EU Regulation 396/2005: Pesticide Residue Testing and the Critical Role of QuEChERS Evaporation in Food Safety

<div><div><p><strong>Researchers led by </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://kudova.group.uochb.cz/en"><strong>Eva Kudová</strong></a><strong> from IOCB Prague and Jitka Viktorová from UCT Prague have identified new androstane-based steroid derivatives that can significantly improve the effectiveness of existing antibiotics against multidrug-resistant </strong><i><strong>Staphylococcus aureus</strong></i><strong>.</strong></p></div></div><div><p>The team screened dozens of natural steroidal hormones and synthetic derivatives to see whether they could block bacterial efflux pumps – mechanisms that bacteria use to eject antibiotics and survive treatment. Two compounds emerged as particularly promising: they inhibited efflux pumps and lowered the effective doses of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and erythromycin.</p><p>Further analysis showed that one of the compounds also suppressed genes linked to bacterial virulence. Another key finding is that the most active molecules are non-toxic to human immune cells and showed no detectable endocrine activity, suggesting a favorable safety profile.</p><p>These findings support the idea that rationally designed steroid-based molecules could act as antibiotic adjuvants, helping existing drugs overcome bacterial resistance.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/IOCB_Prague_Steroidal_hormones_and_neurosteroids_novel_therapeutic_strategies_in_bacterial_infections_8e5d2a7b48.jpg" alt="IOCB Prague: Steroidal hormones and neurosteroids – novel therapeutic strategies in bacterial infections" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_IOCB_Prague_Steroidal_hormones_and_neurosteroids_novel_therapeutic_strategies_in_bacterial_infections_8e5d2a7b48.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="1258" height="886"></p><blockquote><h4><strong>Original Article</strong></h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0223523426001613?via%3Dihub"><strong>Steroidal hormones and neurosteroids - novel therapeutic strategies in bacterial infections: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation</strong></a></h4><p>Daniela Brdová, Bára Křížkovská, Jan Špaček, Zdeněk Míchal, Eva Jablonská, Ondřej Strnad, Hana Chodounská, Eszter Szánti-Pintér, Marina Morozovová, Václav Hanžl, Jan Tkadlec, Martijn Riool, Jan Lipov, Jitka Viktorová, Eva Kudová&nbsp;</p><p><i><strong>Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2026, 308, 118716</strong></i></p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2026.118716">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2026.118716</a></p><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><strong>CC-BY 4.0</strong></a></h6></blockquote><h4><strong>Abstract</strong></h4><p>The global rise of antibiotic resistance necessitates novel therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases. Inhibition of bacterial efflux pumps, which contribute to multidrug resistance, represents a promising approach to restore or even increase the efficacy of existing antibiotics. Using fluorescence-based ethidium bromide accumulation, broth microdilution, and checkerboard assays, we evaluated 26 endogenous steroidal hormones and neurosteroids, along with 30 synthetic derivatives, for their ability to enhance antibiotic susceptibility in multidrug-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. Structure-activity relationship analysis identified compounds <strong>13</strong> and <strong>16</strong> as lead candidates, exhibiting strong efflux pump inhibition and marked reductions in the minimum inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. Both compounds showed additive effects in checkerboard assays. Modifications at C-3 (polar substitution) and C-17 (3α,5β-stereochemistry and nonpolar substitution) were essential for potent efflux inhibition and sensitization, although these modifications were not additive when combined. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that compound <strong>13</strong> significantly downregulated <i>S. aureus</i> virulence-associated genes when administered alone or in combination with antibiotics. Cytotoxicity assessment in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and receptor transactivation assays for estrogen, androgen, and progesterone receptors indicated that the most active derivatives were non-toxic and lacked detectable endocrine activity, suggesting a favorable safety profile. Overall, these findings support the concept that rationally designed andostane-based steroidal scaffolds can function as competitive bacterial efflux pump inhibitors and serve as potential antibiotic adjuvants to mitigate efflux-mediated resistance.</p><h4><strong>Instrumentation</strong></h4><h5><strong>Structural characterization</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>AVANCE III 400 MHz NMR spectrometer</strong> (Bruker)</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=3&amp;search=LTQ+Orbitrap+XL"><strong>LTQ Orbitrap XL HRMS</strong></a> (Thermo Fisher Scientific, ESI)</li></ul></div>

