<p><strong>Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezLCMS Library in the week of 18th August 2025? Check out new documents from the field of liquid phase, especially HPLC and LC/MS techniques!</strong></p><blockquote><p><span style="font-size:20px;">👉 </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library"><span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT LCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</strong></span></a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><strong>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques?</strong> Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library"><strong>LabRulezGCMS</strong></a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library"><strong>LabRulezICPMS</strong></a> libraries.</p></blockquote><p>This week we bring you application notes by <strong>Agilent Technologies </strong>and <strong>Waters Corporation</strong> and technical notes by<strong> Shimadzu </strong>and <strong>Thermo Fisher Scientific!</strong></p><h3><strong>1. Agilent Technologies: Deciphering the Microbiome: Targeted LC/MS/MS Analysis of Bile Acids in Biological Samples</strong></h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_deciphering_microbiome_bile_acids_samples_5994_8263en_agilent_dc02f26cab.pdf"><strong>Full PDF for download</strong></a></li></ul><p>BA analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is both critical and challenging due to the inherent complexity of bile acids. These compounds encompass a wide range of structurally similar and isomeric species that often exhibit nearly identical mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) and retention times. This similarity makes achieving baseline separation and accurate identification particularly difficult.&nbsp;</p><p>Additionally, bile acids are relatively stable molecules that do not typically undergo extensive fragmentation in a mass&nbsp;spectrometer. Additionally, the more challenging fragmentation complicates the differentiation of isomeric bile acids emphasizing the need for a standardized method also leveraging retention times.&nbsp;</p><p>Compounding these issues, many of the microbiota-produced bile acid species are typically present at low concentrations in biological samples, which often contain matrix components that can lead to ion suppression or enhancement. These matrix effects can interfere with accurate quantification, further complicating the analysis. Moreover, the need for high sensitivity and specificity to distinguish closely related bile acid species adds another layer of complexity.&nbsp;</p><p>To address these challenges, standardized and highly optimized chromatographic methods, advanced mass spectrometric techniques, and robust sample preparation protocols are essential. Together, these strategies enhance the reliability of BA analysis, enabling accurate profiling for both research and clinical research applications.&nbsp;</p><p>A previously described LC/TQ method was used to analyze 26&nbsp;bile acids.1 This present study introduces a new method using a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=6495D+LC%2FTQ"><strong>6495D LC/TQ</strong></a> with fourth-generation ion funnel technology, which improves sensitivity and expands the scope for the analysis of 68 unique bile acids in complex matrix. This bile acid method is compatible and consistent with the Agilent Standardized LC/MS platform for omics analysis and is easily transferable in the laboratory and therefore suitable for rapid delivery of new insights.</p><h4><strong>Experimental</strong></h4><h5><strong>Instrumentation&nbsp;</strong></h5><p>The LC/MS platform consisted of a 6495D triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with fourth-generation iFunnel technology, coupled with an Agilent <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=1290+Infinity+II+Bio+LC"><strong>1290 Infinity II Bio LC</strong></a> system with the Agilent standardized configuration for omics applications. The acquisition method is fully compatible with an Agilent 6495C model and a regular stainless‑steel Agilent 1290 Infinity II LC with the same standard omics&nbsp;configuration. All methods using the Infinity II LC systems are fully compatible with Infinity III LC systems and give identical method performance.&nbsp;</p><h5><strong>Software&nbsp;</strong></h5><p>MS data were acquired using <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=MassHunter+acquisition+software"><strong>MassHunter acquisition software</strong></a> 12.1, which includes built-in source and compound optimizer tools for method development. Agilent&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=MassHunter+Qualitative+Analysis"><strong>MassHunter Qualitative Analysis</strong></a> 12.0 software was used to visualize the acquired dataset and assess data quality before&nbsp;quantification.&nbsp;</p><p>Bile acid levels from the LC/MS/MS datasets were quantified using MassHunter Quantitative Analysis 12.0 software. Quantitation methods for both relative and absolute measurements were developed using one of the quality control (QC) injections. Statistical analysis was performed with Agilent&nbsp;Mass Profiler Professional (MPP) 15.1.</p><h4><strong>Conclusion&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>A robust and standardized targeted dynamic-MRM LC/MS/MS method for the analysis of bile acids was developed on an Agilent 6495D triple quadrupole/LC platform. Optimal bile acid extraction conditions from plasma and fecal samples were established along with LC/MS conditions that allowed the measurement of a large panel of bile acids in a single chromatographic run. This analytical method is highly versatile and applicable to both plasma/serum and fecal samples, offering valuable insights into systemic and gut-specific bile acid profiles. In plasma, it provides a reliable means to assess circulating bile acids, which are key indicators of liver function, metabolic health, and disease states. In fecal samples, the method enables detailed profiling of bile acids involved in gut microbiota interactions and intestinal health, shedding light on digestion and enterohepatic circulation dynamics.