Join us for a fascinating conversation with Dr. Subhoja Chakraborty from the University of Central Florida, whose cutting-edge research targets the global challenge of malaria drug resistance. Dr. Chakraborty shares her journey from structure-based drug design during her PhD to her recent collaborative work repurposing human kinase inhibitors as rapid, selective antimalarials against drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains.<h4>In this episode, you'll learn:</h4><ul><li>How structure-guided approaches reveal potential drug targets, including cysteine proteases like falcipain-2, and kinases implicated in malaria's complex life cycle.</li><li>The power of repurposing kinase inhibitors originally developed for cancer and other diseases, focusing on compound 12, which blocks hemozoin formation and protein kinase 6—key steps in parasite survival.</li><li>Lab techniques such as affinity, gel filtration, and size exclusion chromatography for recombinant protein purification—and how troubleshooting is crucial for high-yield, stable complexes.</li><li>Advances in mass spectrometry for characterizing protein interactions, validating drug targets, and mapping molecular pathways pivotal to malaria therapeutics.</li><li>Tips and lessons for new researchers facing the challenges of sample preparation, complex protocols, and working as part of a collaborative team.</li></ul>Dr. Chakraborty’s insights bridge the gap between basic science and translational drug discovery, offering hope for more effective, targeted malaria treatments in a world where resistance to frontline therapies threatens millions.<h4>Referenced Papers:</h4><ul><li>"Plasmodium falciparum protein kinase 6 and hemozoin formation are inhibited by a type II human kinase inhibitor exhibiting antimalarial activity" (Cell Chemical Biology, 2025)</li><li>"New insights of falcipain 2 structure from Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain" (BBRC, 2022)</li><li>"Structure-Based Optimization of Protease−Inhibitor Interactions to Enhance Specificity of Human Stefin‑A against Falcipain‑2 from the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Strain" (Biochemistry, 2023)</li></ul>If you’re a student, scientist, or simply passionate about advances in infectious disease research, this episode offers actionable insights, inspiring advice, and a front-row seat to innovation in combating malaria.<h3>Video Transcription</h3><h4>From Structural Biology to Drug Discovery: Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry in Malaria Research</h4><h5>Introduction</h5>In this discussion, Subhoja shares insights into her research journey, focusing on malaria drug discovery and the role of modern analytical techniques in biological and biomedical research. The conversation is aimed primarily at undergraduate students and early-career researchers interested in chemistry, biotechnology, and life sciences.<h5>Research Focus: Malaria Drug Discovery and Kinase Targets</h5>Subhoja is currently involved in malaria drug discovery research at the University of Central Florida, where she has been working since beginning her postdoctoral position two years ago. Her earlier PhD research focused on structure-based drug design in malaria, using a combination of in silico approaches, recombinant protein expression, and X-ray crystallography to determine precise three-dimensional structures of target proteins and their inhibitors.This structural perspective provided a foundation for her current work, which centers on drug discovery through compound screening and repurposing. A recent publication from her laboratory explores the use of repurposed mammalian CDK-like kinase inhibitors as potential antimalarial agents. While such kinase inhibitors are well known in cancer and cardiovascular research, their application to malaria targets represents a novel and promising approach.Kinases are attractive drug targets because of their central role in cell signaling and growth pathways. By targeting specific kinases involved in different stages of the malaria parasite life cycle—whether asexual growth, gametocytogenesis, or differentiation—it may be possible to significantly inhibit parasite growth and progression.<h5>Chromatography in Protein Expression and Purification Workflows</h5>Chromatography plays a critical role throughout Subhoja’s research. Her experience spans from basic chromatography techniques during her early training to advanced protein purification workflows using affinity chromatography, gel filtration (size exclusion chromatography), and ion exchange chromatography.Recombinant proteins are routinely purified using affinity resins such as nickel or cobalt, followed by further purification to remove contaminants. Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) enables compact, stepwise purification workflows suitable for producing proteins for in vitro assays.A recurring challenge in this process is the expression of high-molecular-weight proteins, which often accumulate in insoluble fractions or inclusion bodies. Careful selection of expression vectors, host systems, and induction conditions is therefore essential to maximize yield and solubility.