supplementary Table S2</a>) and calculated following procedures described previously [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B52-ijms-27-01926">52</a>].<h4>5. Conclusions</h4>In conclusion, our findings demonstrate significant alterations in lipid metabolism in BRC patients undergoing AI therapy, with pronounced changes in Cer, SM, DG, TG, PC, PI, and PE lipids and lipid classes. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the differences in lipid metabolism between patients before and during AI treatment remain to be fully elucidated. Future longitudinal studies with paired pre- and post-treatment samples from the same individuals leveraging comprehensive lipidomic profiling are needed to deepen our understanding of AI-induced metabolic alterations and to inform the development of targeted interventions aimed at mitigating adverse effects, ultimately improving long-term outcomes and quality of life for these patients.</div></div>

Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy Is Associated with Distinct Plasma Lipidomic Profiles in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Patients

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Organomation, founded in 1959, designs and manufactures high-quality nitrogen evaporators and extraction systems. Known for innovation and durability, their lab instruments are used globally for efficient sample preparation with strong customer support.

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Watrex Streamline™ P1q HPLC Pump, PEEK

Streamline P1g is a PEEK quaternary gradient pump that offers low pressure mixing of up to four mobile phase components with better than 1% accuracy.

Streamline P1g is a PEEK quaternary gradient pump that offers low pressure mixing of up to four mobile phase components with better than 1% accuracy.<blockquote>Price 10 572 € ex VAT</blockquote>An integrated four-channel degasser ensures trouble-free mixing and pumping of the mobile phase. In the analytical version of the pump, the flow rate range from 0.001 ml/min to 10 ml/min is adjustable to 0.001 ml/min with a maximum working pressure of&nbsp;35 MPa (5,000 psi). Flow rate adjustment accuracy is ±1% and flow rate variation is better than ±0.1%. A unique feature is an active piston and seal rinse that prevents crystallization of buffers.&nbsp;A touch screen display on the front panel allows intuitive control of the pump. The display shows flow rate and pumped composition. Pump control and gradient programming is provided by a software module in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/999">Clarity software</a> (DataApex). The PRIME function is also directly available for flushing at increased flow rates.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:800/600;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_Streamline_P1q_HPLC_Pump_PEEK_c4ca5fdaa4.jpg" alt="Watrex: Streamline™ P1q HPLC Pump, PEEK" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Watrex_Streamline_P1q_HPLC_Pump_PEEK_c4ca5fdaa4.jpg 208w," sizes="100vw" width="800" height="600"></figure><h3>PUMP FEATURES</h3><ul><li>Each pump has a single stepper motor driven, dual head positive displacement pump (pump heads 180° out of phase)</li><li>PEEK pump heads and fluid path</li><li>Incorporates a diaphragm-type pulse damper, which reduces pulsation in the system by as much as 90% and includes an isolated pressure transducer (i.e., the transducer adds no dead volume).</li><li>Ruby/Sapphire Check Valves (1/16” ball)</li><li>Front panel flow adjustment in 0.001 mL/min increments</li><li>Upper and Lower Pressure Limits: Automatically turns the pump OFF if the system pressure exceeds the maximum pressure limit, or drops below minimum pressure limit</li><li>Microprocessor advanced control with advanced pre-compression algorithm and user calibration feature</li><li>Back panel USB communications port for complete control and status monitoring; Clarity Driver available</li><li>Automatic piston wash (self-flush)</li></ul><h3>TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION</h3><ul><li>Flow Rates: 0.001 ml/min – 10 ml/min with step 0.001 ml/min</li><li>Pressure: 35 MPa/5000 psi</li><li>Pulsation: ± 1% @ from 7 MPa to 42 MPa</li><li>Pressure Accuracy: ± 2% of full-scale, with IPA</li><li>Flow Accuracy:&nbsp;better than ± 1% @ 10mL/min</li><li>Flow Precision: better then 0.1% RSD or 0.2 min SD, whichever is greater, across the full flow range, 20 MPa, with degassed methanol</li><li>Gradient Accuracy:&nbsp;1 % (between 10% and 90% mixing ratios)</li><li>Remote control: USB</li><li>I/O connector:&nbsp;Start, Stop, Status, Error</li></ul>You can also visit this product on the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/obchod/chromatography/pumps/gradient-pumps/streamline-p1q-pump-peek/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty">Watrex website</a>.

Watrex Streamline™ P1q HPLC Pump, Stainless Steel

Streamline P1g is a stainless steel quaternary gradient pump that offers low pressure mixing of up to four mobile phase components with better than 1% accuracy.