</p><h3><strong>2. Shimadzu: Enhancing Selectivity in Reversed-Phase Analysis Through Effective Utilization of Mobile Phase pH</strong></h3><ul><li>Technical note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/c190_e335_442eed699a.pdf"><strong>Full PDF for download</strong></a></li></ul><p>When analyzing ionizable compounds, the pH of the mobile phase plays a crucial role in improving peak shape and separation. However, conventional silica-based columns have limitations in utilizing high-pH mobile phases. Additionally, while polymer-based columns can operate across a wide pH range, they have drawbacks such as lower mechanical strength and column efficiency. In this technical report, we present examples of measurements conducted using mobile phases with various pH levels, employing the Shim-pack Scepter and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=Shim-pack+NovaCore+columns"><strong>Shim-pack NovaCore columns</strong></a>—organic silica hybrid columns that combine the advantages of silica-based columns with exceptional high-pH durability.</p><h4><strong>2. The Relationship Between Compound Ionization and Mobile Phase pH</strong></h4><p>Figure 1 shows the relationship between the pKa of the compound and the pH of the mobile phase. The horizontal axis represents the value obtained by subtracting the pKa of the compound from the pH of the mobile phase. In general, the ionization ratio of weakly acidic compounds is known to become 1 % (nearly neutral) when the pH is 2 below their pKa. Conversely, when the pH is 2 above the pKa, the ionization ratio becomes 99 % (nearly ionized). On the other hand, weakly basic compounds are known to ionize 99 % (nearly ionized) when the pH is 2 below their pKa. Conversely, when the pH is 2 above the pKa, the ionization ratio becomes 1 % (nearly neutral).</p><h4><strong>3. Suppression of Ionization in Basic Compounds&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>In the case of basic compounds, the pH of the mobile phase must be high in order to suppress ionization. However, in general, traditional silica-based columns such as C18 with silica gel as the base particle may begin to disintegrate when the pH exceeds 7, so a high-pH mobile phase may not be usable. On the other hand, polymer-based particles have the advantage of being usable over a wide pH range from 1~14, but their mechanical strength and separation efficiency are lower than silica-based columns. Therefore, it is ideal to have a column that combines the advantages of silica-based and polymer-based packing material. The Shim-pack Scepter and Shim-pack NovaCore meet these needs (see Table 1).</p><h4><strong>4. Organic Silica Hybrid Columns in the Shim-pack Series&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>The fully porous Shim-pack Scepter and the core-shell Shim-pack NovaCore columns use organic silica hybrid material for the base particles to maintain the high physical strength of traditional silicabased columns while significantly improving their durability under high pH conditions. Figure 2 shows the change in column performance when a high-pH mobile phase is delivered for an extended period. This confirms the high pH durability of Shim-pack Scepter and Shimpack NovaCore compared to column A, a traditional silica-based column.</p><h3><strong>3. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Configuring a combustion-ion chromatography system using a complete workflow&nbsp;</strong></h3><ul><li>Technical note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/tn_003773_ic_ic_systems_Combustion_IC_System_environmental_tn003773_na_en_v9_358da61ec1.pdf"><strong>Full PDF for download</strong></a></li></ul><p>Analyzing samples with complex matrices can be challenging due to the incompatibility of the sample’s physical properties with the analytical technique. For example, ionic halide content can only be measured by ion chromatography (IC) when the sample is fully dissolved in a liquid, preferably water, extracted, or washed off the surface of a solid material. Combustion-ion chromatography (C-IC) has the advantage of eliminating complex sample matrices to directly measure the total halogens and total sulfur.<sup>1-5</sup> C-IC has been demonstrated for halide determinations in other challenging liquid matrices, such as tea and wastewater.<sup>6,7</sup> In addition, adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF), in conjunction with C-IC, has been demonstrated and incorporated into U.S. EPA Method 1621 to screen for perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water samples.<sup>8-14&nbsp;</sup></p><p>A new C-IC total workflow system has been introduced: the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2150"><strong>Thermo Scientific™ Cindion™ Combustion Ion Chromatography System</strong></a>. It includes a standalone sample preparation module, the Thermo Scientific™ Cindion™ Combustion/Absorption Module, and an autosampler that can be configured for solid or liquid samples. A standalone Thermo Scientific™ Cindion™ LPG/gas Module is also an option.&nbsp;</p><p>In this technical note, we describe the configuration and operation of the Cindion C-IC system with the following configurations: Cindion combustion/absorption Module with Cindion autosampler and each of numbers 1-4 below.&nbsp;</p><ol><li>Solids sampler and with the offline Cindion adsorption module needed for U.S. EPA Method 162115&nbsp;</li><li>Solids sampler&nbsp;</li><li>Liquids sampler&nbsp;</li><li>Eluent monitor with any configuration</li></ol><h4><strong>Instruments&nbsp;</strong></h4><h5><strong>Cindion C-IC system:&nbsp;</strong></h5><ul><li>Cindion combustion/absorption module (P/N B51006425) with Thermo Scientific™ Cindion™ C-IC Solids Kit (P/N B51006427)&nbsp;</li><li>Thermo Scientific™ Cindion™ Solids/Liquids Autosampler (P/N B51006429)&nbsp;</li><li>Thermo Scientific™ Cindion™ Adsorption Module (P/N B51006430) that includes 6 column holders&nbsp;</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1078"><strong>Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ Inuvion™ </strong></a>with Reagent-free Ion Chromatography (RFIC™) System (P/N 22185-60108)&nbsp;</li><li>Optional Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ Inuvion™ Eluent Monitor, 4 L (P/N 22185-62708)&nbsp;</li><li>Thermo Scientific™ Muffle Furnace, 2 L small bench top, to clean combustion cups, (Thermo Scientific FB1415M, Fisher Scientific 10-552) – recommended for U.S. EPA Method 1621</li></ul><h5><strong>Software&nbsp;</strong></h5><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/76"><strong>Thermo Scientific™ Chromeleon™ Chromatography Data System (CDS)</strong></a>, version 7.3.2 MUd with Cindion C-IC and eluent monitor drivers.