<h5>Integrating Size Exclusion Chromatography into the Workflow</h5>Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is typically used after affinity purification to further improve protein purity. Following elution with imidazole or glutathione, desalting is required to prevent buffer components from interfering with downstream assays. This is often achieved using desalting columns such as G-25 or PD-10.To remove lower-molecular-weight contaminants, finer SEC media—such as Superdex or Sephacryl columns—are employed. Concentration steps using molecular-weight cut-off filters are then applied to obtain the desired protein concentration for functional studies.These iterative purification and troubleshooting steps are a routine part of protein biochemistry and reflect the importance of methodical optimization and careful validation.<h5>The Role of Mass Spectrometry in Biomolecular Characterization</h5>Mass spectrometry is a key analytical tool in Subhoja’s research pipeline, particularly for target identification and validation. In both malaria and cancer research, MS is used alongside chromatography, immunoprecipitation, and pull-down assays to study protein interactions and molecular recognition events.Affinity-based mass spectrometry enables the identification of binding partners and interactors, whether studying proteins, long non-coding RNAs, or protein complexes. Techniques such as native MS, tandem affinity purification, and proximity labeling (e.g., TurboID-based workflows) provide deeper insights into molecular networks and signaling pathways.These approaches are essential for understanding how candidate drug targets function within complex biological systems.<h5>Sample Preparation Challenges in Biological Research</h5>Sample preparation remains one of the most challenging aspects of biological experimentation. Whole-cell lysates contain proteases, nucleases, and other components that can rapidly degrade target molecules. Preventing degradation requires minimizing preparation time, maintaining low temperatures, and using appropriate inhibitor cocktails.Reproducibility is also critical: biological experiments require multiple replicates, and variability is often unavoidable. Careful handling, protocol optimization, and continuous troubleshooting are essential to ensure reliable results, whether preparing samples for chromatography, mass spectrometry, sequencing, or immunoprecipitation.<h5>Advances in Chromatography and MS for Malaria Research</h5>Modern advances in chromatography and mass spectrometry significantly enhance malaria research by enabling precise target identification, quantification, and functional characterization. Drug discovery workflows begin with construct design and recombinant expression, followed by purification and interaction studies.In malaria research, stage-specific parasite biology requires careful extraction and analysis of proteins from different life cycle stages. Tandem affinity MS, immunoprecipitation, and in vivo validation studies help confirm target relevance and therapeutic potential.Recent work on repurposed kinase inhibitors has shown promising results, including inhibition of hemozoin formation—a key detoxification pathway for the malaria parasite—highlighting the potential of such compounds for further development.<h5>Malaria, Drug Resistance, and Global Impact</h5>Malaria remains a major global health burden, with over 600,000 deaths annually and widespread drug resistance complicating treatment. Artemisinin resistance, particularly associated with mutations in the K13 propeller domain, has driven the search for new targets and therapies.During her PhD, Subhoja focused on falcipain-2, a cysteine protease involved in hemoglobin degradation within the parasite. This pathway is critical for parasite survival and has emerged as a promising drug target. Her work revealed that falcipain-2 operates within a larger protein complex responsible for hemoglobin processing and amino acid release.Understanding these molecular mechanisms is essential for developing robust, stage-specific antimalarial strategies.<h5>Advice for Early-Career Researchers</h5>For researchers just starting out, Subhoja emphasizes the importance of hands-on experience. Working directly with cells, lysates, and analytical tools is essential for truly understanding experimental systems. Failure is an inherent part of research, and perseverance is key.Motivation, teamwork, careful sample handling, and thorough preparation all contribute to long-term success. Reading extensively, critically evaluating one’s own work, and appreciating incremental progress are vital aspects of a sustainable research career.Every successful experiment—no matter how small—represents meaningful progress and contributes to the broader goals of science and medicine.<h5>Closing Remarks</h5>The discussion highlights how interdisciplinary approaches combining chromatography, mass spectrometry, structural biology, and biochemistry are driving advances in malaria drug discovery. Through careful experimental design, analytical rigor, and collaborative teamwork, researchers can address complex biological challenges and contribute to global health solutions.<blockquote>This text has been automatically transcribed from a video presentation using AI technology. It may contain inaccuracies and is not guaranteed to be 100% correct.</blockquote><blockquote><h4>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast</h4>Dive into the frontiers of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation with host David Oliva. Each episode features candid conversations with leading researchers, industry innovators, and passionate scientists who are shaping the future of analytical chemistry. From decoding PFAS detection challenges to exploring the latest in AI-assisted liquid chromatography, this show uncovers practical workflows, sustainability breakthroughs, and the real-world impact of separation science. Whether you’re a chromatographer, lab professional, or researcher you'll discover inspiring content!You can find Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast in podcast apps:<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/1wZg67rCjoGju4yhqxI3tL">Spotify</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/tz/podcast/concentrating-on-chromatography/id1788429185">Apple podcast</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podscan.fm/podcasts/concentrating-on-chromatography">podscan</a></li></ul>and on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@ChromatographyTalk/videos">YouTube channel</a></blockquote>