Streamline P1g is a stainless steel quaternary gradient pump that offers low pressure mixing of up to four mobile phase components with better than 1% accuracy.<blockquote>Price 10 572 € ex VAT</blockquote>An integrated four-channel degasser ensures trouble-free mixing and pumping of the mobile phase. In the analytical version of the pump, the flow rate range from 0.001 ml/min to 10 ml/min is adjustable to 0.001 ml/min with a maximum working pressure of 42 MPa (6,000 psi). Flow rate adjustment accuracy is ±1% and flow rate variation is better than ±0.1%. A unique feature is an active piston and seal rinse that prevents crystallization of buffers.A touch screen display on the front panel allows intuitive control of the pump. The display shows flow rate and pumped composition. Pump control and gradient programming is provided by a software module in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/999">Clarity software</a> (DataApex). The PRIME function is also directly available for flushing at increased flow rates.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:800/600;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_Streamline_P1q_HPLC_Pump_PEEK_c4ca5fdaa4.jpg" alt="Watrex: Streamline™ P1q HPLC Pump, Stainless Steel" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Watrex_Streamline_P1q_HPLC_Pump_PEEK_c4ca5fdaa4.jpg 208w," sizes="100vw" width="800" height="600"></figure><h3>PUMP FEATURES</h3><ul><li>Each pump has a single stepper motor driven, dual head positive displacement pump (pump heads 180° out of phase)</li><li>316 Stainless Steel pump heads and fluid path</li><li>Incorporates a diaphragm-type pulse damper, which reduces pulsation in the system by as much as 90% and includes an isolated pressure transducer (i.e., the transducer adds no dead volume).</li><li>Ruby/Sapphire Check Valves (1/16” ball)</li><li>Front panel flow adjustment in 0.001 mL/min increments</li><li>Upper and Lower Pressure Limits: Automatically turns the pump OFF if the system pressure exceeds the maximum pressure limit, or drops below minimum pressure limit</li><li>Microprocessor advanced control with advanced pre-compression algorithm and user calibration feature</li><li>Back panel USB communications port for complete control and status monitoring; Clarity Driver available</li><li>Automatic piston wash (self-flush)</li></ul><h3>TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION</h3><ul><li>Flow Rates: 0.001 ml/min – 10 ml/min with step 0.001 ml/min</li><li>Pressure: 42 MPa/6000 psi</li><li>Pulsation: ± 1% @ from 7 MPa to 42 MPa</li><li>Pressure Accuracy: ± 2% of full-scale, with IPA</li><li>Flow Accuracy:&nbsp;better than ± 1% @ 10mL/min</li><li>Flow Precision: better then 0.1% RSD or 0.2 min SD, whichever is greater, across the full flow range, 20 MPa, with degassed methanol</li><li>Gradient Accuracy:&nbsp;1 % (between 10% and 90% mixing ratios)</li><li>Remote control: USB</li><li>I/O connector:&nbsp;Start, Stop, Status, Error</li></ul>You can also visit this product on the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/obchod/chromatography/pumps/gradient-pumps/streamline-p1q-pump-stainless-steel/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty">Watrex website</a>.

Thermo Scientific Vanquish Tandem LC Systems

The Thermo Scientific Vanquish Tandem LC Systems increase throughput and maximize detector output by using a second pump and intelligent column switching to eliminate the time required for column equilibration in a gradient elution. 