</p><h4><strong>Conclusion&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>This technical note provides comprehensive guidance on configuring and operating the full Cindion C-IC system workflow. The system offers a complete workflow, starting from offline sample preparation for AOX analysis, progressing through combustion and absorption, and concluding with IC analysis. It includes an autosampler for solids and liquids, along with an optional module for compressed and liquefied gases, ensuring versatility in sample handling. The Z-fold combustion tube is designed to introduce oxygen at multiple points and create an extended flow path that enhances combustion efficiency while minimizing length. To minimize devitrification, the system introduces water only during combustion. Additionally, Chromeleon CDS seamlessly controls Cindion C-IC system operation and data processing.</p><h3><strong>4. Waters Corporation: Slalom-Aided Anion Exchange Chromatography for Enhanced Analysis of Plasmid DNA Topological Impurities</strong></h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/720008928_en_7fae99acf4.pdf"><strong>Full PDF for download</strong></a></li></ul><h4><strong>Benefits&nbsp;</strong></h4><ul><li>Baseline resolution of DNA isoforms achieves complete separation of supercoiled, open circular, and linear forms of pBR322, ΦX174 RFI/RFII, and Cas9 plasmid</li><li>Dual mode retention mechanism demonstrates separation driven by both anion exchange and flowdependent slalom chromatography mechanisms</li><li>Single method offers broad applicability using a single gradient method on the Protein-Pak Hi Res Q Column to analyze diverse nucleic acid structures with flow rate optimization to achieve desired selectivity through slalom effects</li></ul><p>In the present study, for the first time, the synergy between traditional AEX and slalom retention mechanisms using a Protein-Pak Hi Res Q Column has been systematically investigated. More specifically, two experimental variables have been purposely manipulated to optimize the separation of 3 unique plasmids. The salt gradients (for AEX selectivity) and shear force-inducing flow rates were adjusted to optimize the slalom-based selectivity of the separations. The dual-mode AEX–slalom separation was evaluated and optimized for three biologically relevant DNA constructs: ΦX174 RF I/II (5.4 kbp), pBR322 (4.4 kbp), and a 7.0 kbp Cas9-encoding plasmid. Using defined mobile phase conditions consisting of Tris buffer with 5% urea and a precisely controlled sodium chloride (NaCl) gradient, flow-rate-dependent resolution of OC, L, and SC topological forms was observed. The resulting data elucidates key operational parameters that can be leveraged to significantly enhance resolution, method reproducibility, and scalability, ultimately achieving a powerful analytical approach tailored for emerging gene therapy applications.</p><h4><strong>Experimental</strong></h4><h5><strong>LC Conditions</strong></h5><p><strong>LC system:&nbsp;</strong></p><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/191"><strong>ACQUITY™ Premier System</strong></a> with:</li><li>Binary Solvent Manager (BSM, p/n: 186018000)</li><li>Flow-Through Needle Sample Manager (SMFTN, p/n: 186018002)</li><li>Column Manager-A (CM-A, p/n: 186018003)&nbsp;</li></ul><h4><strong>Conclusion&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>This application note demonstrates the utility of Protein-Pak Hi Res Q Column and strong anion-exchange chromatography for resolving the three plasmid DNA isoforms, supercoiled (SC), open circular (OC), and linear (L), across a wide range of DNA sizes, including pBR322 (4.361 kbp), ΦX174 RF I/II (5.386 kbp), and the pCMVCas9 (7.037 kbp) plasmid. Using a mobile phase system containing 5% urea and a NaCl gradient, the method achieved excellent resolution of all topological forms by tuning the flow rate applied throughout the gradient method. Notably, this strategy offers a streamlined alternative to traditional method development approaches that require manual changes in mobile phase additives or compositions. Indeed, flow rate was found to influence resolution significantly due to the difference in entropic elasticity of DNA plasmid (open-circular, supercoiled) and linear isoforms. For example, optimum flow rates were found to be equal to 0.8, 0.5, and 0.3 mL/min for the separation of pBR322, ΦX174 RFI RFII Mixture, and pCMV-Cas9 plasmids, respectively. Higher flow rates are needed to increase the retention of shorter linear DNA isoforms relative to the open circular plasmid. These results highlight the method’s adaptability and precision for analyzing plasmid topology, providing analysts with enhanced control critical for assessing identity, integrity, and purity in plasmid-based therapeutics and gene therapy workflows.</p>

News from LabRulezLCMS Library - Week 34, 2025