Affinity, Gel Filtration, Size Exclusion Chromatography: Repurposing Kinase Inhibitors for Malaria

In the week of February 9, the following webinars await you in the field of liquid phase and especially HPLC and LC/MS.<blockquote><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinars">👉 DETAILS AND REGISTRATION IN THE WEBINARS SECTION</a></h4>👉 Search and filter in the largest global database with over 5 000 GC, LC, MS and spectroscopy webinars.</blockquote><h5>1. SelectScience: High-Throughput Stability Screening Strategies for Antibody Formulation</h5><ul><li>Tu, 10.2.2026 17:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5807">Registration</a></li></ul>Learn how high-throughput DLS/SLS and rapid-screening DSC accelerate stability assessment of high-concentration antibody formulations, enabling faster, data-driven biologics development.<h5>2. Phenomenex: Big Scale, Big Wins – Prep Chromatography Explained</h5><ul><li>We, 11.2.2026 10:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5793">Registration</a></li></ul>Learn how to scale analytical methods to preparative HPLC, optimize loading capacity, and understand the limits of preparative columns for pharmaceutical applications.<h5>3. ALS Czech Republic: PFAS in Food &amp; Food Contact Material</h5><ul><li>We, 11.2.2026 15:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5816">Registration</a></li></ul>Get a practical overview of PFAS in food and food contact materials, including EU and US regulations, key analytical challenges, and reliable PFAS testing strategies.<h5>4. New Food Magazine: The Science of Next-Gen Ingredients – Fermentation, Formulation and Function</h5><ul><li>We, 11.2.2026 16:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5720">Registration</a></li></ul>Explore how fermentation-driven innovation is transforming functional food ingredients and how advanced analytics optimize flavour, functionality, and stability.<h5>5. SCIEX: Accurate Mass Fundamentals – Interpreting and Applying Your Data</h5><ul><li>We, 11.2.2026 19:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5772">Registration</a></li></ul>Session 3 focuses on interpreting and applying accurate mass data to confirm compound identity, move beyond basic quantitation, and troubleshoot results for confident reporting.<h5>6. Agilent Technologies: Process Analytical Techniques – Online HPLC for Real-Time Monitoring and Control of Bioprocesses</h5><ul><li>Th, 12.2.2026 06:30 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5834">Registration</a></li></ul>Discover how PAT HPLC enables near-real-time monitoring of critical quality attributes in bioprocessing, with a case study on charge-variant control by cation-exchange chromatography.<h5>7. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Introducing the Orbitrap Excedion Pro Hybrid MS</h5><ul><li>Th, 12.2.2026 11:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5889">Registration</a></li></ul>Discover the new Orbitrap Exploris Pro with expanded ETD/EThcD capabilities for confident biopharmaceutical characterization, including intact proteins, PTMs, ADCs, and large biomolecules.<h5>8. Waters Corporation: Planning Your NuGenesis Upgrade – Insights and Best Practices for a Smooth Transition</h5><ul><li>Th, 12.2.2026 19:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5833">Registration</a></li></ul>Learn how to plan a successful NuGenesis upgrade, transition to Windows 11, and unlock new capabilities such as dashboards for real-time operational insights.<h5>9. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Comprehensive Analytical Strategies for Peptide Therapeutics and GLP-1 Agonists with Agilent</h5><ul><li>Th, 12.2.2026 19:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5814">Registration</a></li></ul>Explore analytical workflows for peptide therapeutics, including method development, peptide mapping, GLP-1 QC, and LC-MS strategies across Agilent platforms.<h5>10. Agilent Technologies: Moving from R&amp;D and Limited QC on a UV-Vis-NIR Instrument to Large-Scale QC Using an Autosampler</h5><ul><li>Th, 12.2.2026 20:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/2104">Registration</a></li></ul>This webinar covers practical aspects of adding and using an autosampler to maximize UV-Vis-NIR QC workflows at scale.<h5>11. Agilent Technologies: LC Method Transfer – Hidden Challenges &amp; Absolute Solution</h5><ul><li>Fr, 13.2.2026 06:30 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5787">Registration</a></li></ul>Discover why LC method transfer between legacy and modern systems is challenging, which hidden parameters affect retention and peak shape, and how to achieve robust, reliable results.