<h3>Optimize your productivity</h3>In today’s challenging research and production environments, you are being asked to be more productive without increasing spending or compromising quality.&nbsp;At the same time, advancements and innovations are needed to improve operational efficiency and performance. How do you accomplish this? It’s easy with the Thermo Scientific™ Vanquish™ High-throughput LC systems built for enhanced productivity. Vanquish High-throughput LC systems combine individual Vanquish components and software wizards to deliver increased throughput or detector utilization.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Duo_UHPLC_Systems_8_2befa2ab8e.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific Vanquish Tandem LC Systems." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Duo_UHPLC_Systems_8_2befa2ab8e.jpg 191w," sizes="100vw" width="1325" height="1086"><h3>Two flow paths for maximized productivity</h3>Your laboratory may be facing increased pressure to improve working efficiency and deal with limiting resources, such as budget, space, or manpower. Vanquish High-throughput LC systems are designed to overcome these limitations by providing multiple flow paths for parallelization of specific stages of the LC run.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Duo_UHPLC_Systems_2_06370d93f8.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific Vanquish Tandem LC Systems." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Duo_UHPLC_Systems_2_06370d93f8.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="955" height="591"><h4>Unique dual technology</h4>The Vanquish platform contains two unique dual modules. Vanquish dual pumps merge two individual, low pressure mixing pumps in one housing enabling separate eluents and gradients for each pump.Vanquish dual split samplers possess two independently controlled injection units including separate injection valves and injection needles. Used in Dual LC and LC-MS workflows only, this enables high throughput and extensive sample characterization workflows.<h3>Two configurations to best serve your needs</h3>Vanquish High-throughput workflows are configured with Thermo Scientific™ Vanquish™ Core system, Thermo Scientific™ Vanquish™ Flex system or Thermo Scientific™ Vanquish™ Horizon system modules. Both workflows make use of two pumps to increase instrument productivity.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Duo_UHPLC_Systems_3_77acff4bea.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific Vanquish Tandem LC Systems: Two configurations to best serve your needs." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Duo_UHPLC_Systems_3_77acff4bea.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1682" height="735"><h4>Vanquish Duo UHPLC Systems</h4><ul><li>Supported systems:<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/744">Vanquish Horizon</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/743">Vanquish Flex</a></li></ul></li><li>Sampler: Dual split sampler</li><li>Detector: Two out of the complete detector portfolio</li><li>Software control:<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/76">Thermo Scientific™ Chromeleon™ Chromatography Data System (CDS)</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1838">Thermo Scientific™ Standard Instrument Integration (SII)</a> for <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/627">Waters™ Empower™ 3 CDS</a></li></ul></li></ul><h4>Vanquish Tandem LC Systems</h4><ul><li>Supported systems:<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/744">Vanquish Horizon</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/743">Vanquish Flex</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/397">Vanquish Core</a></li></ul></li><li>Sampler: Split sampler</li><li>Detector: One out of the complete detector portfolio and/or one mass spectrometer</li><li>Software control:<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/76">Chromeleon CDS</a></li><li>Standard System Integration for <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1758">Thermo Scientific™ Xcalibur™ software</a></li></ul></li></ul><h3>Vanquish Tandem LC systems</h3><div><div><div><div>Gradient separations are commonly used in LC or LC-MS. Column reconditioning, such as washing and re-equilibration, takes time and reduces your overall sample throughput. The Vanquish Tandem LC systems eliminate these limitations and improve productivity by:<ul><li>Increasing sample throughput without modifying a validated method</li><li>Improving return on investment by maximizing mass spectrometer utilization</li><li>Reducing column carry over through extended column washing without sacrificing throughput</li><li>Simplifying method setup with automatic method conversion from your original gradient method</li></ul></div></div></div></div><div>&nbsp;</div><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Tandem_LC_Systems_4_a031ad3221.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific Vanquish Tandem LC Systems." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Tandem_LC_Systems_4_a031ad3221.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1749" height="530"><h4>Throughput increase using Tandem LC</h4><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Tandem_LC_Systems_3_6bc55942ed.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific Vanquish Tandem LC Systems: Throughput increase by Tandem LC is between 10–80% for most common conditions." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Tandem_LC_Systems_3_6bc55942ed.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="894" height="434">The Vanquish Tandem LC system splits the analysis between two pumps and two columns. One pump delivers the analytical gradient while the second pump runs the reconditioning gradient. This configuration allows you to use two identical columns to run your sequence faster without compromising data quality.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Tandem_LC_Systems_5_d818007fe4.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific Vanquish Tandem LC Systems: Reproducible results for the Thermo Scientific™ Vanquish™ Horizon Tandem UHPLC system—Thermo Scientific™ Q Exactive™ HF hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap™ mass spectrometer showing an overlay of five total ion current chromatograms. The sample shown is digested Infliximab using the Thermo Scientific™ SMART ™ Digest Kit." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Tandem_LC_Systems_5_d818007fe4.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1123" height="499"><h4>Simply upgrade your method</h4>Implementing Tandem LC-MS into your workflow is easy with compliance-ready Chromeleon software for LC or LC-MS users and Thermo Scientific Standard Instrument Integration (SII) for Thermo Scientific Xcalibur software for LC-MS users.A simple dedicated instrument method wizard enables you to create new methods without the need for additional training.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Tandem_LC_Systems_0c7f310b1e.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific Vanquish Tandem LC Systems." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Tandem_LC_Systems_0c7f310b1e.jpg 193w," sizes="100vw" width="353" height="285"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Tandem_LC_Systems_2_47128950b2.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific Vanquish Tandem LC Systems: Chromeleon CDS and SII for Xcalibur guides users through the implementation of a Tandem LC or LC-MS method with automatic system volume considerations and gradient formation of the reconditioning pump." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Tandem_LC_Systems_2_47128950b2.jpg 160w," sizes="100vw" width="361" height="353"><h3>Thermo Scientific LC portfolio overview</h3><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_LC_portfolio_overview_2db5044366.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific LC portfolio overview." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_LC_portfolio_overview_2db5044366.jpg 188w," sizes="100vw" width="795" height="660">

Thermo Scientific Vanquish Charged Aerosol Detectors

Thermo Scientific Vanquish CAD detectors deliver near-universal detection with high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, gradient compatibility, and compliance-ready design.

