In closed communities such as the Amish in North America, rare genetic disorders occur more frequently. In children from this community, a condition has been described that affects the development of the nervous system and manifests, for example, as muscle weakness or epileptic seizures. The disorder is linked to a small change in a single protein, but for a long time it was unclear which cellular process this change disrupts. This question has now been answered by researchers from CEITEC Masaryk University, who show that the disease is caused by a disruption of a key mechanism required for the proper processing of genetic information in the cell.Every cell must first transcribe genetic information and then modify it before it can be used. From the original “working transcript,” unnecessary parts are removed and the remaining pieces are precisely joined together. This process, known as RNA splicing, consists of many consecutive steps and is tightly regulated. If the process does not proceed correctly or stops at any point, the cell cannot properly convert the copied genetic information into a usable form and therefore cannot function as it should.Researchers from CEITEC Masaryk University have now described one of the key steps in this process – a specific signal inside the cell. This signal acts as a checkpoint: only once it is fulfilled, the entire mechanism is activated and the process can continue.“We showed that during RNA splicing, a chemical modification of the protein SF3B1 is required at a precisely timed step. This modification allows another protein, SNIP1, to bind. If this signal is not transmitted correctly, the cell cannot proceed with the splicing process,” explains first author <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ceitec.eu/pavla-gajduskova-ph-d/u26136?page=publication">Pavla Gajdušková</a>.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_4_79e003984a.jpeg" alt="CEITEC: A Rare Genetic Disorder in the Amish Community Helped Confirm a Key Cellular Mechanism: Pavla Gajdušková" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_4_79e003984a.jpeg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1067">This is where the research connects to patients in the Amish community. In affected children, a small genetic change in the SNIP1 protein disrupts its ability to respond properly to the signal mediated by the modified SF3B1 protein, making RNA splicing less efficient than in healthy individuals. As a result, errors occur during RNA splicing that the cell cannot correct, impairing its function – especially in the nervous system.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_44a7e2ef17.jpg" alt="CEITEC/Blažek Lab: A Rare Genetic Disorder in the Amish Community Helped Confirm a Key Cellular Mechanism: Interaction between SF3B1 and SNIP1 proteins." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_44a7e2ef17.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1600"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_2_85826d711e.jpg" alt="CEITEC/Blažek Lab: A Rare Genetic Disorder in the Amish Community Helped Confirm a Key Cellular Mechanism: The effect of mutations in SNIP1 on cell proliferation." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_2_85826d711e.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1067">The researchers were thus able to clarify the cause of this rare neurodevelopmental disorder. “Additionally, the cause of this disease also confirms the correctness of the checkpoint we described. It shows that even a small change in one of the proteins involved can disrupt the RNA splicing mechanism on which the cell depends,” adds group leader <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ceitec.eu/dalibor-blazek-ph-d/u25918">Dalibor Blažek</a>.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_3_f95cfd68eb.jpeg" alt="CEITEC/Martin Indruch: A Rare Genetic Disorder in the Amish Community Helped Confirm a Key Cellular Mechanism: Dalibor Blažek." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Vzacna_geneticka_porucha_z_amisske_komunity_pomohla_potvrdit_klicovy_mechanismus_v_bunce_3_f95cfd68eb.jpeg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1067">Although the study focuses on basic research, its implications are broader. It suggests that the same mechanism may also play a role in regulating cell division – a process that is often disrupted in cancer.<blockquote>The research was carried out by scientists from CEITEC Masaryk University in collaboration with researchers from Spain and Germany. The study was published in the journal <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-71119-2">Nature Communications</a>.</blockquote>

A Rare Genetic Disorder in the Amish Community Helped Confirm a Key Cellular Mechanism