<p><strong>Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezLCMS Library in the week of 25th August 2025? Check out new documents from the field of liquid phase, especially HPLC and LC/MS techniques!</strong></p><blockquote><p><span style="font-size:20px;">👉 </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library"><span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT LCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</strong></span></a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><strong>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques?</strong> Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library"><strong>LabRulezGCMS</strong></a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library"><strong>LabRulezICPMS</strong></a> libraries.</p></blockquote><p>This week we bring you poster by <strong>Agilent Technologies / ASMS, </strong>brochure by<strong> Shimadzu, </strong>other document by<strong> Thermo Fisher Scientific </strong>and application note by <strong>Waters Corporation!</strong></p><h3><strong>1. Agilent Technologies / ASMS: Highly Sensitive Quantitation of N-Nitroso Timolol Impurity in Timolol API using the Agilent </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=6495D+LC%2FTQ"><strong>6495D LC/TQ</strong></a></h3><ul><li>Poster</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ps_6495d_nitrosamines_asms_2025_mp_548_en_agilent_7c9b0b32ef.pdf"><strong>Full PDF for download</strong></a></li></ul><p>Nitrosamines are of concern as most of them have been reported to be potent mutagens in rodents and are potential carcinogens. Therefore, it is important to control these impurities at or below the stipulated specification limits. API-derived complex nitrosamines are known as nitrosamine drug substance-related impurities (NDSRIs). Multiple recalls of pharmaceutical drug products due to the presence of NDSRIs have drawn the attention of regulators and manufacturers. By considering the complexity of the global pharmaceutical supply chain, manufacturers must be more diligent to protect consumers by screening their APIs and drug products for the presence of NDSRIs. NDSRIs can be formed from both secondary and tertiary amines. Secondary amines can easily undergo nitrosation in the presence of trace amounts of acid. Timolol is beta-blocker class of drug used for hypertension. N-nitroso timolol is an API specific nitrosamine impurity. For most NDSRIs, analytical methods are not yet available, so manufacturers will need to develop, qualify, and validate a method that is suitable for the sample matrix and specific for the nitrosamines in question.</p><p>The analytical method developed must be sensitive enough to quantify the nitrosamines of interest down to a level that corresponds to 10% of specification limit.</p><p>In this poster we highlight a highly specific, sensitive, and reproducible method that was developed for the quantitation of N-nitroso Timolol impurity in Timolol drug substance using the 6495D triple quadrupole LC/MS (LC/TQ) coupled to the 1290 Infinity II LC.</p><h4><strong>Experimental</strong></h4><h5><strong>LC configurations and parameters:</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Instrument:</strong> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=6495D+LC%2FTQ"><strong>Agilent 6495D LC/TQ</strong></a> coupled to <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=1290+Infinity+II+LC"><strong>1290 Infinity II LC</strong></a></li><li><strong>Analytical Column: </strong>Agilent Infinity Lab Poroshell PhenylHexyl, 150 × 3.0 mm, 2.7 µm, p/n, 693975-312</li></ul><h4><strong>Conclusions</strong></h4><p>A highly sensitive and robust multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method was developed utilizing the Agilent 6495D LC/TQ to quantify N-nitroso timolol impurity in timolol API. &nbsp;</p><ul><li>The chromatographic method provided desirable separation between the impurity and the API to avoid interference.&nbsp;</li><li>The developed method demonstrated excellent linearity over the range of 5 to 1500 pg/mL (0.5 to 150 ppb with 100 mg/mL API load) with an R2 value greater than 0.9990&nbsp;</li><li>The LOD and LOQ values achieved were 2 and 5 pg/mL respectively for targeted NDSRI&nbsp;</li><li>The method provided recovery between 90 and 110%, which is within the acceptance criteria</li></ul><h3><strong>2. Shimadzu: Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=LCMS-8065XE"><strong>LCMS-8065XE&nbsp;</strong></a></h3><ul><li>Brochure</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/c146_e500_526bbea8e9.pdf"><strong>Full PDF for download</strong></a></li></ul><h5><strong>Shimadzu LCMS-8065XE: Next-Generation Triple-Quadrupole Performance</strong></h5><p>Shimadzu introduces the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=LCMS-8065XE"><strong>LCMS-8065XE</strong></a>, a triple-quadrupole liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer designed to set new standards in sensitivity, speed, and robustness. Built on Shimadzu’s philosophy of “Contributing to Society Through Science and Technology,” the system integrates advanced hardware with Analytical Intelligence software, ensuring both expert-level optimization and user-friendly operation. This balance of evolved, efficient, and exact capabilities makes the LCMS-8065XE a powerful solution for modern laboratories.</p><h5><strong>Breakthrough Ionization and Detection Technologies</strong></h5><p>At the heart of the system are innovations such as the <strong>StreamFocus ESI probe</strong> and IonFocus technology, which enhance ion intake, reduce gas consumption, and eliminate contamination without compromising sensitivity. Combined with the refined <strong>UFsweeper IV collision cell,</strong> the instrument achieves exceptional signal transmission and robust long-term stability. Demonstrated by ultra-trace PFAS detection at parts-per-trillion levels, the LCMS-8065XE ensures reliable results even under continuous high-throughput conditions.</p><h5><strong>Ultra-Fast Mass Spectrometry with UF Technologies</strong></h5><p>Shimadzu’s proprietary UF technologies—including UF-Qarray II, UF-Lens II, and UF-MRM—deliver unmatched speed and sensitivity. Capable of 5 msec polarity switching, up to 555 MRM channels per second, and scanning at 30,000 u/sec, the system supports complex multi-component analyses with precision. Intelligent maintenance features, such as quick desolvation line replacement without breaking vacuum, further minimize downtime and maximize laboratory productivity.</p><h5><strong>Smart Software, Sustainability, and Seamless Integration</strong></h5><p>The LCMS-8065XE is complemented by Peakintelligence AI algorithms, LabSolutions Connect MRM, and LabSolutions Insight, enabling automated tuning, optimized methods, and reliable peak integration with reduced manual review time. Sustainability is also central: ecology mode reduces power consumption by up to 31%, while integration with Shimadzu’s Nexera UHPLC system improves throughput and reduces resource use. Features like FlowPilot smart flow control and automatic bubble detection ensure uninterrupted performance, extending system and column lifetimes while cutting operational costs.