Join us for a fascinating conversation with Dr. Subhoja Chakraborty from the University of Central Florida, whose cutting-edge research targets the global challenge of malaria drug resistance. Dr. Chakraborty shares her journey from structure-based drug design during her PhD to her recent collaborative work repurposing human kinase inhibitors as rapid, selective antimalarials against drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains.<h4>In this episode, you'll learn:</h4><ul><li>How structure-guided approaches reveal potential drug targets, including cysteine proteases like falcipain-2, and kinases implicated in malaria's complex life cycle.</li><li>The power of repurposing kinase inhibitors originally developed for cancer and other diseases, focusing on compound 12, which blocks hemozoin formation and protein kinase 6—key steps in parasite survival.</li><li>Lab techniques such as affinity, gel filtration, and size exclusion chromatography for recombinant protein purification—and how troubleshooting is crucial for high-yield, stable complexes.</li><li>Advances in mass spectrometry for characterizing protein interactions, validating drug targets, and mapping molecular pathways pivotal to malaria therapeutics.</li><li>Tips and lessons for new researchers facing the challenges of sample preparation, complex protocols, and working as part of a collaborative team.</li></ul>Dr. Chakraborty’s insights bridge the gap between basic science and translational drug discovery, offering hope for more effective, targeted malaria treatments in a world where resistance to frontline therapies threatens millions.<h4>Referenced Papers:</h4><ul><li>"Plasmodium falciparum protein kinase 6 and hemozoin formation are inhibited by a type II human kinase inhibitor exhibiting antimalarial activity" (Cell Chemical Biology, 2025)</li><li>"New insights of falcipain 2 structure from Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain" (BBRC, 2022)</li><li>"Structure-Based Optimization of Protease−Inhibitor Interactions to Enhance Specificity of Human Stefin‑A against Falcipain‑2 from the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Strain" (Biochemistry, 2023)</li></ul>If you’re a student, scientist, or simply passionate about advances in infectious disease research, this episode offers actionable insights, inspiring advice, and a front-row seat to innovation in combating malaria.<h3>Video Transcription</h3><h4>From Structural Biology to Drug Discovery: Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry in Malaria Research</h4><h5>Introduction</h5>In this discussion, Subhoja shares insights into her research journey, focusing on malaria drug discovery and the role of modern analytical techniques in biological and biomedical research. The conversation is aimed primarily at undergraduate students and early-career researchers interested in chemistry, biotechnology, and life sciences.<h5>Research Focus: Malaria Drug Discovery and Kinase Targets</h5>Subhoja is currently involved in malaria drug discovery research at the University of Central Florida, where she has been working since beginning her postdoctoral position two years ago. Her earlier PhD research focused on structure-based drug design in malaria, using a combination of in silico approaches, recombinant protein expression, and X-ray crystallography to determine precise three-dimensional structures of target proteins and their inhibitors.This structural perspective provided a foundation for her current work, which centers on drug discovery through compound screening and repurposing. A recent publication from her laboratory explores the use of repurposed mammalian CDK-like kinase inhibitors as potential antimalarial agents. While such kinase inhibitors are well known in cancer and cardiovascular research, their application to malaria targets represents a novel and promising approach.Kinases are attractive drug targets because of their central role in cell signaling and growth pathways. By targeting specific kinases involved in different stages of the malaria parasite life cycle—whether asexual growth, gametocytogenesis, or differentiation—it may be possible to significantly inhibit parasite growth and progression.<h5>Chromatography in Protein Expression and Purification Workflows</h5>Chromatography plays a critical role throughout Subhoja’s research. Her experience spans from basic chromatography techniques during her early training to advanced protein purification workflows using affinity chromatography, gel filtration (size exclusion chromatography), and ion exchange chromatography.Recombinant proteins are routinely purified using affinity resins such as nickel or cobalt, followed by further purification to remove contaminants. Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) enables compact, stepwise purification workflows suitable for producing proteins for in vitro assays.A recurring challenge in this process is the expression of high-molecular-weight proteins, which often accumulate in insoluble fractions or inclusion bodies. Careful selection of expression vectors, host systems, and induction conditions is therefore essential to maximize yield and solubility.<h5>Integrating Size Exclusion Chromatography into the Workflow</h5>Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is typically used after affinity purification to further improve protein purity. Following elution with imidazole or glutathione, desalting is required to prevent buffer components from interfering with downstream assays. This is often achieved using desalting columns such as G-25 or PD-10.To remove lower-molecular-weight contaminants, finer SEC media—such as Superdex or Sephacryl columns—are employed. Concentration steps using molecular-weight cut-off filters are then applied to obtain the desired protein concentration for functional studies.These iterative purification and troubleshooting steps are a routine part of protein biochemistry and reflect the importance of methodical optimization and careful validation.<h5>The Role of Mass Spectrometry in Biomolecular Characterization</h5>Mass spectrometry is a key analytical tool in Subhoja’s research pipeline, particularly for target identification and validation. In both malaria and cancer research, MS is used alongside chromatography, immunoprecipitation, and pull-down assays to study protein interactions and molecular recognition events.Affinity-based mass spectrometry enables the identification of binding partners and interactors, whether studying proteins, long non-coding RNAs, or protein complexes. Techniques such as native MS, tandem affinity purification, and proximity labeling (e.g., TurboID-based workflows) provide deeper insights into molecular networks and signaling pathways.These approaches are essential for understanding how candidate drug targets function within complex biological systems.<h5>Sample Preparation Challenges in Biological Research</h5>Sample preparation remains one of the most challenging aspects of biological experimentation. Whole-cell lysates contain proteases, nucleases, and other components that can rapidly degrade target molecules. Preventing degradation requires minimizing preparation time, maintaining low temperatures, and using appropriate inhibitor cocktails.Reproducibility is also critical: biological experiments require multiple replicates, and variability is often unavoidable. Careful handling, protocol optimization, and continuous troubleshooting are essential to ensure reliable results, whether preparing samples for chromatography, mass spectrometry, sequencing, or immunoprecipitation.<h5>Advances in Chromatography and MS for Malaria Research</h5>Modern advances in chromatography and mass spectrometry significantly enhance malaria research by enabling precise target identification, quantification, and functional characterization. Drug discovery workflows begin with construct design and recombinant expression, followed by purification and interaction studies.In malaria research, stage-specific parasite biology requires careful extraction and analysis of proteins from different life cycle stages. Tandem affinity MS, immunoprecipitation, and in vivo validation studies help confirm target relevance and therapeutic potential.Recent work on repurposed kinase inhibitors has shown promising results, including inhibition of hemozoin formation—a key detoxification pathway for the malaria parasite—highlighting the potential of such compounds for further development.<h5>Malaria, Drug Resistance, and Global Impact</h5>Malaria remains a major global health burden, with over 600,000 deaths annually and widespread drug resistance complicating treatment. Artemisinin resistance, particularly associated with mutations in the K13 propeller domain, has driven the search for new targets and therapies.During her PhD, Subhoja focused on falcipain-2, a cysteine protease involved in hemoglobin degradation within the parasite. This pathway is critical for parasite survival and has emerged as a promising drug target. Her work revealed that falcipain-2 operates within a larger protein complex responsible for hemoglobin processing and amino acid release.Understanding these molecular mechanisms is essential for developing robust, stage-specific antimalarial strategies.<h5>Advice for Early-Career Researchers</h5>For researchers just starting out, Subhoja emphasizes the importance of hands-on experience. Working directly with cells, lysates, and analytical tools is essential for truly understanding experimental systems. Failure is an inherent part of research, and perseverance is key.Motivation, teamwork, careful sample handling, and thorough preparation all contribute to long-term success. Reading extensively, critically evaluating one’s own work, and appreciating incremental progress are vital aspects of a sustainable research career.Every successful experiment—no matter how small—represents meaningful progress and contributes to the broader goals of science and medicine.<h5>Closing Remarks</h5>The discussion highlights how interdisciplinary approaches combining chromatography, mass spectrometry, structural biology, and biochemistry are driving advances in malaria drug discovery. Through careful experimental design, analytical rigor, and collaborative teamwork, researchers can address complex biological challenges and contribute to global health solutions.<blockquote>This text has been automatically transcribed from a video presentation using AI technology. It may contain inaccuracies and is not guaranteed to be 100% correct.</blockquote><blockquote><h4>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast</h4>Dive into the frontiers of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation with host David Oliva. Each episode features candid conversations with leading researchers, industry innovators, and passionate scientists who are shaping the future of analytical chemistry. From decoding PFAS detection challenges to exploring the latest in AI-assisted liquid chromatography, this show uncovers practical workflows, sustainability breakthroughs, and the real-world impact of separation science. Whether you’re a chromatographer, lab professional, or researcher you'll discover inspiring content!You can find Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast in podcast apps:<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/1wZg67rCjoGju4yhqxI3tL">Spotify</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/tz/podcast/concentrating-on-chromatography/id1788429185">Apple podcast</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podscan.fm/podcasts/concentrating-on-chromatography">podscan</a></li></ul>and on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@ChromatographyTalk/videos">YouTube channel</a></blockquote>