This study investigates the pathogenesis of neurosyphilis through cerebrospinal fluid proteomics using LC–MS/MS and ELISA validation. Comparative analysis identified 234 differentially expressed proteins, with major alterations linked to lysosomal dysfunction, axon guidance, and neurodegeneration pathways.Key lysosomal proteins, including PSAP and DNASE2, together with the axonal protein EPHA4, were significantly downregulated in neurosyphilis patients. These proteins showed potential as biomarkers for neurodegeneration and may provide new insights into disease mechanisms, diagnostics, and therapeutic targets.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689">Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteome Reveals Dysregulation of Lysosomal and Axonal Proteins in Neurosyphilis</a></h4>Huayang Tang*, Junjie Hu, Yifan Wu, Jinping Gao, Wenjun Wang, Xiaodong Zheng, Ran Zhang, Bo Liang, Fusheng Zhou, Ze Guo*J. Proteome Res. 2026, 25, 2, 713–722<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.<div>Neurosyphilis (NS) is a group of clinical syndromes characterized by neuroinflammation caused by Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum), which occurs in all stages of syphilis. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,2)</a> NS is classified based on clinical presentation as either asymptomatic (ANS) or symptomatic (SNS), and based on disease stage as either early (occurring 1–2 years after primary infection) or late. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> T. pallidum can cause local nonspecific and central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, leading to possible degenerative changes. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3)</a> The immune response of CNS in neurosyphilis is comparable to that observed in other neuroinflammatory diseases. Consequently, the presence of neurological symptoms may not reliably indicate active CNS inflammation in syphilis patients. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3)</a> A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomic study identified three biomarkers (SEMA7A, SERPINA3, and ITIH4) that contribute to NS and have potential implications for diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(4)</a> Through integrated proteomics and single-cell transcriptomics analyses, Toll-like/NF-κB signaling was identified as the key pathway involved in CNS damage caused by T. pallidum. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5)</a> Despite an increasing understanding of the biomarkers and possible neuroinflammatory damage mechanisms of neurosyphilis, the mechanisms of neurodegeneration caused by T. pallidum infection remain elusive. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(6)</a>Patients with neurosyphilis exhibit stage-specific profiles of soluble factors in their CSF, which are linked to both immune status and the extent of neuronal damage. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(7)</a> In this study, we analyzed differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the CSF proteomes from 28 individuals, including neurosyphilis (NS), suspected neurosyphilis (spNS) and non-neurosyphilis (nNS) individuals, by LC–MS/MS and analyzed a public data set of the neurosyphilis CSF proteome. Validation was then performed by ELISA in an independent group comprising 110 samples. The results revealed that neuroinflammation by T. pallidum infection results in dysregulation of the key proteins in lysosomal and axonal pathway, which suggesting a potential contribution to neurodegeneration in neurosyphilis.<h4>Materials and Methods</h4><h5>LC–MS/MS</h5>The tryptic peptides were dissolved in 0.1% formic acid (solvent A) and loaded onto a custom-made reversed-phase column (15 cm × 75 μm). Using an EASY-nLC 1000 UPLC system, a gradient was run at 400 nL/min as follows: 6% to 23% solvent B (0.1% formic acid in 98% acetonitrile) over 26 min, 23% to 35% in 8 min, up to 80% in 3 min, and held at 80% for 3 min. Peptides were ionized via an NSI source at 2.0 kV and analyzed online by a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/559">Q Exactive Plus mass spectrometer</a>. Full scans (m/z 350–1800) were acquired in the Orbitrap at 70,000 resolution. The top precursors were selected for MS/MS with an NCE of 28, and fragments were detected at 17,500 resolution. A data-dependent method cycled between one MS scan and 20 MS/MS scans with a 15.0 s dynamic exclusion. AGC was set at 5E4. MS/MS data were processed with MaxQuant (v.1.5.2.8) using Trypsin/P as the enzyme (up to 2 missed cleavages). Precursor mass tolerance was 20 ppm (first search) and 5 ppm (main search); fragment mass tolerance was 0.02 Da. Fixed modification: carbamidomethyl (C); variable modification: oxidation (M). The FDR threshold was &lt;1%, and the minimum peptide score was &gt;40.<h5>ELISA</h5>CSF levels of host proteins were quantified using commercial ELISA kits according to the manufacturers’ protocols. Proteins analyzed included PSAP (OKEH07124, Aviva, USA), CTSL (abx150963, Abbexa, UK), NPC2 (A-QEK07857, Biogradetech, USA), and DNASE2 (abx386953, Abbexa, UK). Briefly, 100 μL of CSF was added to precoated plates and incubated at 37 °C for 2 h. After washing, 100 μL of detection antibody was added to each well and incubated at 37 °C for another 2 h. Following a wash, 100 μL of streptavidin-HRP working solution was added and incubated at room temperature for 20 min in the dark. The reaction was stopped with 50 μL of stop solution, and the optical density was measured at 450 nm.<h4>Results</h4><h5>Downregulation of Key Lysosomal Proteins in CSF from Patients With Neurosyphilis</h5>By analyzing the DEPs in NS vs nNS, we observed a significant enrichment of downregulated proteins in the lysosome pathway (P = 0.007) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>A), with 9 lysosomal proteins showing significant downregulation (Padj &lt; 0.05) in the NS group (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S4</a>). To validate this finding, we examined the public CSF proteomics data set of neurosyphilis (PXD033034) and identified 18 proteins in the lysosomal pathway that were significantly downregulated in patients with NS (Padj &lt; 0.05) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S4</a>). PPI network analysis determined the top 10 hub genes within the lysosome pathway (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>B). A Venn diagram revealed 3 proteins (PSAP, CTSL, and NPC2) shared across our current data, the public data set (PXD033034) and the top 10 hub genes (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>C). The mass spectrometry results indicated that the levels of PSAP (Padj = 0.043), CTSL (Padj = 0.028) and NPC2 (Padj = 0.013) were significantly lower in the NS group compared to the nNS group (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>D). The PXD033034 data set revealed consistent changes in the PSAP, CTSL, and NPC2 levels in the NS group (Padj &lt; 0.05) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Figure S1 and Table S4</a>). In addition, associations between the lysosomal protein DNASE2 and NS were observed in both the present study (Padj = 0.003) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>D) and the PXD033034 data set (Padj &lt; 0.05) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Figure S1 and Table S4</a>), with subgroup analysis revealing a significantly lower expression level of DNASE2 in the SNS group compared to the ANS group (P = 0.035) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>D and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S3</a>). Further validation by ELISA (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S5</a>) in an independent group (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#tbl1">Table 1</a>) confirmed significantly downregulated CSF levels of PSAP (P &lt; 0.0001), CTSL (P &lt; 0.0001), NPC2 (P = 0.0024) and DNASE2 (P &lt; 0.0001) in patients with NS (n = 21) than in nNS individuals (n = 56) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>E) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S6</a>), as well as decreased in the SNS subgroup (P &lt; 0.05) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Figure S2 and Table S6</a>). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis supported PSAP (AUC = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.83–0.99) and DNASE2 (AUC = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91–0.99) for distinguishing NS from nNS and as potential biomarkers for assessing neurodegeneration in NS (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>F). These results indicate that T. pallidum infection may lead to lysosomal dysfunction in CNS.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/J_Proteome_Res_2026_25_2_713_722_Figure_2_Downregulation_of_key_lysosomal_proteins_in_the_cerebrospinal_fluid_of_neurosyphilis_patients_bbccd95f44.jpg" alt="J. Proteome Res. 2026, 25, 2, 713–722: Figure 2. Downregulation of key lysosomal proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid of neurosyphilis patients. (a) KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that downregulated proteins in patients with NS were significantly enriched in the lysosome pathway, as well as in axon guidance and neurodegeneration. (b) The top 10 hub genes involved in the lysosome pathway were identified using the STRING network data set and PPI analysis. (c) A Venn diagram revealed 3 proteins (PSAP, CTSL, and NPC2) shared across our current data, the public data set (PXD033034) and the top 10 hub genes. (d) The CSF levels of PSAP (Padj = 0.043), CTSL (Padj = 0.028), DNASE2 (Padj = 0.003) and NPC2 (Padj = 0.013) were significantly decreased in the NS group than in the nNS group. Subgroup analysis found a significantly lower expression level of DNASE2 in the SNS group than in the ANS group (P = 0.035). (e) PSAP, DNASE2, CTSL and NPC2 levels in CSF were tested by ELISA in the nNS (n = 56) and NS (n = 21) groups. Compared with those in the nNS group, significantly lower PSAP (P &lt; 0.0001), CTSL (P &lt; 0.0001), DNASE2 (P &lt; 0.0001) and NPC2 (P = 0.0024) levels were detected in the NS group. (f) ROC curve analysis for NS revealed that PSAP had an AUC = 0.91 (95% CI: 0.83–0.99), DNASE2 had an AUC = 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91–0.99), CTSL had an AUC = 0.85 (95% CI: 0.76–0.95), and NPC2 had an AUC = 0.72 (95% CI: 0.59–0.85). NS: neurosyphilis; nNS: non-neurosyphilis; ANS: asymptomatic neurosyphilis; SNS: symptomatic neurosyphilis. ROC: receiver operating characteristic; AUC: area under the curve. * P &lt; 0.05, ** P &lt; 0.01, ****P &lt; 0.0001." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_J_Proteome_Res_2026_25_2_713_722_Figure_2_Downregulation_of_key_lysosomal_proteins_in_the_cerebrospinal_fluid_of_neurosyphilis_patients_bbccd95f44.jpg 140w," sizes="100vw" width="2100" height="2339"><h5>Downregulation of Key Axonal Proteins Correlated with Lysosomal Protein Reduction in Neurosyphilis CSF</h5>Lysosomes play crucial roles in neuronal health by maintaining axonostasis. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(10)</a> The enrichment analysis indicated that the downregulated proteins in NS were implicated in the biological processes of axonostasis (such as axon development and axonogenesis) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig1">Figure 1</a>F) and the pathway of axon guidance (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig2">Figure 2</a>A). Our proteomic data revealed a total of 24 downregulated (Padj &lt; 0.05) axonal proteins and 1 upregulated (Padj &lt; 0.05) axonal protein in the CSF of patients with NS (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S9</a>). Furthermore, the PXD033034 data set revealed 55 downregulated (Padj &lt; 0.05) and 4 upregulated (Padj &lt; 0.05) axonal proteins in NS (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689/suppl_file/pr5c00689_si_001.zip">Table S9</a>). The top 10 hub genes involved in the biological processes of axon development and axonogenesis were identified by PPI network analysis (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig4">Figure 4</a>A). Considering the overlap of our current data, the PXD033034 data set and the top 10 hub genes (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig4">Figure 4</a>B), one key protein, EPHA4, was identified across 3 data sets, with significant downregulation in our current data (Padj = 0.011) and in the PXD033034 data set (Padj = 0.028) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig4">Figure 4</a>C). Correlation analysis further revealed a positive correlation between the levels of PSAP and EPHA4 (r = i 0.83, P &lt; 0.05) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00689#fig4">Figure 4</a>D). Reduced levels of PSAP and EPHA4 in CSF have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). <a href="javascript:void(0);">(11,12)</a> Our findings suggest that coordinated dysregulation of lysosomal and axonal proteins may contribute to neurodegeneration in NS.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/J_Proteome_Res_2026_25_2_713_722_Figure_4_Key_axonal_protein_downregulated_in_CSF_from_patients_with_neurosyphilis_66f5533e94.jpg" alt="J. Proteome Res. 2026, 25, 2, 713–722: Figure 4. Key axonal protein downregulated in CSF from patients with neurosyphilis. (a) The top 10 hub genes involved in axonostasis were identified by the STRING network data set and PPI analysis. (b) A Venn diagram revealed 1 protein (EPHA4) shared across DEPs related to axonostasis in our current data and in the public data set (PXD033034) and the top 10 hub genes. (c) EPHA4 was significantly downregulated both in our present study (Padj = 0.011) and in the PXD033034 data set (Padj = 0.028). (d) Correlation analysis demonstrated that the EPHA4 level was significantly positively correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with the levels of PSAP (r = 0.83), CTSL (r = 0.6), NPC2 (r = 0.69), DNASE2 (r = 0.61) and SEMA7A (r = 0.83). NS: neurosyphilis; nNS: non-neurosyphilis. * P &lt; 0.05." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_J_Proteome_Res_2026_25_2_713_722_Figure_4_Key_axonal_protein_downregulated_in_CSF_from_patients_with_neurosyphilis_66f5533e94.jpg 178w," sizes="100vw" width="1250" height="1096"><h4>Conclusions</h4>The present study reveals the associations of dysregulated proteins in lysosomal and axonal pathways with neurosyphilis, and potential evidence of shared pathophysiological mechanisms between neuroinflammation caused by T. pallidum infection and neurodegenerative diseases.However, this study has certain limitations. First, the use of ELISA to validate a limited number of proteins has certain limitations, such as the inherent cross-reactivity of ELISA. In the future, we can optimize the validation experiments by adding techniques such as Western blotting for verification. Second, this study uses a cross-sectional sampling method for research, which limits our ability to infer disease progression and treatment responses. In the future, we will conduct follow-up on the subjects, continue collecting cerebrospinal fluid samples after treatment, and observe whether the protein dysregulation is reversible after treatment. For spNS patients, follow-up should also be conducted to determine if they have transformed into NS, which will be very valuable for validating the predictive utility of our biomarkers. Finally, although multiple discovery and validation cohort studies have been conducted, we currently lack direct mechanistic evidence. Future work will investigate whether exposing neural cell coculture models to outer-membrane antigens of T. pallidum reproduces the lysosome and axon alterations observed in CSF, clarifying their role in neural damage of neurosyphilis and potential biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of neurodegeneration in neurosyphilis.</div>

Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteome Reveals Dysregulation of Lysosomal and Axonal Proteins in Neurosyphilis

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KNAUER Eurospher II 100 C8 & C8A (U)HPLC Columns (USP L7)

C8 is a silica gel based stationary phase in reversed phase mode with alternative selectivity compared to C18 phases. 

Classical and hydrophilic/aqueous C8 columns for HPLC and UHPLC (USP L7)C8 is a silica gel based stationary phase in reversed phase mode with alternative selectivity compared to C18 phases. Compared to C18 phases, these columns show less retention due to the lower hydrophobicity.<ul><li>Ultra pure, spherical high performance HPLC phase based on silica gel</li><li>Monomeric C8 (Octyl) modification, standard endcapping, with 10 % carbon content (~ 50 % endcapping)</li></ul><h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Separation mechanism: Hydrophobic interaction(lower compared to C18 phases)</li></ul><h5>Key features</h5><ul><li>Classical C8 phase, standard 50 % endcapping and 10 % carbon load, outstanding mechanical and chemical stability, suited for analytical as well as semi preparative and preparative applications.</li></ul><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Similar selectivity to C18 phase but less retention due to the lower hydrophobicity; useful for determination of:<ul><li>Water soluble vitamins</li><li>Steroids</li><li>Catecholamines</li><li>Sedatives</li></ul></li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_C8_rp_non_endcapped_3f7727d3fd.webp" alt="KNAUER: C8 RP Non-endcapped" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_C8_rp_non_endcapped_3f7727d3fd.webp 148w," sizes="100vw" width="304" height="321">Hydrophilic C8A phase offers an alternative, more polar selectivity. It is suited for highly polar reversed phase applications with up to 100 % aqueous mobile phases.&nbsp;<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_C8_A_e1f371165e.webp" alt="KNAUER: C8A" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_C8_A_e1f371165e.webp 198w," sizes="100vw" width="473" height="373"><blockquote>Tip: Caution! Even for short term storage all buffer solutions have to be rinsed from the column to prevent crystallization effects.</blockquote>Stationary phases Eurospher II 100 C8 and C8A are provided in these column types: analytical, semi-preparative and preparative.Eurospher II 100 C8 and C8A Analytical Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 50, 100, 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 2, 3, 4, 4.6</li><li>Particle size (µm): 2, 3, 5</li></ul>Eurospher II 100 C8 and C8A Semi-Preparative Standard Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 30, 50, 125, 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 8, 16</li><li>Particle size (µm): 5, 10</li></ul><h3>KNAUER (U)HPLC Columns</h3>Widest range of HPLC and UHPLC columns for all separation modes and applications.<ul><li>Safe Investment: Robust and reliable columns for attractive price&nbsp;</li><li>Separation Mode: Reversed Phase, HILIC, Normale</li><li>Simplicity: Easy purchase via our online store with fast delivery</li><li>Application: All-rounder for research or highly specialised for high-throughput analysis? We have the best column for your requirements.</li><li>Flexibility: Wide selection of column and particle sizes, for (U)HPLC applications up to 1000 bar</li></ul>KNAUER offers the perfect column for any small molecule separation. No matter which separation mode, molecule and the mobile phase, we offer a suitable (U)HPLC stationary phase. Choose from a wide range of modifications, particle sizes and column dimensions to suit your application. To elongate the lifetime of your column, you can choose to use a suitable precolumn.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:787/674;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_KNAUER_U_HPLC_C8_and_C8_A_Columns_083c60f401.webp" alt="KNAUER: KNAUER (U)HPLC Columns" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_KNAUER_U_HPLC_C8_and_C8_A_Columns_083c60f401.webp 182w," sizes="100vw" width="787" height="674"></figure>

KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA Cat-Phil SEC Columns

Interaction-free pure GPC & SEC base material with focus on polycationic, polyelectrolytic or funktional amine analytes

AppliChrom® SEC columns for neutral, anionic and additional cationic polymers<h4>Properties:</h4><ul><li>Interaction-free pure GPC &amp; SEC base material with focus on polycationic, polyelectrolytic or funktional amine analytes</li><li>No salt addition is needed to surpress surface adsorption</li><li>No ion exclusion phenomena</li><li>Possible to be used in universal calibration &amp; accurate molecular weight determination even for small polycationic molecules</li><li>Temperature stability between: 10–90 °C</li><li>Stable with: pH 2–10</li><li>Simple, reliable and robust GPC &amp; SEC calibration from dextrans, pullulans et al.</li><li>Low column bleed for low detector gain for improved refractive index, light scattering or viscosity detection</li><li>Large volume and optimized mass transfer for polymers with optimized resolution</li><li>Low cost due to long column lifetime - result of the combination of optimized particle and packing technology</li><li>Recommended eluents: H₂O, buffers</li></ul><h4>Applications</h4>Water soluble analytes like:<ul><li>polycations, polyamines (chitosanes), polyethylenoxides, polysaccharides, polyanions (heparins, pectins), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene glycol (PEG), Ppolyethyleneimins (PEI), polyvinylimidazole</li></ul><h3>GPC &amp; SEC Columns</h3>GPC &amp; SEC systems offer solutions for various applications and laboratoriesGel permeation chromatography (GPC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separate analytes by size using special columns with a porous matrix. The basic separation principle is based on the fact that smaller molecules penetrate these pores more strongly and therefore move more slowly through the matrix than larger molecules. GPC/SEC is often used as gentle and powerful purification technique or for quality control in research and development. Typical target molecules are polymers, dissolved in organic solvents for GPC, and macro biomolecules like proteins, antibodies or polysaccharides, dissolved in aqueous eluents for SEC.Separation is facilitated by selecting optimal particle and pore sizes. Therefore we offer a wide range of pore sizes (35, 100, 150, 250, 350, 500, 1000, 1500, 10E5, 10E6, 10E7 Å) and several particle sizes (5, 7, 10, 12, 20 µm) as a choice to customize for every application task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp" alt="KNAUER: Size Exclusion - principle" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp 228w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="700"><h3>KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA columns for aqueous SEC, organic GPC, and special applications</h3><ul><li>AppliChrom® ABOA StyDiViBe Series GPC-columns for GPC analysis of organic molecules using THF, toluene, chloroform.</li><li>AppliChrom ABOA SuperOH-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of mainly neutral and anionic polymers like heparins, polysaccharides, PEO, PEG,....</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMSO-Phil-P Series for DMSO GPC/SEC analysis (humic substances, UF/MUF-glue, p-NIPA, many polycondensates, protein from pea or leguminosae,...)</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMAc-Phil-P Series for GPC/ SEC analysis in DMAc, DMF, NMP. Good for many medium polar substances, polyoxazolines, lignin,...</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA Cat-Phil-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of special aminic and polycationic polymers like p-DADMAc, PEI/ polyethylenimin, chitosan, copolymers with polyaminofunctions, but also useful for polyanions or neutral polymers like heparin or PEO/PEG, dextran or pullulan.</li><li>Seperation Ranges: 100–50 000 000 Da</li></ul><h4>You decide between classical GPC/SEC columns with conventional mixed pore technology or AppliChrom® BPT technology:</h4>Separate oligomers and polymers with the new GPC media line from AppliChrom® BPT synthesis technology for large range, high resolution separations with increased accuracy in calibration (patent pending).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AppliChrom® ABOA columns." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1379" height="718">

KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA StyDiViBe GPC Columns

Organic polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer base material with high porosity for high resolution