</p><h3><strong>3. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Accucore columns Resolve all your impurities without feeling the pressure</strong></h3><ul><li>Other document</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/fl_002099_ccs_lc_columns_accucore_C18_HILIC_phenyl_fl002099_na_en_db7abbabd7.pdf"><strong>Full PDF for download</strong></a></li></ul><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?category=48&amp;manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=accucore"><strong>Thermo Scientific™ Accucore™ columns</strong> </a>bring UHPLC-level performance to both HPLC and UHPLC systems, even when pressure capabilities are limited. With <strong>14 distinct chemistries</strong>, they provide an extensive toolbox for successful method development and robust method transfer. Built on decades of innovation in stationary phase design, Accucore columns ensure reliable performance across diverse analytical challenges.</p><h5><strong>Comprehensive Chemistry Portfolio for Any Separation Need</strong></h5><p>The Accucore family includes multiple column chemistries tailored to different selectivity requirements. <strong>Hydrophobic options like </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/427"><strong>C18</strong></a><strong>, </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/428"><strong>C8</strong></a><strong>, and </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1990"><strong>C4</strong></a><strong> </strong>deliver classic reversed-phase separations, while <strong>polar-modified C18</strong> (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/430"><strong>Polar Premium</strong></a><strong>, </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/429"><strong>aQ</strong></a>) enhances retention of acidic and basic compounds. <strong>Phenyl-based phases</strong> such as <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/424"><strong>Biphenyl</strong></a><strong>, </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/431"><strong>Phenyl-Hexyl</strong></a><strong>, and </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1985"><strong>PFP</strong></a> provide orthogonal selectivity for aromatic and polar analytes, and <strong>specialty hydrophobic columns (</strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/426"><strong>RP-MS</strong></a><strong>, </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1988"><strong>C30</strong></a>) expand capabilities for structural isomer separation. For highly polar compounds, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1987"><strong>HILIC</strong></a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1989"><strong>Amide-HILIC</strong></a> chemistries enable reliable retention and resolution.</p><h5><strong>Optimized for Speed, Sensitivity, and Versatility</strong></h5><p>Engineered with advanced particle design, Accucore columns offer rapid separations with high resolution and reproducibility. Their versatility makes them suitable for a wide range of applications, from pharmaceutical impurity profiling to food and environmental analysis. By offering both routine and specialty phases, the columns allow analysts to fine-tune selectivity and maximize productivity without compromising robustness.</p><h5><strong>Trusted Innovation and Seamless Integration</strong></h5><p>As part of Thermo Fisher Scientific’s portfolio, Accucore columns are backed by extensive expertise in HPLC method development and transfer. Their design supports high-throughput workflows, smooth integration into existing systems, and consistent results across laboratories. Whether the need is for routine testing or complex separations, Accucore columns deliver dependable performance with the flexibility to resolve impurities efficiently and confidently.</p><h3><strong>4. Waters Corporation: Temperature Control Using Waters LC Purification Systems with Timberline's Column and Mobile Phase Heaters: Optimizing Preparative Performance&nbsp;</strong></h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/720008874_en_6514d1a04e.pdf"><strong>Full PDF for download</strong></a></li></ul><h4><strong>Benefits&nbsp;</strong></h4><ul><li>Minimizing method redevelopment at the prep scale improves process efficiency and reproducibility, ensuring predictable and reliable outcomes for isolating small and large molecules, such as oligonucleotides and peptides.&nbsp;</li><li>Elevated temperature reduces system backpressure and enables one to consider using of sub-5 µm <strong>Waters™ preparative Optimum Bed Density (OBD™) columns </strong>to increase productivity through faster separations, increased loading capacity, lower solvent consumption, shorter fraction dry-down times, and reduced waste disposal costs.&nbsp;</li><li>Enabling the substitution of acetonitrile with methanol provides a more environmentally sustainable and economically efficient purification process.</li></ul><p>Although temperature control is widely implemented in analytical HPLC to improve separations and ensure consistent and reliable outcomes, temperature is seldom controlled or used as a parameter for manipulating chromatography at the preparative scale for two reasons. First, high flow rate separations occur at the temperature of the incoming solvent and efficient heating of the mobile phase entering the column is challenging at these high flow rates. Second, large diameter columns cannot be effectively heated from the outside simply by using insulation, heated blankets or ovens. Ideally, analytical separations developed with temperature control should be scaled to prep at the same temperature to eliminate variability in the chromatography which can make the target identification and isolation ambiguous or lead to product loss.