Expand your detection range and achieve accurate quantitation in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with the near-universal Charged Aerosol Detector (CAD). Featuring a wide linear and dynamic range along with a uniform response independent of chemical structure, Thermo Scientific™ Vanquish™ CAD systems allow you to measure virtually all non-volatile and many semi-volatile analytes at low-nanogram to sub-nanogram concentrations. Confidently quantify both trace impurities and highly concentrated active compounds in a single analysis.<h3>Key Benefits</h3><ul><li>Standard-free quantitation of unknowns – uniform response enables reliable single-calibrant quantitation</li><li>Superior sensitivity – 10× lower LODs compared to ELSD, LOQs as low as 1–20 ng on-column</li><li>Wide dynamic range – linear up to 2 orders of magnitude, dynamic up to 4 orders</li><li>Compatible with gradient elution – maintain uniform response using inverse gradient, unlike RID</li><li>Integrated diverter valve – prevents contamination, directs unwanted matrix to waste, and improves quantitation of early-eluting compounds</li><li>Compliance and data integrity – full qualification of method parameters, audited flow path control, and seamless integration with <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/76">Thermo Scientific Chromeleon™ CDS</a></li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Charged_Aerosol_Detectors_1_e135b2d6fe.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific Vanquish Charged Aerosol Detectors" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Charged_Aerosol_Detectors_1_e135b2d6fe.jpg 209w," sizes="100vw" width="650" height="486"><h3>Technical Features</h3><ul><li>Detection mode: Records up to 4 unique power values for optimal linear response</li><li>Gas requirements: Nitrogen (recommended) or compressed air</li><li>Dynamic range: Up to 4 orders of magnitude</li><li>Data collection rate: Up to 200 Hz</li><li>Compatibility: Designed for <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?category=37&amp;manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=Vanquish">Thermo Scientific™ Vanquish™ HPLC and UHPLC systems</a>; integration with other systems possible</li><li>Outputs: Digital and analog output options available</li><li>Safety features: Overpressure relief, leak sensing, high-temperature shutoff, flood prevention, and diagnostic monitoring</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Charged_Aerosol_Detectors_3_335506f860.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific Vanquish Charged Aerosol Detectors" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Charged_Aerosol_Detectors_3_335506f860.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="650" height="378"><h3>Product Portfolio</h3><ul><li>Vanquish CAD HP – broad temperature range (ambient, 10–100 °C), versatile high-performance configuration</li><li>Vanquish CAD FP – fixed-point operation at defined set temperatures (ambient, 35 °C, 50 °C, 70 °C)</li><li>Vanquish CAD H – heating-enabled design (ambient +5 to +100 °C)</li><li>Vanquish CAD F – fixed-temperature options (35 °C, 50 °C, 70 °C)</li><li>Vanquish CAD HP, Analog Output – full performance with analog signal output</li><li>Vanquish CAD HP, Digital Output – full performance with digital data output</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Charged_Aerosol_Detectors_2_795050403c.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific Vanquish Charged Aerosol Detectors" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Charged_Aerosol_Detectors_2_795050403c.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="650" height="397">

Waters Charged Aerosol Detector (CAD)

Waters Charged Aerosol Detector (CAD) enables universal quantitation of non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds independent of UV activity, with wide dynamic range and seamless integration with Empower™ Software.

<h3>Expand Your Detection Range with a Detector Purpose-Built for Empower™ Software</h3>Empower™ Software–based laboratories require detection solutions that are easy to adopt, robust, and capable of accurately quantifying non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds—regardless of chemical structure or UV activity. The Waters Charged Aerosol Detector (CAD) is purposefully engineered to meet these demands, delivering universal, reliable detection fully integrated with Waters chromatography systems and Empower™ or MassLynx™ Software.With a wide dynamic range exceeding four orders of magnitude, the Waters CAD enables simultaneous quantitation of low-level, non-UV-active analytes, along with related impurities and excipients, in a single run—helping laboratories reduce method development time, increase productivity, and improve process control.<h4>Key Benefits</h4><ul><li>Universal detection without UV limitations Detect and quantify non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds independent of chromophore presence.</li><li>Wide dynamic range (&gt;4 orders of magnitude) Confidently quantify trace-level components and major constituents simultaneously.</li><li>Purpose-built for Empower™ Software Seamless integration into regulated workflows with Empower-based qualification and long-term software compatibility.</li><li>Compatible across Waters LC platforms Integrates easily with Alliance™, Arc™, ACQUITY™ Arc, ACQUITY™ H-Class, ACQUITY™ I-Class, and UPLC™ Systems.</li><li>Designed for robustness and ease of use Optimized hardware, simplified maintenance, and enhanced system protection features minimize downtime.</li></ul><h4>Technical Specifications</h4><h5>Detector Performance</h5><ul><li>Detector flow rate: 0.010–2.000 mL/min</li><li>Dynamic range: Greater than four orders of magnitude (four individual power values)</li><li>Sampling rate: Up to 200 Hz</li><li>Number of channels: Four (4), supported by four (4) independent background current channels</li></ul><h5>Temperature Control</h5><ul><li>Evaporation temperature:<ul><li>Ambient (off)</li><li>Controlled range: 10 °C to 100 °C (0.1 °C increments)</li><li>Minimum of 5 °C above ambient</li></ul></li></ul><h5>Gas Requirements</h5><ul><li>Inert gas supply: Nitrogen (recommended) or compressed air</li><li>Inlet pressure: 4.83–5.52 bar (483–552 kPa, 70.0–80.0 psi)</li><li>Gas consumption: Typically ≤ 5 L/min</li></ul><h5>Diagnostics and Monitoring</h5><ul><li>Diagnostic channels include:<ul><li>Nebulizer gas flow and pressure (psi)</li><li>Evaporator temperature (°C)</li><li>Ion trap voltage (V)</li><li>Charger current (µA)</li><li>Mixing chamber temperature (°C)</li></ul></li></ul><h5>Electrical and Physical Specifications</h5><ul><li>Power requirements: 100–240 VAC</li><li>Dimensions:<ul><li>Width: 34.3 cm (13.5 in)</li><li>Height: 20.8 cm (8.2 in)</li><li>Depth: 61.0 cm (24.0 in)</li></ul></li><li>Biocompatible: No</li></ul><h5>Software and System Compatibility</h5><ul><li>Optimized for Empower™ Software and MassLynx™ Software control</li><li>Robust chromatography data system (CDS) communications to minimize downtime</li><li>Backward compatibility to Empower™ 3 Feature Release 4 Service Release 3 (SR3)</li><li>Fully compatible with systems qualification and validation requirements in regulated environments</li></ul><h5>Seamless Method Transfer Across Laboratories</h5>The Waters CAD is designed to simplify method transfer within organizations and across external laboratories. It maintains method simplicity while adding enhanced tools for equivalency and reproducibility, reducing the need for revalidation when transitioning from legacy or third-party CAD solutions.The intuitive ACQUITY™ console control panel enables straightforward operation and simplifies replacement of outdated technology across laboratory networks.<h5>Designed for Ease of Use and Reliability</h5><ul><li>Single filter manifold with push/pull filter replacement</li><li>Easy-to-replace nebulizer for improved serviceability</li><li>Intelligent divert valve automatically sends flow to waste if gas pressure is lost or system errors occur</li><li>Enhanced leak detection and flood protection, safeguarding instruments in the event of CDS communication loss</li></ul><h5>Recommended Use</h5>Accurate quantitation in:<ul><li>HPLC, UHPLC, and UPLC separations</li><li>Preparative and purification workflows</li><li>Pharmaceutical QC and R&amp;D</li><li>Analysis of excipients, lipids, sugars, surfactants, and non-UV-active impurities</li></ul>