AppliChrom® GPC columns for GPC analysis of organic molecules with THF, toluene, chloroform<h4>Properties:</h4><ul><li>Organic polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer base material with high porosity for high resolution</li><li>High pressure stability: up to 150 bar</li><li>Temperature stable: between 10-145 °C</li><li>GPC range: from 0.1 up to 50 000 kDa</li><li>Low column bleed for low detector noise</li><li>High purity to eliminate adsorptive effects and combine pure GPC with long lifetime</li><li>Large calibration ranges for several decades due to the unique process of BPT technology</li><li>Range of individual porosities that can be used individually or in combination</li><li>Optimized for: 1 ml/min flow rate for 8 mm ID columns</li><li>High level of reproducibility and peak precision due to the advanced packing procedure</li><li>Recommended eluents: THF, Toluene, CHCl₃, dichlorbenzene, hexane/EtOAc (10:90, V:V)</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_Sty_Di_Vi_Be_P_Molecular_sizes_range_ca9a682d2e.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AppliChrom® ABOA StyDiViBe-P - Molecular sizes range" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_Sty_Di_Vi_Be_P_Molecular_sizes_range_ca9a682d2e.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="1072" height="712"><h4>Applications</h4>Hydrophobic oligomers or polymers like:<ul><li>PVC, PMMA, polystyrene, epoxy resins, polyesters, bisphenol A resins</li></ul><h3>GPC &amp; SEC Columns</h3>GPC &amp; SEC systems offer solutions for various applications and laboratoriesGel permeation chromatography (GPC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separate analytes by size using special columns with a porous matrix. The basic separation principle is based on the fact that smaller molecules penetrate these pores more strongly and therefore move more slowly through the matrix than larger molecules. GPC/SEC is often used as gentle and powerful purification technique or for quality control in research and development. Typical target molecules are polymers, dissolved in organic solvents for GPC, and macro biomolecules like proteins, antibodies or polysaccharides, dissolved in aqueous eluents for SEC.Separation is facilitated by selecting optimal particle and pore sizes. Therefore we offer a wide range of pore sizes (35, 100, 150, 250, 350, 500, 1000, 1500, 10E5, 10E6, 10E7 Å) and several particle sizes (5, 7, 10, 12, 20 µm) as a choice to customize for every application task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp" alt="KNAUER: Size Exclusion - principle" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp 228w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="700"><h3>KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA columns for aqueous SEC, organic GPC, and special applications</h3><ul><li>AppliChrom® ABOA StyDiViBe Series GPC-columns for GPC analysis of organic molecules using THF, toluene, chloroform.</li><li>AppliChrom ABOA SuperOH-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of mainly neutral and anionic polymers like heparins, polysaccharides, PEO, PEG,....</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMSO-Phil-P Series for DMSO GPC/SEC analysis (humic substances, UF/MUF-glue, p-NIPA, many polycondensates, protein from pea or leguminosae,...)</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMAc-Phil-P Series for GPC/ SEC analysis in DMAc, DMF, NMP. Good for many medium polar substances, polyoxazolines, lignin,...</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA Cat-Phil-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of special aminic and polycationic polymers like p-DADMAc, PEI/ polyethylenimin, chitosan, copolymers with polyaminofunctions, but also useful for polyanions or neutral polymers like heparin or PEO/PEG, dextran or pullulan.</li><li>Seperation Ranges: 100–50 000 000 Da</li></ul><h4>You decide between classical GPC/SEC columns with conventional mixed pore technology or AppliChrom® BPT technology:</h4>Separate oligomers and polymers with the new GPC media line from AppliChrom® BPT synthesis technology for large range, high resolution separations with increased accuracy in calibration (patent pending).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AppliChrom® ABOA columns." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1379" height="718">

KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA DMAc-Phil GPC Columns

Organic polymer base material with high porosity for high resolution

AppliChrom® GPC columns for organic GPC analyses in DMAc or DMF<h4>Properties:</h4><ul><li>Organic polymer base material with high porosity for high resolution</li><li>Wide range of porosities and particle sizes</li><li>Pressure stability: up to 150 bar</li><li>Stable between: 35-145 °C</li><li>Excellent reproducibility and resolution due to the advanced packing procedure</li><li>High purity to eliminate adsorptive effects and combine pure GPC with long lifetime</li><li>GPC range from: 100-1 000 000 Da</li><li>Optimal for: 0.5 ml/min flow rates with 8 mm ID colums</li><li>Recommended eluents: DMAc, DMF, NMP, LiBr additive</li></ul><h4>Applications</h4>Slightly polar analytes like:<ul><li>PMMA, polyacryl nitril (PAN), acrylnitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), cellulose, and all DMF and DMAc soluble polymers</li></ul><h3>GPC &amp; SEC Columns</h3>GPC &amp; SEC systems offer solutions for various applications and laboratoriesGel permeation chromatography (GPC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separate analytes by size using special columns with a porous matrix. The basic separation principle is based on the fact that smaller molecules penetrate these pores more strongly and therefore move more slowly through the matrix than larger molecules. GPC/SEC is often used as gentle and powerful purification technique or for quality control in research and development. Typical target molecules are polymers, dissolved in organic solvents for GPC, and macro biomolecules like proteins, antibodies or polysaccharides, dissolved in aqueous eluents for SEC.Separation is facilitated by selecting optimal particle and pore sizes. Therefore we offer a wide range of pore sizes (35, 100, 150, 250, 350, 500, 1000, 1500, 10E5, 10E6, 10E7 Å) and several particle sizes (5, 7, 10, 12, 20 µm) as a choice to customize for every application task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp" alt="KNAUER: Size Exclusion - principle" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp 228w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="700"><h3>KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA columns for aqueous SEC, organic GPC, and special applications</h3><ul><li>AppliChrom® ABOA StyDiViBe Series GPC-columns for GPC analysis of organic molecules using THF, toluene, chloroform.</li><li>AppliChrom ABOA SuperOH-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of mainly neutral and anionic polymers like heparins, polysaccharides, PEO, PEG,....</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMSO-Phil-P Series for DMSO GPC/SEC analysis (humic substances, UF/MUF-glue, p-NIPA, many polycondensates, protein from pea or leguminosae,...)</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMAc-Phil-P Series for GPC/ SEC analysis in DMAc, DMF, NMP. Good for many medium polar substances, polyoxazolines, lignin,...</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA Cat-Phil-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of special aminic and polycationic polymers like p-DADMAc, PEI/ polyethylenimin, chitosan, copolymers with polyaminofunctions, but also useful for polyanions or neutral polymers like heparin or PEO/PEG, dextran or pullulan.</li><li>Seperation Ranges: 100–50 000 000 Da</li></ul><h4>You decide between classical GPC/SEC columns with conventional mixed pore technology or AppliChrom® BPT technology:</h4>Separate oligomers and polymers with the new GPC media line from AppliChrom® BPT synthesis technology for large range, high resolution separations with increased accuracy in calibration (patent pending).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AppliChrom® ABOA columns." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1379" height="718">

KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA DMSO-Phil GPC Columns

AppliChrom® DMSO-PHIL optimized for DMSO-GPC applications from an interaction-free pure GPC base material