&nbsp;</p><p>When used with the Waters AutoPurification System, Timberline’s column and mobile phase heaters provide precise and consistent temperature control for preparative separations, allowing easier scale-up from UPLC/UHPLC to preparative methods. This integrated approach minimizes the need for method redevelopment, improves reproducibility, enhances hydrophobic compound solubility and boosts operational efficiency, which is particularly valuable in small molecule isolations and biological applications such as oligonucleotide and peptide purification. Temperature control also enhances flexibility in purification workflows, supporting green chemistry initiatives by enabling the substitution of acetonitrile with methanol. Elevated temperature reduces system backpressure, allowing the usage of sub-5 µm particles in larger-dimension preparative columns (e.g., 10 mm ID), which may increase loading capacity, minimize run-times, reduce solvent consumption, shorten dry-down times and lower waste disposal costs. This technical brief illustrates that comparable purification results can be achieved using methanol with sub-5 µm 10 mm ID columns, an approach that is both environmentally sustainable and economically viable. It also illustrates the precision and stability of temperature control across various flow rates and mobile phase compositions, showcasing the reliability of this solution.</p><h4><strong>Conclusion&nbsp;</strong></h4><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=5&amp;search=Timberline%E2%80%99s+TL-105+D+column"><strong>Timberline’s TL-105 D column</strong></a> oven configured with the Waters AutoPurification System provides precise and consistent temperature control when scaling from analytical to preparative methods. This significantly reduces the need for method redevelopment at the prep scale, enhances chromatographic efficiency and reproducibility and delivers predictable and reliable outcomes for various applications including small and large molecules such as oligonucleotides and peptides isolations.</p><p>This combined solution supports the growing demand for green chemistry by enabling the substitution of acetonitrile with methanol. Enhanced temperature control also lowers system backpressure, allowing the use of smaller particle size, larger dimension Waters preparative OBD columns. This results in faster separations, increased loading capacity, reduced solvent consumption, shorter fraction dry-down times, and lower waste disposal costs. These benefits contribute to a more environmentally sustainable and economically efficient purification process.</p>

News from LabRulezLCMS Library - Week 35, 2025

<p><strong>Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezLCMS Library in the week of 8th September 2025? Check out new documents from the field of liquid phase, especially HPLC and LC/MS techniques!</strong></p><blockquote><p><span style="font-size:20px;">👉 </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library"><span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT LCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</strong></span></a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><strong>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques?</strong> Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library"><strong>LabRulezGCMS</strong></a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library"><strong>LabRulezICPMS</strong></a> libraries.</p></blockquote><p>This week we bring you application notes by <strong>Agilent Technologies</strong> and<strong> Shimadzu </strong>and<strong> </strong>posters by <strong>Thermo Fisher Scientific / HPLC Symposium </strong>and <strong>Waters Corporation!</strong></p><h3><strong>1. Agilent Technologies: Automated Solid Phase Extraction of PFAS from Aqueous Samples</strong></h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_1633_automated_spe_wax_carbon_s_5994_8289en_agilent_1fc425207e.pdf"><strong>Full PDF for download</strong></a></li></ul><p>In this study, three types of dual-phase SPE cartridges were evaluated based on the quality control requirements for aqueous matrices as specified in US EPA Method 1633 using automated SPE. The cartridges contained PFAS WAX and Carbon S for PFAS. In the first configuration, a 200 mg bed of PFAS WAX was layered on top of a 50&nbsp;mg bed of Carbon S with the sorbents separated by a frit. In the second configuration, 200 mg of PFAS WAX was mixed with 50 mg of Carbon S before cartridge packing. In the third configuration, 200 mg of PFAS WAX and 10&nbsp;mg of Carbon S were mixed before cartridge packing. All three configurations were evaluated under identical protocols using automated SPE and were compared to results obtained using the manual addition of carbon and separate WAX extraction. The blended sorbent containing 200 mg of PFAS WAX and 10 mg of Carbon S was selected for validation and further evaluation of several environmental matrices including groundwater from residential private wells, effluent from a wastewater storage lagoon, and a landfill monitoring&nbsp;well.</p><h4><strong>Experimental</strong></h4><h5><strong>Equipment and materials</strong></h5><p>The three Agilent dual-phase cartridges used in the study are listed in Table 1. As a performance benchmark, a single‑phase <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?search=Bond+Elut+PFAS+WAX"><strong>Bond Elut PFAS WAX sorbent</strong></a> cartridge (Agilent, part number 5610‑2151) was used with either Carbon S bulk (Agilent, part number 5610-2095) or Superclean ENVI-Carb (Millipore Sigma, part number 57210-U).</p><p>Samples were extracted using the PromoChrom eight‑channel automated SPE extractors with upside‑down shaker racks (part number SPE-03 with MOD004), anticlogging frits (part&nbsp;number CF-06), high-capacity inline filters (part&nbsp;number&nbsp;F-HC-30), and anticlogging tips (part&nbsp;number F-T-4). Sample analysis was performed using an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?search=1290+Infinity+II+LC"><strong>Agilent 1290 Infinity II LC</strong></a> system consisting of an Agilent 1290 Infinity&nbsp;II high-speed pump (G7120A), an Agilent 1290 Infinity II multisampler (G7167B), and an Agilent 1290 Infinity II multicolumn thermostat (G7116B). The LC system was modified for PFAS analysis using the Agilent <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?search=InfinityLab+PFC%E2%80%91free+HPLC+conversion+kit"><strong>InfinityLab PFC‑free HPLC conversion kit </strong></a>(part number 5004-0006). The LC system was coupled to an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?search=6495C"><strong>Agilent 6495C triple quadrupole LC/MS</strong></a> equipped with an Agilent Jet Stream technology ion source. Agilent <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?search=MassHunter+Workstation"><strong>MassHunter Workstation software</strong></a> was used for data acquisition (version 10.1) and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?search=Quantitative+Analysis+"><strong>Quantitative Analysis </strong></a>for QQQ (version 12.1) was used for data analysis. Instrumental conditions were determined based on detailed multiparametric optimization experiments developed in‑house.