Steroidal hormones and neurosteroids – novel therapeutic strategies in bacterial infections

<p><strong>Metformin is currently the first-line oral drug of choice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It reduces glucose production in the liver, improves tissue sensitivity to insulin, and does not cause weight gain or hypoglycemia, which sets it apart from some other antidiabetic drugs. Moreover, its long-term beneficial effects on the risk of cardiovascular complications and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes have been well established. Researchers from the Institute of Physiology CAS (IPHYS) have identified a new group of blood metabolites that could help physicians objectively monitor whether patients with type 2 diabetes are taking their metformin as prescribed.</strong></p><h4><strong>New biomarkers for metformin use</strong></h4><p>A team led by Tomáš Čajka from the Laboratory of Translational Metabolism at IPHYS analyzed plasma samples from <strong>637 patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin</strong> and <strong>143 non-diabetic controls</strong> using advanced metabolomics and lipidomics. Among 614 detected metabolites, they identified five from the group of <strong>N-lactoyl-amino acids </strong>(e.g. N‑lactoyl-phenylalanine), which had previously been seen as unknown signals due to missing reference spectra in databases. The levels of these metabolites in the blood closely reflected the plasma concentrations of metformin. In patients with the highest metformin exposure, the concentrations of these metabolites were up to 7.2 times higher than in controls.</p><h4><strong>A sensitive “fingerprint” of the drug’s effect</strong></h4><p>N-Lactoyl-amino acids are formed in cells by combining lactate and amino acids, thus reflecting the metformin-induced changes in cellular energy metabolism. “<i>Importantly, even though they occur in plasma only at nanomolar concentrations, they reliably distinguish patients who take metformin regularly from those who take it irregularly or not at all</i>,” emphasizes T. Čajka.</p><h4><strong>Metabolomics in practice and international collaboration</strong></h4><p>The study also provides a detailed description of broader metabolic changes in type 2 diabetes, including increases in lactate, organic acids, and branched-chain amino acids, as well as extensive remodelling of the lipid profile. In addition to T. Čajka’s team, collaborators from the Institute for <strong>Clinical and Experimental Medicine in Prague</strong> and the <strong>West Coast Metabolomics Center</strong> (University of California, Davis) also participated in the study.</p><p>The results demonstrate that advanced metabolomics approaches developed at IPHYS within the <strong>CarDia project</strong> can find highly practical applications both in clinical studies and in personalized monitoring of treatment in patients with diabetes.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>The original article</strong></h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpt.70205"><strong>Untargeted Metabolomics Identifies N-Lactoyl-Amino Acids as Dose-Responsive Plasma Biomarkers of Metformin Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes</strong></a></h4><p>Tomas Cajka, Jiri Hricko, Lucie Rudl Kulhava, Michaela Paucova, Michaela Novakova, Veronika Hola, Stanislava Rakusanova, Oliver Fiehn, Vojtech Skop, Ivana Lankova, Iva Miskova, Terezie Pelikanova, Martin Haluzik</p><p>Clin Pharmacol Ther, 119: 1057-1069</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70205">https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70205</a></p><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><strong>CC-BY 4.0</strong></a></h6></blockquote><h4><strong>Abstract</strong></h4><p>Metformin is the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drug, yet adherence remains difficult to objectively assess. Using untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics, we analyzed plasma from 637 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with confirmed metformin use and 143 nondiabetic controls, annotating 614 metabolites. Patients were stratified by plasma metformin into sub-therapeutic, therapeutic, and supra-therapeutic groups, and associations were evaluated by multiple linear regression and composite metabolite ranking. Five previously unannotated features were structurally identified as N-lactoyl-amino acids, whose levels correlated strongly with plasma metformin (ρ = 0.42–0.55, P &lt; 0.0001) and increased up to 7.2-fold in the supra-therapeutic group (&gt; 2000 ng/mL). While N-lactoyl-amino acids were consistently detected in the nanomolar range, they still displayed robust and dose-dependent associations with metformin. Broader metabolic changes in T2D included elevated lactate, organic acids, and branched-chain amino acids, together with reduced urea cycle metabolites. Lipidomics showed increases in saturated triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols and decreases in cholesteryl esters, sphingomyelins, and phospholipids. These findings establish N-lactoyl-amino acids as robust, dose-responsive plasma biomarkers of metformin exposure. Despite being up to four orders of magnitude less abundant than their amino acid precursors, they sensitively reflect mitochondrial lactate overflow and pharmacodynamic adaptation, offering objective assessment of adherence.</p>