Affinity, Gel Filtration, Size Exclusion Chromatography: Repurposing Kinase Inhibitors for Malaria

In the week of February 9, the following webinars await you in the field of liquid phase and especially HPLC and LC/MS.<blockquote><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinars">👉 DETAILS AND REGISTRATION IN THE WEBINARS SECTION</a></h4>👉 Search and filter in the largest global database with over 5 000 GC, LC, MS and spectroscopy webinars.</blockquote><h5>1. SelectScience: High-Throughput Stability Screening Strategies for Antibody Formulation</h5><ul><li>Tu, 10.2.2026 17:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5807">Registration</a></li></ul>Learn how high-throughput DLS/SLS and rapid-screening DSC accelerate stability assessment of high-concentration antibody formulations, enabling faster, data-driven biologics development.<h5>2. Phenomenex: Big Scale, Big Wins – Prep Chromatography Explained</h5><ul><li>We, 11.2.2026 10:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5793">Registration</a></li></ul>Learn how to scale analytical methods to preparative HPLC, optimize loading capacity, and understand the limits of preparative columns for pharmaceutical applications.<h5>3. ALS Czech Republic: PFAS in Food &amp; Food Contact Material</h5><ul><li>We, 11.2.2026 15:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5816">Registration</a></li></ul>Get a practical overview of PFAS in food and food contact materials, including EU and US regulations, key analytical challenges, and reliable PFAS testing strategies.<h5>4. New Food Magazine: The Science of Next-Gen Ingredients – Fermentation, Formulation and Function</h5><ul><li>We, 11.2.2026 16:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5720">Registration</a></li></ul>Explore how fermentation-driven innovation is transforming functional food ingredients and how advanced analytics optimize flavour, functionality, and stability.<h5>5. SCIEX: Accurate Mass Fundamentals – Interpreting and Applying Your Data</h5><ul><li>We, 11.2.2026 19:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5772">Registration</a></li></ul>Session 3 focuses on interpreting and applying accurate mass data to confirm compound identity, move beyond basic quantitation, and troubleshoot results for confident reporting.<h5>6. Agilent Technologies: Process Analytical Techniques – Online HPLC for Real-Time Monitoring and Control of Bioprocesses</h5><ul><li>Th, 12.2.2026 06:30 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5834">Registration</a></li></ul>Discover how PAT HPLC enables near-real-time monitoring of critical quality attributes in bioprocessing, with a case study on charge-variant control by cation-exchange chromatography.<h5>7. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Introducing the Orbitrap Excedion Pro Hybrid MS</h5><ul><li>Th, 12.2.2026 11:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5889">Registration</a></li></ul>Discover the new Orbitrap Exploris Pro with expanded ETD/EThcD capabilities for confident biopharmaceutical characterization, including intact proteins, PTMs, ADCs, and large biomolecules.<h5>8. Waters Corporation: Planning Your NuGenesis Upgrade – Insights and Best Practices for a Smooth Transition</h5><ul><li>Th, 12.2.2026 19:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5833">Registration</a></li></ul>Learn how to plan a successful NuGenesis upgrade, transition to Windows 11, and unlock new capabilities such as dashboards for real-time operational insights.<h5>9. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Comprehensive Analytical Strategies for Peptide Therapeutics and GLP-1 Agonists with Agilent</h5><ul><li>Th, 12.2.2026 19:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5814">Registration</a></li></ul>Explore analytical workflows for peptide therapeutics, including method development, peptide mapping, GLP-1 QC, and LC-MS strategies across Agilent platforms.<h5>10. Agilent Technologies: Moving from R&amp;D and Limited QC on a UV-Vis-NIR Instrument to Large-Scale QC Using an Autosampler</h5><ul><li>Th, 12.2.2026 20:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/2104">Registration</a></li></ul>This webinar covers practical aspects of adding and using an autosampler to maximize UV-Vis-NIR QC workflows at scale.<h5>11. Agilent Technologies: LC Method Transfer – Hidden Challenges &amp; Absolute Solution</h5><ul><li>Fr, 13.2.2026 06:30 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5787">Registration</a></li></ul>Discover why LC method transfer between legacy and modern systems is challenging, which hidden parameters affect retention and peak shape, and how to achieve robust, reliable results.