&nbsp;</p><h4><strong>Conclusion&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>The adoption of automated solid phase extraction (SPE) for PFAS analysis in environmental matrices significantly enhances laboratory efficiency and reduces the potential for human error. Our evaluation of five extraction protocols revealed that the blended sorbent containing 200 mg of PFAS WAX and 10 mg of Carbon S provided the best performance in terms of recovery, matrix interference reduction, and fewer outliers. This configuration was successfully applied to various environmental samples, demonstrating its versatility and reliability. The findings support the use of automated SPE with optimized sorbent cartridges as a robust method for PFAS analysis, aligning with the quality control metrics of US EPA Method 1633. Future work should focus on further refining automated SPE techniques and exploring their application to other environmental matrices.</p><h3><strong>2. Shimadzu: Automated Preparation of Calibration Curves Using the Autosampler's Dilution Function</strong></h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_00914_en_089a8c34fa.pdf"><strong>Full PDF for download</strong></a></li></ul><h5><strong>User Benefits</strong></h5><ul><li>The auto-dilution function equipped in the autosampler eliminates the need for manual dilution during calibration curve creation and sample preparation.</li><li>Samples can be automatically diluted to create a calibration curve by specifying the desired dilution factor in the batch table.</li><li>Because the same method file can be used across different dilution factors, only minor adjustments are needed when changing dilution conditions.&nbsp;</li></ul><p>In LC quantification, the dilution ofstandard and sample solutions is typically performed manually using pipettes, which is a laborintensive and time-consuming process. Recent advancements have called for automation to reduce labor and improve efficiency. By automating the dilution process, workflows can be streamlined, leading to increased productivity. The Nexera series autosamplers are equipped with an automatic pretreatment function that enables automated dilution. Using the auto-dilution function, samples can be automatically prepared at any desired dilution factor and directly introduced into the analytical column. This article presents a method to automate the creation of calibration curves and subsequent quantification workflows using the autosampler’s auto-dilution function.</p><h4><strong>Automated Dilution Analysis of Organic Acid Standard Solution</strong></h4><p>Automated dilution analysis was conducted using a 1000 mg/L mixed standard solution of ten organic acids. The analytical conditions are shown in Table 2 (pretreatment program : Table 1). 1.0 mL polypropylene vials were used as mixing vials, and septum-sealed vials were used for the undiluted standard solution. Rinse solution (ultrapure water) was used as the diluent. Fig. 3 shows the chromatogram of the 100-fold diluted organic acid mixed standard solution (concentration after auto-dilution : 10 mg/L for each organic acid). The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=Nexera+Organic+Acid+Analysis+System"><strong>Nexera Organic Acid Analysis System</strong></a> (pH-buffered electric conductivity detection) was employed for this analysis.</p><h4><strong>Conclusion</strong></h4><p>By utilizing the auto-dilution function in the autosampler, the standard undiluted solution for calibration curve creation can be automatically diluted at any desired dilution ratio. This eliminates the need for manual sample dilution and streamlines the calibration curve creation workflow. Additionally, since the autodilution function can also be applied to sample solutions, only the preparation of undiluted standard and sample solutions is required, allowing for a fully automated process from calibration curve creation to quantitation. As a result, the reduction in pretreatment work contributes to improved work efficiency and productivity.</p><h3><strong>3. Thermo Fisher Scientific / HPLC Symposium: Wide-ranging polynucleotide separation capabilities using Reversed Phase particles with variable pore geometry</strong></h3><ul><li>Poster</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/po_wide_ranging_polynucleotide_separation_capabilities_po_en_1fdaba9e08.pdf"><strong>Full PDF for download</strong></a></li></ul><p>Polynucleotides such as DNA and RNA serve many uses in the areas of basic research, industrial manufacturing, therapeutics to up/down regulate cellular functions, and as therapeutic and vaccine intermediates (i.e., as an instructional template to produce proteins that 1) supplement/replace ineffective proteins or 2) function as antigens). CRISPR technology using guide RNA (gRNA, ~100mer) to directly modify cellular chromosomes was recently leveraged to create a customized treatment within 6-months for an infant with CPS1 deficiency1. This approach has provided long-term, life-saving enzyme production negating the need for daily treatments. Associated DNA and RNA such as gRNA and mRNA (1000+mer) require detailed characterization to ensure safety and efficacy (e.g., of sufficient quantity and fidelity in delivery vehicles such as lipid nanoparticles). Here, we present a RP particle with complex pore geometry and the effects of mobile phase and temperature for separating DNA/RNA with therapeutic benefits (siRNA-gRNA-mRNA:~ 20-100- 1000+mer). Semi-prep column separations, common for sample recovery for subsequent analyses or sample enrichment for in vitro or in vivo use, is also shown.