AppliChrom® DMSO-PHIL optimized for DMSO-GPC applications<h4>Properties:</h4><ul><li>Interaction-free pure GPC base material</li><li>Temperature stabel between: 40-90 °C (145 °C) depending on application</li><li>Simple, reliable and robust GPC &amp; SEC calibration from dextrans, pullulans et al.</li><li>Low column bleed for low detector gain for improved refractive index, light scattering or viscosity detection</li><li>12 µm particle technology for low back pressure</li><li>Tolerates traces of water and NaNO₃ additve</li><li>Large volume and optimized mass transfer for polymers with optimized resolution</li><li>Low cost due to long column lifetime - result of the combination of optimized particle and packing technology</li><li>Recommended eluents: DMSO, 0.075 M NaNO₃</li></ul><h4>Applications</h4>Polar, not water soluble oligomers or polymers like:<ul><li>polysaccharides, lignin, amylose, starch, humic acids, polyvenyl pyridin, PNIPA, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), melamin-urea-formaldehyd resin (MUF) or urea-formaldehyd resin (UF)</li></ul><h3>GPC &amp; SEC Columns</h3>GPC &amp; SEC systems offer solutions for various applications and laboratoriesGel permeation chromatography (GPC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separate analytes by size using special columns with a porous matrix. The basic separation principle is based on the fact that smaller molecules penetrate these pores more strongly and therefore move more slowly through the matrix than larger molecules. GPC/SEC is often used as gentle and powerful purification technique or for quality control in research and development. Typical target molecules are polymers, dissolved in organic solvents for GPC, and macro biomolecules like proteins, antibodies or polysaccharides, dissolved in aqueous eluents for SEC.Separation is facilitated by selecting optimal particle and pore sizes. Therefore we offer a wide range of pore sizes (35, 100, 150, 250, 350, 500, 1000, 1500, 10E5, 10E6, 10E7 Å) and several particle sizes (5, 7, 10, 12, 20 µm) as a choice to customize for every application task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp" alt="KNAUER: Size Exclusion - principle" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp 228w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="700"><h3>KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA columns for aqueous SEC, organic GPC, and special applications</h3><ul><li>AppliChrom® ABOA StyDiViBe Series GPC-columns for GPC analysis of organic molecules using THF, toluene, chloroform.</li><li>AppliChrom ABOA SuperOH-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of mainly neutral and anionic polymers like heparins, polysaccharides, PEO, PEG,....</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMSO-Phil-P Series for DMSO GPC/SEC analysis (humic substances, UF/MUF-glue, p-NIPA, many polycondensates, protein from pea or leguminosae,...)</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMAc-Phil-P Series for GPC/ SEC analysis in DMAc, DMF, NMP. Good for many medium polar substances, polyoxazolines, lignin,...</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA Cat-Phil-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of special aminic and polycationic polymers like p-DADMAc, PEI/ polyethylenimin, chitosan, copolymers with polyaminofunctions, but also useful for polyanions or neutral polymers like heparin or PEO/PEG, dextran or pullulan.</li><li>Seperation Ranges: 100–50 000 000 Da</li></ul><h4>You decide between classical GPC/SEC columns with conventional mixed pore technology or AppliChrom® BPT technology:</h4>Separate oligomers and polymers with the new GPC media line from AppliChrom® BPT synthesis technology for large range, high resolution separations with increased accuracy in calibration (patent pending).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AppliChrom® ABOA columns." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1379" height="718">

KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA HFIP-Phil GPC Columns

AppliChrom® GPC columns for separations in HFIP with broad pore technology for GPC for analytes with challenging solution behavior

AppliChrom® GPC columns for separations in HFIP<h4>Properties:</h4><ul><li>Broad pore technology for GPC for analytes with challenging solution behavior</li><li>Separation range beween: 0.1–50 000 kDa</li><li>Range of individual porosities that can be used individually or in combination</li><li>Temperature stable between: 35–145 °C</li><li>Long column lifetime - result of the combination of optimized particle and packing technology</li><li>Low column bleed for low detector noise</li><li>Excellent reproducibility and resolution due to the advanced packing procedure</li><li>Calibration standard: PMMA or PEO &nbsp;</li><li>Recommended eluents: Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), 0.1 % KTFa as modifier</li></ul><h4>Applications</h4>Crystalline highperformance polymers like:&nbsp;<ul><li>polyamides (PA), polyethylen terepthalate (PET), polybutylen terepthalate (PBT), polylactic acid (PLA), polyamid 6 (PA6), polycaprolactam, paraformaldehyde, polyoxymethylene (POM), polyacetal, several polyoxazolines</li></ul><h3>GPC &amp; SEC Columns</h3>GPC &amp; SEC systems offer solutions for various applications and laboratoriesGel permeation chromatography (GPC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separate analytes by size using special columns with a porous matrix. The basic separation principle is based on the fact that smaller molecules penetrate these pores more strongly and therefore move more slowly through the matrix than larger molecules. GPC/SEC is often used as gentle and powerful purification technique or for quality control in research and development. Typical target molecules are polymers, dissolved in organic solvents for GPC, and macro biomolecules like proteins, antibodies or polysaccharides, dissolved in aqueous eluents for SEC.Separation is facilitated by selecting optimal particle and pore sizes. Therefore we offer a wide range of pore sizes (35, 100, 150, 250, 350, 500, 1000, 1500, 10E5, 10E6, 10E7 Å) and several particle sizes (5, 7, 10, 12, 20 µm) as a choice to customize for every application task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp" alt="KNAUER: Size Exclusion - principle" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp 228w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="700"><h3>KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA columns for aqueous SEC, organic GPC, and special applications</h3><ul><li>AppliChrom® ABOA StyDiViBe Series GPC-columns for GPC analysis of organic molecules using THF, toluene, chloroform.</li><li>AppliChrom ABOA SuperOH-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of mainly neutral and anionic polymers like heparins, polysaccharides, PEO, PEG,....</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMSO-Phil-P Series for DMSO GPC/SEC analysis (humic substances, UF/MUF-glue, p-NIPA, many polycondensates, protein from pea or leguminosae,...)</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMAc-Phil-P Series for GPC/ SEC analysis in DMAc, DMF, NMP. Good for many medium polar substances, polyoxazolines, lignin,...</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA Cat-Phil-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of special aminic and polycationic polymers like p-DADMAc, PEI/ polyethylenimin, chitosan, copolymers with polyaminofunctions, but also useful for polyanions or neutral polymers like heparin or PEO/PEG, dextran or pullulan.</li><li>Seperation Ranges: 100–50 000 000 Da</li></ul><h4>You decide between classical GPC/SEC columns with conventional mixed pore technology or AppliChrom® BPT technology:</h4>Separate oligomers and polymers with the new GPC media line from AppliChrom® BPT synthesis technology for large range, high resolution separations with increased accuracy in calibration (patent pending).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AppliChrom® ABOA columns." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1379" height="718">

KNAUER Sepapure® FPLC Columns for Antibody Affinity Chromatography

 The FPLC media is functionalized either with Protein A or Protein G ligands for the binding of antibodies or antibody fragments.