Webinars LabRulezLCMS Week 07/2026

Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) allows direct mass determination of individual ions and is increasingly used to study heterogeneous biological samples. This work demonstrates the use of Orbitrap-based CDMS/Direct Mass Technology (DMT) for quantitative analysis of transthyretin (TTR) tetramer samples below 100 kDa, extending CDMS beyond its traditional qualitative role.DMT resolved wild-type and C-terminally modified TTR homotetramers, as well as hybrid tetramers, enabling kinetic analysis of subunit exchange and stability. The approach also quantified thyroxine binding to TTR variants, revealing differences in binding affinity linked to C-terminal modification. By separating overlapping m/z signals through charge measurement, CDMS enables accurate mass and abundance determination, highlighting its potential for quantitative analysis of complex protein systems.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771">Dissecting Heterogeneous Populations of Protein-Complex Samples Using Direct Mass Technology</a></h4>Robert L. Rider, Jared Hampton, Zhenyu Xi, Carter Lantz, Sangho D. Yun, Weijing Liu, Rosa Viner, Arthur Laganowsky, and David H. Russell*Anal. Chem. 2025, 97, 49, 27057–27063<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.Transthyretin (TTR) is a homotetrameric transport protein that circulates in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, delivering thyroxine (T4) and retinol-binding protein–vitamin A complexes. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> The stability of the TTR tetramer is central to its physiological role because dissociation into monomers can initiate misfolding and amyloid formation, leading to systemic or hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2)</a> Subunit exchange between wild-type (WT) and variant TTR proteoforms, including disease-associated mutations such as V30M and V122I, have been implicated in amyloid progression by generating hybrid tetramers (tetramers containing WT and mutant subunits) with altered stabilities. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3,4)</a> Ligand binding, particularly at the two thyroxine-binding sites located at the dimer–dimer interface, can kinetically stabilize the tetramer and modulate amyloidogenicity. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,6)</a> Accurate measurement of both subunit exchange kinetics and ligand binding stoichiometry is therefore critical for elucidating the TTR dynamics and stability.Affinity or sequence tags are widely employed in protein expression, purification, or detection. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(7,8)</a> While these tags are often assumed to be inert, their influence on protein structure and dynamics are rarely examined in detail. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(9,10)</a> Protein tags at the N- and C-terminus of TTR have been shown to have differing gas phase stabilities from those of WT-TTR. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(11)</a> The C-terminus is of particular interest because this region participates in the dimer–dimer interface that governs tetramer stability. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(11,12)</a> Characterizing how the C-terminal tag (CT) (-ASGENLFYQ) affects TTR’s solution stability and ligand binding is not only relevant for understanding TTR dynamics but also provides an example of how expression tags can alter protein dynamics. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(13)</a>Native mass spectrometry (nMS) has been invaluable for characterizing protein complexes, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(14)</a> yet conventional nMS often struggles with heterogeneous samples where overlapping charge state distributions and adduct heterogeneity limit resolution and quantitation. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(15)</a> Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) addresses these limitations by independently measuring the charge and m/z of individual ions, enabling the direct determination of molecular mass and abundance. Development of CDMS has largely focused on achieving higher mass resolution <a href="javascript:void(0);">(16)</a> and extending measurements toward assemblies into the GDa range. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(17,18)</a> However, there is untapped utility for CDMS experiments other than mass and proteoform determination. Jordan et al. showed the capability to assess conformational heterogeneity of mAb aggregates using the added charge dimension that CDMS provides. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(19)</a> The current work demonstrates that CDMS can separate proteoforms with overlapping m/z values based on charge and quantify their relative abundances in complex mixtures. While nMS is already a highly quantitative technique, our results establish CDMS as an equally powerful tool for quantitative analysis in heterogeneous systems. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(20,21)</a>Here, we apply Orbitrap-based CDMS/Direct Mass Technology (DMT) using the selective temporal overview of resonant ions (STORI) approach <a href="javascript:void(0);">(22,23)</a> to quantitatively compare WT-TTR and CT-TTR, focusing on two biologically relevant properties: tetramer stability assessed via subunit exchange kinetics and ligand-binding affinity. Conventional nMS cannot fully resolve the overlapping charge states of WT- and CT-TTR or their ligand-bound states. However, DMT can resolve these species by directly measuring the mass (m/z × charge), enabling quantitation of all proteoforms. The data reveal that the CT tag alters tetramer stability and thyroxine-binding affinity, demonstrating the structural sensitivity of TTR to modifications at its C-terminus. More broadly, this work demonstrates the impact that protein tags can have on native protein interactions and highlights the broader utility of quantitative CDMS for probing heterogeneous biological samples.<h4>Experimental Section</h4><h5>Data Collection</h5>All experiments were conducted on a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/560">Thermo Scientific Q-Exactive UHMR</a> with added DMT capabilities (Bremen, Germany). Before DMT, mass spectra were collected at various resolving powers (6–200k) for each sample, with the instrument parameters reported in the Supporting Information (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771/suppl_file/ac5c05771_si_001.pdf">Table S1</a>). For DMT experiments, the trapping gas pressure in the HCD cell was reduced to 0.3–0.8 to attenuate the signal intensity to a single ion level, as well as decreasing the UHV pressure to assist ion retention through the entire transient of Orbitrap analysis. We observed no significant difference between mass spectra collected at various HCD cell pressures (Supporting Information, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771/suppl_file/ac5c05771_si_001.pdf">Figure S1</a>). For DMT collection, automated ion control (AIC) and 100% target density were used with 200k resolving power.<h4>Results and Discussion</h4>CDMS has emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing heterogeneous biomolecular samples, enabling accurate, direct mass determination by simultaneously measuring the charge and m/z for individual ions. While CDMS has been widely applied for qualitative analyses, its potential for quantitative and less than MDa applications remains underexplored. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771#fig1">Figure 1</a>A shows the theoretical mass spectrum of WT-TTR (14+ to 16+) and CT-TTR (15+ to 17+) homotetramers, where the two proteoforms become increasingly resolved as the charge states increase (&lt;3900 m/z). <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771#fig1">Figure 1</a>B zooms in on the 14+ (WT) and 15+ (CT) charge states, highlighting their strong overlap, which prevents accurate deconvolution of the proteoforms by conventional methods. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771#fig1">Figure 1</a>C displays theoretical distributions for 0, 1, and 2 T4 bound states of both WT- and CT-TTR tetramers, where &lt;3900 m/z has observable separation between all proteoforms. However, for the 14+ and 15+ charge states of WT- and CT-TTR, respectively, the 0 T4- and 1 T4-bound populations overlap (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771#fig1">Figure 1</a>D). Furthermore, commonly adducted species (Na+, K+, and Zn2+) observed in experimental spectra broaden these distributions, making it increasingly difficult to distinguish and deconvolute the proteoforms (see <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771/suppl_file/ac5c05771_si_001.pdf">Figure S2</a>). Here, we employ Orbitrap-based CDMS/DMT to overcome this m/z overlap to resolve and quantify hybrid tetramer formation and T4 binding.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Anal_Chem_2025_97_49_27057_27063_Figure_1_A_Theoretical_mass_spectra_of_WT_TTR_and_CT_TTR_homotetramers_47232849d9.jpg" alt="Anal. Chem. 2025, 97, 49, 27057–27063: Figure 1. (A) Theoretical mass spectra of WT-TTR and CT-TTR homotetramers. (B) Zoomed-in view of the 14+ WT-TTR and 15+ CT-TTR distributions to show the large overlap of the proteoforms. (C) Theoretical mass spectra of WT-TTR and CT-TTR homotetramers with thyroxine (T4) binding. (D) Zoomed-in view of the 14+ WT-TTR and 15+ CT-TTR distributions where the 0 and 1 T4 have overlapping distributions. These theoretical distributions do not contain any commonly adducted species (Na+, K+, Zn2+), which broaden the distributions and create more overlap even for the proteoforms in the range 3300–3900 m/z (see Figure S2)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Anal_Chem_2025_97_49_27057_27063_Figure_1_A_Theoretical_mass_spectra_of_WT_TTR_and_CT_TTR_homotetramers_47232849d9.jpg 187w," sizes="100vw" width="1417" height="1182"><h5>Thyroxine Binding to TTR Homotetramers</h5>Thyroxine is the less active form of a thyroid hormone important for metabolism that binds to TTR for transport throughout plasma and cerebral spinal fluid. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(31)</a> Turnover of T4 into T3 (active) occurs after dissociation, where it can then modulate gene expression via binding to nuclear receptors. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(32)</a> The TTR tetramer gains substantial stability as it binds up to 2 T4 at the tetramer interface, decreasing tetramer dissociation and SUE. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(33)</a> This has been shown previously to decrease the amyloidogenic rate of TTR, which led to tafamidis (similar in structure to T4) to be designed and is currently the only drug that is approved for clinical treatment of TTR amyloidosis. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(34)</a> Measuring the difference in binding affinity between TTR proteoforms may provide insight into regions of TTR or TTR intermolecular/intramolecular interactions that are important for binding of small molecules such as tafamidis and T4.DMT was further applied to quantify T4 binding to WT- and CT-TTR homotetramers, highlighting the technique’s utility in probing protein–ligand interactions. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771#fig3">Figure 3</a>A shows a representative mass spectrum of TTR homotetramers in the presence of T4. While ligand-bound species can be observed, homotetramers cannot be confidently resolved across the entire 3000–5000 m/z range. By leveraging the charge-resolving capabilities of DMT, we achieve separation of the homotetramers (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771#fig3">Figure 3</a>B,C) and the 0, 1, and 2 ligand-bound states. The 2D plot clearly shows the gain in resolution achieved when charge is simultaneously measured with m/z by separating the 14+ and 15+ charge states for WT and CT, respectively, in the range 3900–4200 m/z. Additionally, using ion mobility does not provide the same kind of 2D resolution due to the similarity in arrival times for the homotetramer proteoforms, as evidenced by <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771/suppl_file/ac5c05771_si_001.pdf">Figures S4 and S5</a> (see the Supporting Information). These data provide evidence that when ion mobility is able to separate out species that overlap in m/z yet differ in mobility, CDMS could be an alternative or used complementarily since the species likely also differ in charge.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Anal_Chem_2025_97_49_27057_27063_Figure_3_A_Mass_spectra_of_WT_TTR_and_CT_TTR_homotetramers_with_thyroxine_binding_61b1e98a94.jpg" alt="Anal. Chem. 2025, 97, 49, 27057–27063: Figure 3. (A) Mass spectra of WT-TTR and CT-TTR homotetramers with thyroxine binding. Ligand binding can be resolved, but homotetramers cannot be confidently identified. Charge states labeled are for WT; CT is always one charge state higher at the same m/z range. (B) DMT heatmap resolving WT-TTR and CT-TTR homotetramers with the additional measurement of charge. (C) Deconvoluted mass spectrum from DMT analysis. Both homotetramers and their ligand binding are resolved, and fit for analysis is shown in red. (D) Mole fraction of each homotetramer and their thyroxine binding species. Error bars represent the standard deviation of replicates (n = 3). The significance for each ligand state is in respect to the left adjacent state. *p &lt; 0.05." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Anal_Chem_2025_97_49_27057_27063_Figure_3_A_Mass_spectra_of_WT_TTR_and_CT_TTR_homotetramers_with_thyroxine_binding_61b1e98a94.jpg 181w," sizes="100vw" width="1266" height="1094"><h4>Conclusion</h4>This work demonstrates that quantitatively, Orbitrap-based CDMS/DMT can determine differences in protein-complex stability and ligand binding. By directly comparing WT- with CT-TTR, we show that the CT tag accelerates tetramer dissociation while enhancing T4 binding affinity. These results indicate that the C-terminus, located at the dimer–dimer interface, plays a more significant role in TTR stability and ligand recognition than previously appreciated. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(12)</a> Even the addition of a short peptide sequence perturbs noncovalent interactions at the interface, likely altering solvent accessibility, and the dynamics of the thyroxine binding channel. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(37,54)</a> Such findings underscore the importance of evaluating how seemingly minor sequence modifications, such as affinity tags, can influence fundamental biophysical properties.Beyond TTR, this work positions quantitative CDMS as a broadly applicable strategy for analyzing heterogeneous protein systems, where charge domain separation overcomes the resolution limits of m/z domain measurements in traditional nMS experiments. While much of the field has emphasized extending CDMS to ultrahigh masses and maximal resolution, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(16,18)</a> our results highlight the underexplored potential of applying the method in the 1000–10,000 m/z range common to nMS experiments. This capability is directly relevant to heterogeneous membrane protein complexes, which often display broad distributions of oligomeric states, PTMs, lipid, and ligand adducts that complicate spectra. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(48,55)</a> Similarly, mAbs can oligomerize and exhibit mass heterogeneity from variable glycosylation, affecting pharmacokinetics, effector function, and stability. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(19)</a> CDMS may resolve and quantify such proteoforms in a single experiment without the need for charge reduction or chemical derivatization. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(48,56,57)</a>