</p><h4><strong>Materials and methods</strong></h4><h5><strong>Test method(s)&nbsp;</strong></h5><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=3&amp;search=DNAPac+RP+column"><strong>DNAPac RP columns</strong></a> packed with 4 µm DNAPac RP media include 2.1 × 50 mm (P/N 088924), 2.1 × 50 mm (P/N 088924), and 21.2 × 150 mm (P/N 080922- 1521232). For instruments, mobile phases, gradient conditions, and other chromatographic operating parameters (flow rate, temperature, injection volume, etc.), please reference the figures and associated text. For all analyses, samples were detected by UV absorbance at 260nm. For 21.2x150mm semi-prep separations, a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?category=40&amp;manufacturerItems=3"><strong>conventional (U)HPLC chromatography system</strong></a> with a binary pump, autosampler and detector without column compartment (ambient temperature separations) was used for all analyses. Ion Pairing Agents (Cation Anion): TEAA – Triethylamine Acetate, HAA – Hexylamine Acetate, HFIP – Hexafluoroisopropanol.&nbsp;</p><h5><strong>Data analysis&nbsp;</strong></h5><p>The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/76"><strong>Thermo Scientific Chromeleon </strong></a>7.2.10 or 7.3 Chromatography Data Systems (CDS) software was used for data acquisition and analysis.</p><h4><strong>Results&nbsp;</strong></h4><h5><strong>DNAPac RP particle characterization – chemistry and pore structure&nbsp;</strong></h5><p>Figure 1 summarizes the chemical and physical properties of the resin, which is based on polymeric divinylbenzene (top left). Unlike conventional silica particles, the polymeric resin is not susceptible to hydrolytic degradation at neither extreme pH (1-14) nor high temperature (90+oC). The aromatic groups also provide π- π bonding with aromatic nucleotides giving different selectivity from conventional alkyl phases incapable of such interactions. The SEM image visually shows the highly variated porous structure of the particles. Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) N2 adsorption analysis details the surface area contributions of the different pore sizes. From this analysis it is clear that a continuum of pores from 50Å to 2500Å (suitable for small molecules up to macromolecule adsorption, respectively) contributes to the overall surface area of the particle. Based on the complex geometry and resulting pore structure, we commonly refer to the media as a supermacroporous (SMP) particle.</p><h4><strong>Conclusions&nbsp;</strong></h4><ul><li>High resolution separation of nucleic acids varying in length from 10 to 10,000 nucleotides is achieved using an SMP particle with a variable pore structure.</li><li>Polymeric SMP particles are compatible with different mobile phase IP compositions, high pH and high separation temperature, which are critical parameters for optimizing the separation of polynucleotides&nbsp;</li><li>SMP particles provide high resolution separations in both analytical and semi-prep formats</li></ul><h3><strong>4. Waters Corporation / ASMS: Detection and Characterization of PFAS Molecules Using Inclusion and Exclusion Features of Data Directed Analysis (DDA)</strong></h3><ul><li>Poster</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/720008869_fb6d27e0a0.pdf"><strong>Full PDF for download</strong></a></li></ul><p>Polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are bioaccumulative and suspected to contribute to increased cancer risk in humans. Monitoring PFAS in biofluids is possible, but their very low concentrations present analytical challenges.</p><p>Data-Directed Acquisition (DDA) isolates ions that meet defined criteria, fragments them at elevated collision energies, and generates product ion spectra. Because PFAS ions show a characteristic <strong>mass defect</strong> due to fluorine atoms, inclusion lists can enhance their detection. Conversely, exclusion lists derived from background matrix analyses help remove interferences, simplifying ion selection for fragmentation.</p><p>Preliminary tests with mixed small-molecule samples demonstrated the utility of these lists before applying them to PFAS, where inclusion lists contained hundreds of entries and exclusion lists thousands.</p><h4><strong>Methods</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Instrument:</strong> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/202"><strong>SELECT SERIES™ Cyclic™ Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometer</strong></a></li><li><strong>Acquisition:</strong> ToF-ESI negative DDA mode, 100 ms survey/MSMS scan times, collision energy ramps optimized by PFAS class</li><li><strong>LC System:</strong> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/191"><strong>ACQUITY Premier </strong></a>with PFAS Kit and Atlantis Premier BEH C18 AX Isolator Column (2.1 × 50 mm, 5 µm)</li><li><strong>Analytical Column:</strong> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1952"><strong>ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18</strong></a> (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) at 35 °C</li><li><strong>Flow Rate:</strong> 0.3 mL/min; <strong>Injection Volume:</strong> 5 µL; <strong>Autosampler Temp:</strong> 6 °C</li><li><strong>Mobile Phases:</strong><ul><li>A: H₂O:MeOH (95:5) with 2 mM ammonium acetate</li><li>B: MeOH with 2 mM ammonium acetate</li></ul></li><li><strong>Samples:</strong> LCMS QC mixture, native PFAS mixture (PFAC30PAR, Wellington Labs), and human serum</li><li><strong>Software:</strong> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/635"><strong>MassLynx™ 4.2 for acquisition</strong></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1544"><strong>waters_connect™ with PFAS library</strong></a> (130 entries) for processing, Tibco Spotfire® for visualization</li></ul><h4><strong>Conclusion</strong></h4><ul><li>ToF-DDA mode on a cyclic ion mobility mass spectrometer is effective for PFAS analysis.</li><li>Inclusion lists based on PFAS mass defect improve real-time detection and intelligent switching.</li><li>Background-derived exclusion lists (up to 9000 entries) further reduce interferences and enhance specificity.</li></ul>

News from LabRulezLCMS Library - Week 37, 2025

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