Thermo Scientific Transcend Multichannel UHPLC Systems

Thermo Scientific Transcend Multichannel UHPLC Systems are advanced LC-MS systems with a multichannel UHPLC architecture that increase analytical productivity and maximize mass spectrometer utilization without compromising data quality.

Thermo Scientific™ Transcend™ Multichannel UHPLC Systems are advanced LC-MS platforms designed for laboratories that demand higher throughput, improved efficiency, and stronger return on investment. Their multichannel UHPLC architecture connects up to four fully independent LC channels to a single mass spectrometer, dramatically increasing system utilization without compromising data quality.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Transcend_Multichannel_UHPLC_Systems_8_5f824e5e08.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific™ Transcend™ Multichannel UHPLC Systems: The Transcend LX systems feature either 2 or 4 (shown) completely independent LC channels." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Transcend_Multichannel_UHPLC_Systems_8_5f824e5e08.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="955" height="404"><h3>Key benefits</h3><ul><li>Significantly increased LC-MS throughput</li><li>Maximized mass spectrometer utilization</li><li>Maintained sensitivity, selectivity, and robustness</li><li>Reduced operating costs and analysis time</li><li>Scalable configurations tailored to laboratory needs</li></ul><h3>Multichannel UHPLC architecture</h3>Conventional single-channel LC-MS systems process samples sequentially, leaving the mass spectrometer idle during injection, column washing, and equilibration. Transcend systems overcome this limitation by intelligently interleaving injections from multiple LC channels, delivering data to the mass spectrometer only during relevant retention time windows and enabling substantial productivity gains.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Transcend_Multichannel_UHPLC_Systems_5_ab4093366d.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific™ Transcend™ Multichannel UHPLC Systems: Injections are interleaved to maximize throughput and mass spectrometer use." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Transcend_Multichannel_UHPLC_Systems_5_ab4093366d.jpg 169w," sizes="100vw" width="831" height="764"><h3>Vanquish UHPLC platform</h3>Thermo Scientific™ Transcend™ Multichannel UHPLC Systems are built on proven <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?category=40&amp;manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=vanquish">Thermo Scientific Vanquish UHPLC</a> technology. The Transcend multichannel architecture integrates up to four independent Vanquish-based UHPLC channels into a single LC-MS platform.The Vanquish UHPLC platform provides:<ul><li>high mechanical and operational robustness</li><li>reproducible long-term performance</li><li>precise gradient formation and stable flow control suitable for multichannel operation</li><li>flexible pump configurations (binary or quaternary) tailored to application requirements</li></ul>By combining the Transcend multichannel concept with Vanquish UHPLC technology, laboratories can achieve high throughput without compromising chromatographic performance, sensitivity, or system reliability.<h3>System configurations</h3><ul><li>Transcend LX and VLX Designed for high-throughput LC-MS workflows without on-line sample cleanup<ul><li>2- and 4-channel configurations</li><li>Fully independent LC channels</li></ul></li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Transcend_Multichannel_UHPLC_Systems_1567f69a93.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific™ Transcend™ Multichannel UHPLC Systems: Transcend LX UHPLC Systems" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Transcend_Multichannel_UHPLC_Systems_1567f69a93.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="968" height="500"><ul><li>Transcend TLX Designed for workflows requiring automated on-line sample cleanup<ul><li>1-, 2-, and 4-channel configurations</li><li>Integrated TurboFlow™ technology</li></ul></li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Transcend_Multichannel_UHPLC_Systems_2_8ac2e32016.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific™ Transcend™ Multichannel UHPLC Systems: Transcend TLX UHPLC Systems" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Transcend_Multichannel_UHPLC_Systems_2_8ac2e32016.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1674" height="523">Each LC channel operates independently, allowing identical methods to run in parallel or multiple methods to be combined within a single system.<h3>On-line sample cleanup with TurboFlow™ technology (TLX)</h3>TurboFlow™ technology enables rapid on-line removal of matrix interferences directly within the LC-MS system, resulting in:<ul><li>Reduced or eliminated manual sample preparation</li><li>Direct injection of complex biological and environmental samples</li><li>Improved sensitivity and reproducibility</li><li>Increased method robustness and simplified workflows</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Transcend_Multichannel_UHPLC_Systems_3_efccaa3928.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific™ Transcend™ Multichannel UHPLC Systems: On-line sample cleanup with TurboFlow™ technology (TLX)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Transcend_Multichannel_UHPLC_Systems_3_efccaa3928.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1105" height="556"><h3>System control and software</h3>All system functions are managed by Thermo Scientific™ Aria™ MX software, providing:<ul><li>Control of pumps, valves, gradients, and injection scheduling</li><li>Intuitive multichannel method setup</li><li>Parallel execution of up to four methods</li><li>A user-friendly graphical interface for complex LC-MS workflows</li></ul>Aria MX software is fully compatible with <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1758">Thermo Scientific™ Xcalibur™</a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/77">Thermo Scientific™ TraceFinder™</a> software.<h3>Mass spectrometer compatibility</h3>Transcend systems are designed as a flexible LC-MS platform compatible with a broad range of Thermo Fisher Scientific mass spectrometers, including:<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?category=20&amp;manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=tsq">TSQ triple quadrupole systems</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?category=134&amp;manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=orbitrap">High-resolution Orbitrap instruments</a></li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Transcend_Multichannel_UHPLC_Systems_4_fc2c09672b.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific™ Transcend™ Multichannel UHPLC Systems: Transcend TLX-2 system with a TSQ Altis Plus triple quadrupole mass spectrometer." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Transcend_Multichannel_UHPLC_Systems_4_fc2c09672b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1178" height="646"><h3>Typical application areas</h3><ul><li>Clinical research and bioanalysis</li><li>Pharmaceutical development and quality control</li><li>Toxicology</li><li>Environmental analysis</li><li>High-throughput screening workflows</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Transcend_Multichannel_UHPLC_Systems_6_db70763211.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific™ Transcend™ Multichannel UHPLC Systems: Retention time (A) and peak area (B) reproducibility of a high-throughput targeted proteomics assay for quantifying SARS-CoV-2 peptides in clinical research samples across five days. The Transcend TLX-4 UHPLC system was used for on-line sample clean-up and analysis of 500 respiratory tract swab samples per day. (Cardozo, K.H.M., Lebkuchen, A., Okai, G.G. et al. Establishing a mass spectrometry-based system for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 in large clinical sample cohorts. Nat Commun 11, 6201 (2020))" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Transcend_Multichannel_UHPLC_Systems_6_db70763211.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1489" height="862">