Dissecting Heterogeneous Populations of Protein-Complex Samples Using Direct Mass Technology

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Three Webinars and a Roundtable with Experts from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Metrohm &amp; Mettler Toledo
A Week Dedicated to Karl Fischer Titration!
Karl Fischer titration is still the most used, most accurate, and fastest method to determine water content in all kinds of sample matrices. This titration week covers different aspects that need to be considered when determining the water content in products, raw materials, and other substances. Experts from the life science business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Metrohm AG, and Mettler Toledo will present and discuss different steps of the Karl Fischer titration process and how to improve it. Learnings include:
<ul>
<li>Karl Fischer titration process and tips for how to improve it</li>
<li>Karl Fischer oven method and its advantages</li>
<li>Reference materials to use for titer determination, instrument check, and result verification</li>
<li>Parameters needed to validate a Karl Fischer titration application</li>
<li>News and future aspects of Karl Fischer titration</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of CRM-grade Karl Fischer Standards for Accurate KF Titration</h3>
Karl Fischer (KF) titration is one of the most rapid and accurate methods to determine water content in various samples. For accurate KF titration, high quality Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) are essential. In this webinar, we will present key reference material terms, different quality grades of reference materials, and an overview of our portfolio of high-quality CRM-grade KF Standards. By attending this presentation, you will learn:
<ul>
<li>Key terms: Metrological Traceability, Quality Grades, 17025 &amp; 17034 Accreditation</li>
<li>The importance of using the right quality grade of KF standards for your application</li>
<li>An overview of our unmatched portfolio of KF standards</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Shailly Krishna-Rajusth (Product Manager for Physical &amp; Chemical Property Standards at the life science business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
</blockquote>

Separation Science: Importance of CRM-grade Karl Fischer Standards for Accurate KF Titration

Importance of CRM-grade Karl Fischer Standards for Accurate KF Titration

Key reference material terms, different quality grades of reference materials, and an overview of our portfolio of high-quality CRM-grade KF Standards.