New blood biomarkers reveal how faithfully diabetes patients take metformin

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The Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS) was established by Act No. 283/1992 Coll. as the Czech successor of the former Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. It is set up as a complex of 54 public research institutions.

Czech Academy of Sciences

The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IOCB Prague) is a leading scientific institution in the Czech Republic, recognized internationally. Its primary mission is basic research in the fields of chemical biology and medicinal chemistry, organic and material oriented chemistry, chemistry of natural compounds, biochemistry and molecular biology, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, and analytical chemistry. 

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences

Organomation, founded in 1959, designs and manufactures high-quality nitrogen evaporators and extraction systems. Known for innovation and durability, their lab instruments are used globally for efficient sample preparation with strong customer support.

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Thermo Scientific Accucore PFP HPLC Columns

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Thermo Scientific Accucore XL C18 HPLC Columns

Accucore™ XL C18 columns deliver high-efficiency separations using rugged 4 μm solid-core particles—ideal for nonpolar analytes with excellent reproducibility and robustness.

<p><strong>Optimize conventional HPLC methods with Thermo Scientific™ Accucore™ XL C18 LC Columns. Rugged 4μm solid-core particles ensure very high efficiencies within standard HPLC pressure limits. The high bonded phase coverage provides optimal retention of a broad range of nonpolar analytes across multiple applications. Robust bonding technology and automated packing procedures ensure excellent reproducibility and long column lifetimes.</strong></p><h5><strong>Optimal Selectivity for Nonpolar Compounds</strong></h5><ul><li>Hydrophobic interaction mechanism</li></ul><h5><strong>High-Efficiency Separations for Enhanced Resolution and Sensitivity</strong></h5><ul><li>Core-enhanced technology 4μm particles and narrow particle size distribution reduce band broadening and improve separation efficiencies for conventional HPLC methods.</li><li>High surface coverage of silica minimizes secondary interactions and peak tailing.</li></ul><h5><strong>Same System, Same Method, Better Results</strong></h5><ul><li>Solid-core 4μm particle design means that no changes to the method or system are required.</li></ul><h5><strong>Excellent Reproducibility and Robustness</strong></h5><ul><li>Advanced bonding technology</li><li>Automated packing process</li></ul><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Endcapped:</strong> Yes</li><li><strong>Max. Pressure: </strong>8700 psi (600 bar)</li><li><strong>Packing Material:</strong> Spherical, Solid Core, Ultrapure Silica</li><li><strong>Stationary Phase:</strong> C18</li><li><strong>Surface Area:</strong> 130 m²/g</li><li><strong>Temperature:</strong> 60°C</li><li><strong>USP Type: </strong>L1</li><li><strong>Carbon load:</strong> 7%</li><li><strong>Phase:</strong> Reversed phase</li><li><strong>Pore Size: </strong>80 Å</li><li><strong>pH: </strong>1 to 11</li></ul><h3><strong>Accucore HPLC and UHPLC Columns</strong></h3><h4><strong>Resolve impurities without feeling the pressure</strong></h4><p>Thermo Scientific Accucore HPLC and UHPLC columns provide ultimate core performance, allowing you to maximize your investment. Solid-core particles deliver UHPLC performance, with superb resolution delivering back-pressure compatible with HPLC instrumentation. A wide range of phases help meet all your separation needs, while our columns are exceptionally rugged and easy to use.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Accucore_columns_26e0ffa8d5.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Accucore columns" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Accucore_columns_26e0ffa8d5.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="708" height="711"></p>

Thermo Scientific Acclaim Mixed Mode HILIC-1 HPLC Columns

Get all the advantages of reversed-phase (RP) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) in one column with the Thermo Scientific Acclaim Mixed-Mode HILIC-1 column.