KNAUER AZURA HTQC UHPLC System

KNAUER AZURA HTQC UHPLC (1240 bar) enables high-throughput QC with parallel analysis and column re-equilibration for faster workflows.

The KNAUER AZURA HTQC UHPLC (1240 bar) is a high-performance UHPLC system designed for high-throughput quality control (QC) where speed, robustness, and reproducibility are essential.The system features a unique concept of parallel analysis and offline column re-equilibration, significantly increasing productivity. With two gradient pumps, one column performs the analytical run while the second is re-equilibrated in backflush mode.This architecture enables:<ul><li>≥30% reduction in cycle time</li><li>increased sample throughput</li><li>column protection from matrix contamination</li><li>consistent retention times</li></ul>It is ideal for pharmaceutical QC laboratories requiring automation and validated workflows.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>UHPLC system up to 1240 bar (124 MPa)</li><li>Dual gradient pumps (HPG + LPG)</li><li>Parallel analysis and column re-equilibration</li><li>Backflush mode for column protection</li><li>≥30% faster analysis cycles</li><li>High flow reproducibility</li><li>Autosampler with cooling</li><li>Column thermostat (Peltier)</li><li>Fully automated modular system</li><li>MS detector compatibility</li></ul><h4>System Configuration</h4>Included components:<ul><li>Eluent tray E 2.1L</li><li>Pump P 8.1L (HPG)</li><li>Pump P 6.1L (LPG)</li><li>Liquid handler LH 8.1 + Robotic Cooler</li><li>Column thermostat CT 2.1</li><li>Column switching &amp; backflush valve</li><li>Accessories and tools</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Pumps</h4><h5>P 8.1L (HPG – analytical pump):</h5><ul><li>Max pressure: 1240 bar</li><li>Flow rate: up to 5 mL/min</li><li>Adaptive pulsation compensation</li><li>Degasser + binary solvent selection</li><li>Low baseline noise</li></ul><h5>P 6.1L (LPG – re-equilibration):</h5><ul><li>Quaternary gradient</li><li>Integrated degasser</li><li>Low dwell volume</li><li>Inline filter</li></ul><h4>Autosampler</h4><h5>LH 8.1:</h5><ul><li>XYZ autosampler</li><li>Capacity: up to 390 samples</li><li>Temperature: 4–40 °C</li><li>Low carryover</li></ul><h4>Column Thermostat</h4><h5>CT 2.1:</h5><ul><li>Peltier controlled</li><li>Above and below ambient operation</li><li>High precision</li></ul><h4>Valve System</h4><ul><li>Column switching + backflush</li><li>Up to 1200 bar</li><li>Parallel column operation</li></ul><h4>Detection</h4><ul><li>Compatible with all HPLC detectors</li><li>Ideal for LC-MS coupling</li></ul><h4>HTQC Concept</h4><ul><li>Independent flow paths (analysis vs re-equilibration)</li><li>Backflush re-equilibration</li><li>Parallel operation</li><li>Increased throughput without compromise</li></ul><h4>Typical Applications</h4><ul><li>Pharmaceutical QC</li><li>Routine validated workflows</li><li>High sample throughput environments</li><li>Reversed-phase HPLC</li></ul>