FPLC media based on cross-linked agarose beads with a mean diameter of 100 µm. &nbsp;The FPLC media is functionalized either with Protein A or Protein G ligands for the binding of antibodies or antibody fragments.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Antibody_Affinity_Protein_A_and_G_08afa2179e.webp" alt="KNAUER: FPLC Column for Antibody Affinity - Protein A and G" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Antibody_Affinity_Protein_A_and_G_08afa2179e.webp 236w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="456"><h4>Properties:</h4>Sepapure® Affinity media for antibodies or antibody fragments is designed to be used with most aqueous buffer systems. It is long lasting when correctly handled and are compatible with common CIP strategies. All Sepapure® media is stored in 20 % ethanol upon delivery. Available as prepacked 1 ml or 5 ml cartridge or as bulk material.<h4>Technical data:</h4>Agarose beads with typical loading ranges of 1 - 30 mg/l (Protein A column) or 1 - 15 mg/ml (Protein G column). The maximum operating pressure the Sepapure® columns should be used at is 3 bar, while the recommended flowrate is 1 CV/ml.<h4>Recommended application areas:</h4>Typically used in the first step („capture“) of an FPLC purification procedure.<h3>KNAUER Sepapure®&nbsp;</h3>In protein purification, a combination of different methods is needed for a successful separation. The purity of the wanted biomolecule is increased in three steps: Capture - Intermediate - PolishingIn the “capture step” the crude biomolecule is extracted from major side products. In the “intermediate step” further contaminations are removed, and the highly pure biomolecule is gained in the “polishing step”. For each step a different method and therefore different columns are used.&nbsp;FPLC Sepapure® columns are dedicated for purification of biomolecules. Sepapure® media for affinity chromatography (AC) and Ion-Exchange chromatography (IEX) is based on Agarose and depending on the specific purification mode functionalized with ligands e.g. Protein A, Ni-NTA or quaternary ammonium (Q). These FPLC media are available packed in 1 ml and 5 ml cartridges or as bulk media.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_FPLC_Sepapure_columns_ad980345f3.jpg" alt="KNAUER: FPLC Sepapure® columns" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_FPLC_Sepapure_columns_ad980345f3.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1372" height="562"><h5>Physical properties FPLC Sepapure® columns</h5><ul><li>Resin 100 µm Agarose particles with 4 % or 6 % crosslinking</li><li>Flowrate Recommended: 1 CV/ml</li><li>pH Stability 3 – 9 long term</li><li>Max. pressure 3 bar</li></ul>Sepapure® Desalting columns are based on Dextran with an exclusion limit of 5 kDa and available in 1 ml and 5 ml cartridges.&nbsp;<h5>Physical properties Sepapure® Desalting columns</h5><ul><li>Resin 20 – 50 µm Dextran particles</li><li>Flowrate Recommended: 1 CV/ml</li><li>Exclusion limit 5 kDa</li><li>Max. pressure 3 bar</li></ul>

KNAUER Sepapure® FPLC Columns for Tag-Affinity Chromatography

FPLC media based on cross-linked agarose beads with a mean diameter of 100 µm.  The FPLC media is functionalized with NTA ligands for His-Tag.

FPLC media based on cross-linked agarose beads with a mean diameter of 100 µm. &nbsp;The FPLC media is functionalized with NTA ligands for His-Tag.&nbsp;<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Antibody_Affinity_Protein_A_and_G_08afa2179e.webp" alt="KNAUER: FPLC Column for Tag-Affinity Chromatography" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Antibody_Affinity_Protein_A_and_G_08afa2179e.webp 236w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="456"><h4>Properties:</h4>Sepapure® Affinity media for recombinantly tagged proteins is designed to be used with most aqueous buffer systems. It is long lasting when correctly handled and compatible with common CIP strategies. All Sepapure® media is stored in 20 % ethanol upon delivery. Available as prepacked 1 ml or 5 ml cartridge or as bulk material.<h4>Technical data:</h4>Agarose beads with typical loading ranges of 1–40 mg/l (Ni-NTA). The maximum operating pressure the Sepapure® columns should be used at is 3 bar, while the recommended flowrate is 1 CV/ml. &nbsp;Available as prepacked 1 ml or 5 ml cartridge or as bulk material.<h4>Recommended application areas:</h4>Typically used in the first step („capture“) of an FPLC purification procedure.<h3>KNAUER Sepapure®&nbsp;</h3>In protein purification, a combination of different methods is needed for a successful separation. The purity of the wanted biomolecule is increased in three steps: Capture - Intermediate - PolishingIn the “capture step” the crude biomolecule is extracted from major side products. In the “intermediate step” further contaminations are removed, and the highly pure biomolecule is gained in the “polishing step”. For each step a different method and therefore different columns are used.&nbsp;FPLC Sepapure® columns are dedicated for purification of biomolecules. Sepapure® media for affinity chromatography (AC) and Ion-Exchange chromatography (IEX) is based on Agarose and depending on the specific purification mode functionalized with ligands e.g. Protein A, Ni-NTA or quaternary ammonium (Q). These FPLC media are available packed in 1 ml and 5 ml cartridges or as bulk media.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_FPLC_Sepapure_columns_ad980345f3.jpg" alt="KNAUER: FPLC Sepapure® columns" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_FPLC_Sepapure_columns_ad980345f3.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1372" height="562"><h5>Physical properties FPLC Sepapure® columns</h5><ul><li>Resin 100 µm Agarose particles with 4 % or 6 % crosslinking</li><li>Flowrate Recommended: 1 CV/ml</li><li>pH Stability 3 – 9 long term</li><li>Max. pressure 3 bar</li></ul>Sepapure® Desalting columns are based on Dextran with an exclusion limit of 5 kDa and available in 1 ml and 5 ml cartridges.&nbsp;<h5>Physical properties Sepapure® Desalting columns</h5><ul><li>Resin 20 – 50 µm Dextran particles</li><li>Flowrate Recommended: 1 CV/ml</li><li>Exclusion limit 5 kDa</li><li>Max. pressure 3 bar</li></ul>

KNAUER Sepapure® FPLC Columns for Ion-Exchange Chromatography

The FPLC media is functionalized with different linkers ranging from strong anion exchange ligands to weak cation exchange ligands. 