<p><strong>Get all the advantages of reversed-phase (RP) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) in one column with the Thermo Scientific™ Acclaim™ Mixed-Mode HILIC-1 column. The high-efficiency, silica-based, mixed-mode stationary phase consists of a hydrophobic alkyl chain with a diol group at the terminus. The hydrophobic moiety supplies reversed-phase retention and the terminal diol group facilitates hydrophilic interactions. This unique combination provides adjustable selectivity with unsurpassed resolution and peak symmetry for a variety of both polar and nonpolar molecules.</strong></p><h5><strong>Separates Both Polar and Nonpolar Molecules with Selectivity Complementary to RP Columns</strong></h5><ul><li>Operates in both RP and HILIC modes</li><li>Retains highly polar molecules</li><li>Covers broader application range than conventional diol-based columns, including nonionic ethoxylated surfactants, drug metabolites, lipids, and polyethylene glycols (PEGs)</li><li>Stable between pH 2.5 and 7.5</li><li>Available in 3 and 5μm particle sizes with an average pore diameter of 120Å</li></ul><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Column type:</strong> Mixed mode</li><li><strong>For use with:</strong> HILIC</li><li><strong>Max. Pressure:</strong> 5800 psi (400 bar)</li><li><strong>Packing Material:</strong> Spherical, Fully Porous, Ultrapure Silica</li><li><strong>Stationary phase: </strong>Hydrophobic Alkyl Chain with a Diol Group</li><li><strong>USP Type:</strong> N/A</li><li><strong>Surface Area:</strong> 300 m²/g</li><li><strong>Temperature:</strong> 50°C</li><li><strong>Phase:</strong> Reversed Phase, HILIC</li><li><strong>Pore Size: </strong>120 Å</li><li><strong>pH: </strong>2.5 to 7.5</li></ul><h4><strong>About the Acclaim Family of HPLC Columns</strong></h4><p>Achieve the high standards set by modern HPLC and LC/MS methods with the Acclaim family of reversed-phase columns. These silica-based columns with advanced column bonding and endcapping technologies provide complementary selectivity, high column efficiencies, and ultra-high resolution for a wide variety of applications.</p><ul><li>Broad spectrum of stationary phases, including conventional C8 and C18 phases, polar embedded phases, and specialty phases including wide-pore, are available to meet your specific application needs</li><li>Performance tested to ensure high quality and reliability for pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical, environmental, food, and other industrial chromatographic separations</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Acclaim_column_Broad_range_of_HPLC_and_UHPLC_columns_2ec9c98a86.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Broad range of HPLC and UHPLC columns" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Acclaim_column_Broad_range_of_HPLC_and_UHPLC_columns_2ec9c98a86.jpg 191w," sizes="100vw" width="1172" height="958"></p>

Thermo Scientific Acclaim SEC-1000 HPLC Columns

Separate water-soluble polymers and oligomers with Thermo Scientific™ Acclaim™ SEC-1000 Size Exclusion HPLC Columns. 