KNAUER High Precision AZURA P 6.1L HPLC Pump

KNAUER AZURA P 6.1L HPLC pump with up to 1000 bar, precise gradient control, and low pulsation for reliable UHPLC workflows.

The KNAUER AZURA P 6.1L is a high-precision analytical HPLC pump designed for accurate and reproducible solvent delivery in both HPLC and UHPLC applications.The pump combines essential features of a modern pumping system, including low pulsation, high pressure capability, precise gradient formation, and flexible configuration. It is available in both HPG (high-pressure gradient) and LPG (low-pressure gradient) versions, with a flow range up to 50 mL/min.The system uses a dual serial piston mechanism with active pulsation compensation, ensuring excellent flow stability under all conditions. A low-dead-volume microfluidic mixer enables efficient and precise solvent mixing.Different pump heads are available:<ul><li>up to 10 mL/min at 862 bar</li><li>up to 5 mL/min at 1000 bar</li></ul>Optional configurations include biocompatible materials (PEEK, ceramic, titanium) and specialized setups for normal phase applications (e.g., hexane, heptane).<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>High-precision analytical HPLC/UHPLC pump</li><li>Pressure up to 1000 bar</li><li>Flow rates up to 50 mL/min</li><li>Dual piston system with low pulsation</li><li>Active pulsation compensation</li><li>HPG and LPG gradient configurations</li><li>Microfluidic mixer (50–600 µl)</li><li>RFID pump head detection</li><li>Optional degasser</li><li>Biocompatible configurations available</li><li>Robust operation with demanding solvents</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Solvent Delivery</h4><ul><li>Pump type: analytical HPLC pump</li><li>Mechanism: dual serial piston</li><li>Flow range: 0.001 – 50 mL/min</li><li>Max pressure: up to 1000 bar</li><li>Flow accuracy: ± 0.25%</li><li>Precision: ≤ 0.04% RSD</li></ul><h4>Gradient</h4><ul><li>Range: 0–100% (0.1% steps)</li><li>HPG accuracy: ± 0.3%</li><li>HPG precision: &lt; 0.1% RSD</li><li>LPG accuracy: ± 0.3% to ± 2%</li><li>LPG precision: &lt; 0.5% RSD</li></ul><h4>Mixing</h4><ul><li>Microfluidic mixer</li><li>Volumes: 50 / 100 / 200 / 400 / 600 µl</li><li>Low dead volume</li></ul><h4>Degasser (optional)</h4><ul><li>2–4 channels</li><li>Max flow: 10 mL/min per channel</li><li>Residual O₂: &lt; 0.5 ppm</li><li>Membrane: fluoropolymer</li></ul><h4>Materials</h4><ul><li>PEEK, Tefzel®, Systec AF</li><li>Optional biocompatible materials (titanium, ceramic)</li></ul><h4>Control &amp; Communication</h4><ul><li>LAN, analog inputs</li><li>Event outputs (TTL, relay)</li><li>Optional mobile control</li><li>RFID pump head detection</li></ul><h4>Operating Conditions</h4><ul><li>Temperature: 4–40 °C</li><li>Humidity: &lt; 90% non-condensing</li></ul><h4>Dimensions &amp; Power</h4><ul><li>Dimensions: 361 × 208 × 523 mm</li><li>Weight: 14.1 kg</li><li>Power supply: 100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li>Power consumption: max 100 W</li></ul>

KNAUER High Precision AZURA P 8.1L UHPLC Pump

KNAUER AZURA P 8.1L UHPLC pump with up to 1240 bar, adaptive pulsation compensation, and high precision for demanding UHPLC applications.