FPLC media based on cross-linked agarose beads with a mean diameter of 100 µm. &nbsp;The FPLC media is functionalized with different linkers ranging from strong anion exchange ligands to weak cation exchange ligands.&nbsp;<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Ion_Exchange_Chromatography_640e6f5ba7.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Sepapure FPLC Columns for Ion Exchange Chromatography" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Ion_Exchange_Chromatography_640e6f5ba7.jpg 236w," sizes="100vw" width="1920" height="1270"><h4>Properties:</h4>Sepapure® Ion-Exchange media is designed to be used with most aqueous buffer systems. It is long lasting when correctly handled and is compatible with common CIP strategies. All Sepapure® media is stored in 20 % ethanol upon delivery. &nbsp;<h4>Technical data:</h4>The agarose beads are functionalized with a quaternary ammonium for the strong anion exchanger (Q) and with diethylaminoethyl for the weak anion exchanger (DEAE). The strong cation exchanger is functionalized with sulphopropyl (SP) and the weak cation exchanger with carboxymethyl (CM).&nbsp;The maximum operating pressure the Sepapure® columns should be used at is 3 bar, while the recommended flowrate is 1 CV/ml.&nbsp;Available as prepacked 1 ml or 5 ml cartridge or as bulk material.&nbsp;<h4>Recommended application areas:</h4>Typically used in the intermediate step of an FPLC purification procedure.<h3>KNAUER Sepapure®&nbsp;</h3>In protein purification, a combination of different methods is needed for a successful separation. The purity of the wanted biomolecule is increased in three steps: Capture - Intermediate - PolishingIn the “capture step” the crude biomolecule is extracted from major side products. In the “intermediate step” further contaminations are removed, and the highly pure biomolecule is gained in the “polishing step”. For each step a different method and therefore different columns are used.&nbsp;FPLC Sepapure® columns are dedicated for purification of biomolecules. Sepapure® media for affinity chromatography (AC) and Ion-Exchange chromatography (IEX) is based on Agarose and depending on the specific purification mode functionalized with ligands e.g. Protein A, Ni-NTA or quaternary ammonium (Q). These FPLC media are available packed in 1 ml and 5 ml cartridges or as bulk media.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_FPLC_Sepapure_columns_ad980345f3.jpg" alt="KNAUER: FPLC Sepapure® columns" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_FPLC_Sepapure_columns_ad980345f3.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1372" height="562"><h5>Physical properties FPLC Sepapure® columns</h5><ul><li>Resin 100 µm Agarose particles with 4 % or 6 % crosslinking</li><li>Flowrate Recommended: 1 CV/ml</li><li>pH Stability 3 – 9 long term</li><li>Max. pressure 3 bar</li></ul>Sepapure® Desalting columns are based on Dextran with an exclusion limit of 5 kDa and available in 1 ml and 5 ml cartridges.&nbsp;<h5>Physical properties Sepapure® Desalting columns</h5><ul><li>Resin 20 – 50 µm Dextran particles</li><li>Flowrate Recommended: 1 CV/ml</li><li>Exclusion limit 5 kDa</li><li>Max. pressure 3 bar</li></ul>

KNAUER Sepapure® FPLC Desalting Columns

Desalting columns based on dextran for group separations of large molecular weight biomolecules from small molecular weight compounds and salts.

FPLC media based on dextran beads with a mean diameter of 20–50 µm. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separates molecules on the basis of size differences. KNAUER offers desalting columns based on dextran for group separations of large molecular weight biomolecules from small molecular weight compounds and salts.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_chromatography_fb9d43e34b.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Sepapure FPLC - Desalting or Buffer Exchange" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_chromatography_fb9d43e34b.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="1500" height="1500"><h4>Properties:</h4>Sepapure® Desalting media is designed to be used for removal of small molecules below the exclusion limit and for covenient rebuffering. It is long lasting when correctly handled and compatible with common CIP strategies. All Sepapure® media is stored in 20 % ethanol upon delivery. Available as prepacked 5 ml cartridge or as bulk material.&nbsp;<h4>Technical data:</h4>The Sepapure® dextran beads have an exclusion limit of 5 kDa. The maximum operating pressure of the Sepapure® columns is 3 bar, while the recommended flowrate is 1 CV/ml.<h4>Recommended application areas:</h4>Typically used in the final step of an FPLC purification procedure or inbetween steps for fast buffer exchange.<h3>KNAUER Sepapure®&nbsp;</h3>In protein purification, a combination of different methods is needed for a successful separation. The purity of the wanted biomolecule is increased in three steps: Capture - Intermediate - PolishingIn the “capture step” the crude biomolecule is extracted from major side products. In the “intermediate step” further contaminations are removed, and the highly pure biomolecule is gained in the “polishing step”. For each step a different method and therefore different columns are used.&nbsp;FPLC Sepapure® columns are dedicated for purification of biomolecules. Sepapure® media for affinity chromatography (AC) and Ion-Exchange chromatography (IEX) is based on Agarose and depending on the specific purification mode functionalized with ligands e.g. Protein A, Ni-NTA or quaternary ammonium (Q). These FPLC media are available packed in 1 ml and 5 ml cartridges or as bulk media.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_FPLC_Sepapure_columns_ad980345f3.jpg" alt="KNAUER: FPLC Sepapure® columns" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_FPLC_Sepapure_columns_ad980345f3.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1372" height="562"><h5>Physical properties FPLC Sepapure® columns</h5><ul><li>Resin 100 µm Agarose particles with 4 % or 6 % crosslinking</li><li>Flowrate Recommended: 1 CV/ml</li><li>pH Stability 3 – 9 long term</li><li>Max. pressure 3 bar</li></ul>Sepapure® Desalting columns are based on Dextran with an exclusion limit of 5 kDa and available in 1 ml and 5 ml cartridges.&nbsp;<h5>Physical properties Sepapure® Desalting columns</h5><ul><li>Resin 20 – 50 µm Dextran particles</li><li>Flowrate Recommended: 1 CV/ml</li><li>Exclusion limit 5 kDa</li><li>Max. pressure 3 bar</li></ul>

Products focused on LC columns from KNAUER - page 4

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