CRM-grade Karl Fischer Standards for Accurate KF Titration

Three Webinars and a Roundtable with Experts from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Metrohm &amp; Mettler Toledo
A Week Dedicated to Karl Fischer Titration!
Karl Fischer titration is still the most used, most accurate, and fastest method to determine water content in all kinds of sample matrices. This titration week covers different aspects that need to be considered when determining the water content in products, raw materials, and other substances. Experts from the life science business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Metrohm AG, and Mettler Toledo will present and discuss different steps of the Karl Fischer titration process and how to improve it. Learnings include:
<ul>
<li>Karl Fischer titration process and tips for how to improve it</li>
<li>Karl Fischer oven method and its advantages</li>
<li>Reference materials to use for titer determination, instrument check, and result verification</li>
<li>Parameters needed to validate a Karl Fischer titration application</li>
<li>News and future aspects of Karl Fischer titration</li>
</ul>
<h3>Direct Karl-Fischer Titration or Gas Phase Extraction – A Closer Look</h3>
In this presentation we will compare the direct addition with the gas phase extraction method. For this purpose, various sample types were analyzed by either direct addition, gas phase extraction, or both. Among the tested sample types are powders, oils, and cannabis flower. We will discuss the challenges that such samples represent and highlight the analytical measures that will ensure to obtain the best results possible. By attending this presentation, you will learn about:
<ul>
<li>Direct titration vs. gas phase extraction method</li>
<li>Advantages of the Karl Fischer oven method (gas phase extraction)</li>
<li>Application examples: oils / cannabis flower</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Thomas Hitz, PhD (Application Development, Automated Karl-Fischer Titration, Mettler Toledo)
</blockquote>

Separation Science: Direct Karl-Fischer Titration or Gas Phase Extraction – A Closer Look

Direct Karl-Fischer Titration or Gas Phase Extraction – A Closer Look

In this presentation we will compare the direct addition with the gas phase extraction method.

Direct Karl-Fischer Titration or Gas Phase Extraction

Three Webinars and a Roundtable with Experts from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Metrohm &amp; Mettler Toledo
A Week Dedicated to Karl Fischer Titration!
Karl Fischer titration is still the most used, most accurate, and fastest method to determine water content in all kinds of sample matrices. This titration week covers different aspects that need to be considered when determining the water content in products, raw materials, and other substances. Experts from the life science business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Metrohm AG, and Mettler Toledo will present and discuss different steps of the Karl Fischer titration process and how to improve it. Learnings include:
<ul>
<li>Karl Fischer titration process and tips for how to improve it</li>
<li>Karl Fischer oven method and its advantages</li>
<li>Reference materials to use for titer determination, instrument check, and result verification</li>
<li>Parameters needed to validate a Karl Fischer titration application</li>
<li>News and future aspects of Karl Fischer titration</li>
</ul>
<h3>Validation of Parameters for Karl Fischer Titration</h3>
Validation of parameters for a Karl Fischer titration method is an essential prerequisite for laboratories. Performance characteristics of the procedure need to meet the requirements for its intended purpose. You will learn typical analytical performance parameters that should be considered in the validation of the Karl Fischer titration procedures. The objective of this session is to present the requirements for a titration process.
By attending this presentation, you will learn about:
<ul>
<li>General aspects of validation</li>
<li>Required validation parameters</li>
<li>How to verify the suitability and accuracy of a titration method</li>
<li>An overview of the parameters described in ICH (International Council for Harmonization) guidance Q2(R1) and USP general chapter &lt;1225&gt; (selectivity, linearity, accuracy &amp; reproducibility)</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Angela Schwehn (Laboratory Scientist in the R&amp;D Department of the life science business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
</blockquote>

Separation Science: Validation of Parameters for Karl Fischer Titration

Validation of Parameters for Karl Fischer Titration

The objective of this session is to present the requirements for a titration process.

Three Webinars and a Roundtable with Experts from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Metrohm &amp; Mettler Toledo
A Week Dedicated to Karl Fischer Titration!
Karl Fischer titration is still the most used, most accurate, and fastest method to determine water content in all kinds of sample matrices. This titration week covers different aspects that need to be considered when determining the water content in products, raw materials, and other substances. Experts from the life science business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Metrohm AG, and Mettler Toledo will present and discuss different steps of the Karl Fischer titration process and how to improve it. Learnings include:
<ul>
<li>Karl Fischer titration process and tips for how to improve it</li>
<li>Karl Fischer oven method and its advantages</li>
<li>Reference materials to use for titer determination, instrument check, and result verification</li>
<li>Parameters needed to validate a Karl Fischer titration application</li>
<li>News and future aspects of Karl Fischer titration</li>
</ul>
<h3>Live Roundtable Expert Discussion (Karl Fisher Titration Week)</h3>
Together with our partners Metrohm and Mettler Toledo, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany will discuss the trends and key aspects of Karl Fischer titration. We will come back on some questions asked during the earlier three webinars, as well as answering new questions during the roundtable discussion. 
This live event will be moderated by Separation Science and participants will include Bettina Straub-Jubb, Dr. Shailly Krishna Rajusth, and Angela Schwehn from Merck Life Science KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Dr. Leila Mosberger from Mettler-Toledo, and Michael Margreth from Metrohm AG.