The KNAUER AZURA P 8.1L is a high-performance UHPLC pump designed for ultra-fast and high-resolution chromatographic applications. With a maximum pressure of 1240 bar (124 MPa) and flow rates up to 5 mL/min, it meets the demands of modern UHPLC workflows.The pump features a dual serial piston mechanism combined with adaptive pulsation compensation, which operates independently of flow rate, pressure, and solvent type through real-time monitoring of eluent compressibility and variable piston stroke.Together with KNAUER’s advanced piston drive technology, this results in exceptional flow reproducibility under all operating conditions. High-precision in-house manufacturing ensures long piston seal lifetime and maximum system uptime.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>UHPLC pump up to 1240 bar</li><li>Flow rates up to 5 mL/min</li><li>Dual serial piston system</li><li>Adaptive pulsation compensation</li><li>Excellent flow reproducibility</li><li>HPG gradient capability</li><li>Integrated 4-channel degasser</li><li>RFID pump head detection</li><li>Low baseline noise</li><li>High durability and long lifetime</li><li>Compatible with UHPLC and LC-MS systems</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Solvent Delivery</h4><ul><li>Pump type: analytical UHPLC pump</li><li>Mechanism: dual serial piston</li><li>Max pressure: 1240 bar</li><li>Flow rate: up to 5 mL/min</li><li>Flow accuracy: ± 0.25%</li><li>Precision: ≤ 0.04% RSD</li></ul><h4>Gradient</h4><ul><li>Type: HPG (high-pressure gradient)</li><li>Range: 0–100% (0.1% steps)</li><li>Accuracy: ± 0.3%</li><li>Precision: &lt; 0.1% RSD</li></ul><h4>Degasser</h4><ul><li>Channels: 4</li><li>Max flow: 5 mL/min per channel</li><li>Residual O₂: &lt; 0.5 ppm</li><li>Technology: fluoropolymer membrane</li></ul><h4>Connections</h4><ul><li>Inlet: UNF 1/4-28 (1/8” tubing)</li><li>Outlet: UNF 10-32 (1/16” capillary)</li></ul><h4>Materials</h4><ul><li>PEEK, Tefzel®, Systec AF</li><li>Compatible with most solvents (except HCl and halogenated hydrocarbons)</li></ul><h4>Control &amp; Communication</h4><ul><li>LAN, analog inputs</li><li>Event outputs (TTL, relay)</li><li>Optional mobile control</li><li>RFID pump head detection</li></ul><h4>Safety &amp; Operating Conditions</h4><ul><li>Leak sensor</li><li>Soft start and programmable pressure limits</li><li>Temperature: 4–40 °C</li><li>Humidity: &lt; 90% non-condensing</li></ul><h4>Dimensions &amp; Power</h4><ul><li>Dimensions: 361 × 208 × 523 mm</li><li>Weight: 26.7 kg</li><li>Power supply: 100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li>Power consumption: max 310 W</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA CT 2.1 Column Thermostat

KNAUER AZURA CT 2.1 column thermostat with Peltier control (5–85 °C), high stability, and optional eluent pre-heating for precise HPLC separations.

The KNAUER AZURA CT 2.1 is a cost-effective column thermostat designed for precise and stable temperature control in HPLC applications.The instrument uses a microprocessor-controlled Peltier element, enabling both heating and cooling in the range of 5–85 °C. Its high temperature stability allows for programming linear and non-linear temperature gradients, improving separation performance.For advanced applications, the system can be optionally equipped with an eluent pre-heating cartridge, ensuring consistent temperature conditions, improved selectivity, and better peak shapes.Its compact design supports flexible integration and accommodates multiple columns.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Column thermostat for HPLC applications</li><li>Temperature range 5–85 °C</li><li>Peltier technology (heating and cooling)</li><li>High temperature stability (±0.1 °C)</li><li>Accurate temperature control (±0.2 °C)</li><li>Programmable temperature gradients</li><li>Optional eluent pre-heating</li><li>Supports multiple columns</li><li>Compact and robust design</li><li>Built-in safety features</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Thermostatting</h4><ul><li>Technology: Peltier (heating &amp; cooling)</li><li>Temperature range: 5–85 °C</li><li>Heating/cooling rate: 2 °C/min</li><li>Accuracy: ± 0.2 °C</li><li>Stability: ± 0.1 °C</li><li>Air circulation: fan-assisted bidirectional flow</li></ul><h4>Column Compartment</h4><ul><li>Max number of columns: up to 8</li><li>Max length: 325 mm</li><li>Max diameter: 35 mm</li><li>Compatibility:<ul><li>125 mm × 4.6 mm ID (with precolumn)</li><li>300 mm × 4.6 mm ID</li><li>300 mm × 16 mm ID</li></ul></li></ul><h4>Internal Dimensions</h4><ul><li>90 × 390 × 47 mm</li></ul><h4>Safety</h4><ul><li>Self-check and auto-calibration at startup</li><li>Adjustable shut-off temperature</li><li>Leak sensor with acoustic alarm</li></ul><h4>Control &amp; Communication</h4><ul><li>LAN interface</li><li>Optional Mobile Control (stand-alone operation)</li></ul><h4>Power &amp; Dimensions</h4><ul><li>Power supply: 90–230 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li>Power consumption: 100 W</li><li>Dimensions: 150 × 470 × 310 mm</li><li>Weight: 8.4 kg</li></ul><h4>Optional Accessories</h4><ul><li>Eluent pre-heating cartridge<ul><li>for capillaries 0.1 mm / 0.18 mm ID</li></ul></li></ul>

Products focused on HPLC - page 7

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