<p><strong>Separate water-soluble polymers and oligomers with Thermo Scientific™ Acclaim™ SEC-1000 Size Exclusion HPLC Columns. These resin-based, high-performance, size-exclusion chromatography columns cover molecular weight range: 7μm, 1000Å. The combination of a proprietary mono-dispersed multi-pore hydrophilic resin and small particle size provides high-resolution and good linearity of the calibration curve with no inflection points for accurate, reliable analysis of a variety of water-soluble polymers.</strong></p><p>The Acclaim SEC-1000 LC column is calibrated from 1,000 to 1,000,000 Daltons and can characterize high molecular weight polymers.</p><h5><strong>High-Performance Analysis of Water-Soluble Polymers</strong></h5><ul><li>High-resolution analysis at reduced solvent consumption in available 4.6 x 300mm dimension</li><li>Stable surface bonding leads to low column bleed and enhances compatibility with UV, RI, MS, ELSD and Thermo Scientific Dionex™ Corona™ Charged Aerosol Detectors</li></ul><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Column type:</strong> Size exclusion</li><li><strong>Endcapped:</strong> yes</li><li><strong>Max. Pressure:</strong> 600 psi (40 bar)</li><li><strong>Packing Material:</strong> Spherical, Fully Porous Polymer</li><li><strong>Temperature:</strong> 60°C</li><li><strong>Phase:</strong> Size exclusion</li><li><strong>Pore Size: </strong>1000 Å</li><li><strong>pH: </strong>2 to 12</li></ul><h4><strong>About the Acclaim Family of HPLC Columns</strong></h4><p>Achieve the high standards set by modern HPLC and LC/MS methods with the Acclaim family of reversed-phase columns. These silica-based columns with advanced column bonding and endcapping technologies provide complementary selectivity, high column efficiencies, and ultra-high resolution for a wide variety of applications.</p><ul><li>Broad spectrum of stationary phases, including conventional C8 and C18 phases, polar embedded phases, and specialty phases including wide-pore, are available to meet your specific application needs</li><li>Performance tested to ensure high quality and reliability for pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical, environmental, food, and other industrial chromatographic separations</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Acclaim_column_Broad_range_of_HPLC_and_UHPLC_columns_2ec9c98a86.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Broad range of HPLC and UHPLC columns" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Acclaim_column_Broad_range_of_HPLC_and_UHPLC_columns_2ec9c98a86.jpg 191w," sizes="100vw" width="1172" height="958"></p>

Thermo Scientific Acclaim SEC-300 HPLC Columns

Separate water-soluble polymers and oligomers with Thermo Scientific Acclaim SEC-300 Size Exclusion Chromatography HPLC Columns. 

<p><strong>Separate water-soluble polymers and oligomers with Thermo Scientific™ Acclaim™ SEC-300 Size Exclusion Chromatography HPLC Columns. These resin-based, high-performance, size-exclusion chromatography columns cover molecular weight range: 5μm, 300Å. The combination of a proprietary mono-dispersed multi-pore hydrophilic resin and small particle size provides high-resolution and good linearity of the calibration curve with no inflection points for accurate, reliable analysis of a variety of water-soluble polymers.</strong></p><p>The Acclaim SEC-300 column is calibrated from 100 to 50,000 Daltons and offers good resolution for lower molecular weight polymers or oligomers.</p><h5><strong>High-Performance Analysis of Water-Soluble Polymers</strong></h5><ul><li>High-resolution analysis at reduced solvent consumption in available 4.6 x 300mm dimension</li><li>Stable surface bonding leads to low column bleed and enhances compatibility with UV, RI, MS, ELSD and Thermo Scientific Dionex™ Corona™ Charged Aerosol Detectors</li></ul><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Column type:</strong> Size exclusion</li><li><strong>Endcapped:</strong> yes</li><li><strong>Max. Pressure:</strong> 1200 psi (80 bar)</li><li><strong>Packing Material:</strong> Spherical, Fully Porous Polymer</li><li><strong>Temperature:</strong> 60°C</li><li><strong>Phase:</strong> Size exclusion</li><li><strong>Pore Size: </strong>300 Å</li><li><strong>pH: </strong>2 to 12</li></ul><h4><strong>About the Acclaim Family of HPLC Columns</strong></h4><p>Achieve the high standards set by modern HPLC and LC/MS methods with the Acclaim family of reversed-phase columns. These silica-based columns with advanced column bonding and endcapping technologies provide complementary selectivity, high column efficiencies, and ultra-high resolution for a wide variety of applications.</p><ul><li>Broad spectrum of stationary phases, including conventional C8 and C18 phases, polar embedded phases, and specialty phases including wide-pore, are available to meet your specific application needs</li><li>Performance tested to ensure high quality and reliability for pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical, environmental, food, and other industrial chromatographic separations</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Acclaim_column_Broad_range_of_HPLC_and_UHPLC_columns_2ec9c98a86.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Broad range of HPLC and UHPLC columns" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Acclaim_column_Broad_range_of_HPLC_and_UHPLC_columns_2ec9c98a86.jpg 191w," sizes="100vw" width="1172" height="958"></p>

Products from category Analytical HPLC columns - page 5

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