Live Roundtable Expert Discussion (Karl Fisher Titration Week)

We will discuss the trends and key aspects of Karl Fischer titration.

Live Roundtable Expert Discussion (Karl Fisher Titration)

Water content can affect product quality, texture, shelf-life, chemical stability and reactivity across a wide variety of industries.
Karl Fischer titration is a universally accepted method for measuring water content in all types of substances, including chemicals, oils, pharmaceuticals and food.
In this webinar we will share best practices in KF titration so that users can be confident in their moisture-content results.
<blockquote>
Presenter: Allison Reiter
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Allison Reiter is the Global Product Manager for Honeywell’s Hydranal Karl Fischer titration reagents. She has a BS in Chemical Engineering and has held various technical roles across Honeywell since joining the company in 2014
</blockquote>

Avantor: Get the most out of your Karl Fischer titration

Get the most out of your Karl Fischer titration

In this webinar we will share best practices in KF titration so that users can be confident in their moisture-content results.

Water impacts battery materials at various levels, ranging from the molecular structure to overall performance. It can react with salts, causing corrosion and short circuiting and, ultimately, a reduction in battery life.
Karl Fischer titration, known for its accuracy in measuring trace amounts of water, is an ideal method for monitoring water content in various battery components. This includes not only cathode and anode raw materials, but also electrolytes and separators used in the battery manufacturing process. 
During this webinar, Dr. Roman Neufeld, Sr. Research Scientist from Honeywell, will discuss recommended coulometric KF reagents for battery electrolytes with and without reactive additives. Eduardo Simões, Product Specialist at Metrohm USA, will discuss how to analyze battery materials using Karl Fischer titration and provide an overview of other titration battery applications. 
Key Learning Objectives:
<ul>
<li>Learn how to analyze battery liquid samples for moisture and avoid side reactions with special KF reagents.
</li>
<li>Understand how the KF Oven technique works for solid materials and for liquid samples that cause side reactions with direct inject.
</li>
<li>Learn about the main potentiometric titration applications for battery materials such as lithium salts, HF, and pure metals like Ni/Co/Mn.
</li>
</ul>
Who Should Attend:
<ul>
<li>QC analysts performing KF titration on battery raw materials, electrolytes, and separators. 
</li>
<li>R&amp;D scientists searching for improvements on their research projects. 
</li>
<li>Anyone from the battery market wanting to learn about how important this analysis is for their materials and products.
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Dr. Roman Neufeld (Sr. Research Scientist, Honeywell)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Eduardo Simões (Product Specialist, Metrohm USA)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Ann Thayer (Contributing Editor, C&amp;EN Media Group)
</blockquote>

C&EN: Moisture Matters: Accurate Water Determination in Battery Materials

Moisture Matters: Accurate Water Determination in Battery Materials

Recommended coulometric KF reagents for battery electrolytes with and without reactive additives.

Accurate Water Determination in Battery Materials

In this webinar, our expert speakers will focus on the Karl Fischer titration process, quality assurance, and relevant regulations such as pharmacopeias to improve application accuracy.
It will be of particular interest to people developing Karl Fischer applications or qualifying Karl Fischer titrations, especially lab technicians, lab managers, and quality control or assurance managers.
By attending this webinar, you will gain insight into the following:
<ul>
<li>Overview of the Karl Fischer titration process
</li>
<li>Tips to optimize your Karl Fischer application performance
</li>
<li>How to fulfill Quality Assurance Aspects and get an insight into regulations such as United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.)
</li>
<li>Understanding of the Official Medicines Control Laboratory (OMCL) guidelines concerning the Karl Fischer oven system
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Bettina Straub-Jubb (Global Product Manager, Karl Fischer Titration at the life science business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Bettina is the Global Franchise Product Manager and lead expert for titration at Merck Life Science KGaA based in Darmstadt, Germany. She has more than 20 years’ experience in the instrumental analysis business, especially with Karl Fischer titration, general titration, reference materials, and diagnostics. Her responsibilities include improving and simplifying titration processes, driving new technologies, and advancing applications and reagents. She always works closely with the QC and application laboratories for titration as well as with the R&amp;D department to develop titration continuously. Bettina is a graduate engineer and holds a degree in Chemical Technology from the University of Applied Sciences, Darmstadt, Germany, and a degree as a Medical Technical Laboratory Assistant from the Medical Technical Academy Esslingen, Germany.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Thomas Hitz (Application Chemist, Mettler Toledo)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Thomas Hitz studied biochemistry at the University of Zurich and completed his PhD in 2003 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich in the Department of Material Sciences and Post Doctorate in 2006. He provides market support at Mettler Toledo and has more than 15 years&#39; experience in application development, sales, and customer training, and as a technical advisor for product development. He provides support for complex automation solutions and is an expert in automated Karl Fischer titration.
</blockquote>

Separation Science: How to Fulfil Regulatory Compliance with Your Karl Fischer Titration Process

How to Fulfil Regulatory Compliance with Your Karl Fischer Titration Process

Karl Fischer titration process, quality assurance, and relevant regulations such as pharmacopeias to improve application accuracy.

Regulatory Compliance & Your Karl Fischer Titration Process

The pH value is one of the most important and therefore also one of the most frequently measured parameters in analytical chemistry.
Sometimes, a simple pH test strip will do for a quick check; however, a precise pH meter and the right choice of the pH electrode are a must when reliable results are needed. 
In our educational webinar on November 14, Doris Hoffmann, Product Manager at the Competence Center Titration at Metrohm International Headquarters, will show you that the determination of the pH value can be quite simple, if you pay attention to a few critical details. 
Whether you perform a pH measurement for the first time or are a routine user, we are sure there is room for improvement. Join this webinar and make the next step towards higher accuracy and better reproducibility of your pH measurement results.
Register &amp; participate in this webinar to learn:
<ul>
<li>What the pH value is and how it is measured
</li>
<li>The functional components and design of a pH electrode
</li>
<li>Which kind of pH electrode is suitable for which application
</li>
<li>What parameters are determined during a pH calibration, and what values are acceptable
</li>
<li>How to properly care for and maintain a pH electrode
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Doris Hoffmann (Product Manager at CC Titration, Metrohm International Headquarters)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Doris Hoffmann has studied chemistry and has specialized in analytical chemistry and electrochemistry in her Master`s degree. She joined Metrohm International Headquarters in 2021 as a Product Manager and is responsible for the extensive portfolio of Metrosensors including pH electrodes, electrodes for titration, and more.
</blockquote>

Metrohm: The basics of precise pH measurement

The basics of precise pH measurement

The determination of the pH value can be quite simple, if you pay attention to a few critical details.

Are complex and/or contaminated samples making your titrations a challenge? There is no suitable potentiometric sensor available for your analyte? We recommend you consider thermometric titration (TET). Instead of a potentiometric sensor, thermometric titration uses a maintenance-free temperature sensor and records the temperature change in the sample solution during the titration reaction: The endpoint is registered when the titration reaction has stopped and with it any change in the temperature of the sample solution. 
Thermometric titration provides results in less than 3 minutes and hardly any sample preparation is required. The thermometric sensor can be stored dry, and you can use this sensor for different applications such as acid number (ASTM D8045) and base number in petrochemical samples, NPK in mineral fertilizers, sodium in foodstuffs, and many more. 
Register now for this webinar and learn more about the many benefits of thermometric titration for your routine analytics! 
Key learnings of this webinar:
<ul>
<li>Understanding the principles of thermometric titration
</li>
<li>Getting an idea of the many applications of thermometric titration in various industries (food, petrochemicals, fertilizers, ...)
</li>
<li>Learning how to implement thermometric titration in your laboratory
</li>
<li>Learning how thermometric titration can be automated using a sample robot
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Dr. Mona Wagner (Application Specialist, Metrohm International Headquarters)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Mona Wagner studied chemistry at the University of Marburg (Germany) and earned her PhD from the Federal Technical University (ETH) Zurich (Switzerland). She joined Metrohm in 2020 as an application specialist and has gained extensive practical experience in various titration techniques, including thermometric titration.
</blockquote>

Metrohm - Thermometric titration: What it is and how it makes your most challenging samples a walk in the park

Thermometric titration: What it is and how it makes your most challenging samples a walk in the park

Thermometric titration can help with challenging samples

Karl Fischer (KF) titration is the primary technique for moisture analysis in many industries.
Although the technique is well-defined, sample preparation and injection are greatly impacted by human error. Even with robust SOPs, slight differences in sample handling by analysts can deliver troubling inconsistencies in results.
Attend this webinar to hear Doug Clark share tips on how you can reduce the impact of human error and improve the accuracy and repeatability of your Karl Fischer results. Doug is an expert with over 30 years of experience in Karl Fischer titration. Our webinar session will conclude with a live question and answer forum moderated by Kerri-Ann Blake, Product Specialist for Titration at Metrohm. This session will answer your questions and present the latest technologies to improve the accuracy of your KF results. 
Key Learning Objectives
<ul>
<li>Learn sample handling techniques to improve KF titration results
</li>
<li>Receive tips for improving KF titration accuracy with proper reagent selection
</li>
<li>Understand how 3rd party devices can be added to titration systems to improve workflow and remove human error
</li>
</ul>
Who Should Attend
<ul>
<li>Analysts performing KF titration who are interested in identifying how human error might be skewing their results
</li>
<li>Lab managers looking to increase accuracy by learning simple tips they can share with their lab staff
</li>
<li>Anyone interested in learning how auxiliary devices, such as an oven, can be integrated into KF titration systems to increase accuracy and repeatability
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Doug Clark (Karl Fischer Expert)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Doug Clark has over 30 years of experience dedicated to Karl Fischer titration. His extensive career includes developing KF reagents and applications as well as having lead the Honeywell and Sigma Aldrich HYDRANAL Technical Center in St. Louis.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Dr. Kerri-Ann Blake (Titration Product Manager, Metrohm USA)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Dr. Kerri-Ann Blake is the Titration Product Manager at Metrohm USA in Riverview, Florida. She earned her PhD in Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Florida where she was a researcher at the Particle Engineering Research Center. In her years with Metrohm USA, she has performed proof of concept studies, internal and external trainings and provided applications support. Kerri-Ann plays a key role in product support and product marketing and also has experience developing and implementing ASTM methods.
</blockquote>

Metrohm: Impact of Human Error in Karl Fischer Titration

Impact of Human Error in Karl Fischer Titration

How you can reduce the impact of human error and improve the accuracy and repeatability of your Karl Fischer results.

LCMS webinars focusing on Titration - page 3