Webinars LabRulezLCMS Week 07/2026

Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) allows direct mass determination of individual ions and is increasingly used to study heterogeneous biological samples. This work demonstrates the use of Orbitrap-based CDMS/Direct Mass Technology (DMT) for quantitative analysis of transthyretin (TTR) tetramer samples below 100 kDa, extending CDMS beyond its traditional qualitative role.DMT resolved wild-type and C-terminally modified TTR homotetramers, as well as hybrid tetramers, enabling kinetic analysis of subunit exchange and stability. The approach also quantified thyroxine binding to TTR variants, revealing differences in binding affinity linked to C-terminal modification. By separating overlapping m/z signals through charge measurement, CDMS enables accurate mass and abundance determination, highlighting its potential for quantitative analysis of complex protein systems.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771">Dissecting Heterogeneous Populations of Protein-Complex Samples Using Direct Mass Technology</a></h4>Robert L. Rider, Jared Hampton, Zhenyu Xi, Carter Lantz, Sangho D. Yun, Weijing Liu, Rosa Viner, Arthur Laganowsky, and David H. Russell*Anal. Chem. 2025, 97, 49, 27057–27063<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.Transthyretin (TTR) is a homotetrameric transport protein that circulates in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, delivering thyroxine (T4) and retinol-binding protein–vitamin A complexes. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> The stability of the TTR tetramer is central to its physiological role because dissociation into monomers can initiate misfolding and amyloid formation, leading to systemic or hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2)</a> Subunit exchange between wild-type (WT) and variant TTR proteoforms, including disease-associated mutations such as V30M and V122I, have been implicated in amyloid progression by generating hybrid tetramers (tetramers containing WT and mutant subunits) with altered stabilities. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3,4)</a> Ligand binding, particularly at the two thyroxine-binding sites located at the dimer–dimer interface, can kinetically stabilize the tetramer and modulate amyloidogenicity. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,6)</a> Accurate measurement of both subunit exchange kinetics and ligand binding stoichiometry is therefore critical for elucidating the TTR dynamics and stability.Affinity or sequence tags are widely employed in protein expression, purification, or detection. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(7,8)</a> While these tags are often assumed to be inert, their influence on protein structure and dynamics are rarely examined in detail. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(9,10)</a> Protein tags at the N- and C-terminus of TTR have been shown to have differing gas phase stabilities from those of WT-TTR. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(11)</a> The C-terminus is of particular interest because this region participates in the dimer–dimer interface that governs tetramer stability. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(11,12)</a> Characterizing how the C-terminal tag (CT) (-ASGENLFYQ) affects TTR’s solution stability and ligand binding is not only relevant for understanding TTR dynamics but also provides an example of how expression tags can alter protein dynamics. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(13)</a>Native mass spectrometry (nMS) has been invaluable for characterizing protein complexes, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(14)</a> yet conventional nMS often struggles with heterogeneous samples where overlapping charge state distributions and adduct heterogeneity limit resolution and quantitation. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(15)</a> Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) addresses these limitations by independently measuring the charge and m/z of individual ions, enabling the direct determination of molecular mass and abundance. Development of CDMS has largely focused on achieving higher mass resolution <a href="javascript:void(0);">(16)</a> and extending measurements toward assemblies into the GDa range. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(17,18)</a> However, there is untapped utility for CDMS experiments other than mass and proteoform determination. Jordan et al. showed the capability to assess conformational heterogeneity of mAb aggregates using the added charge dimension that CDMS provides. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(19)</a> The current work demonstrates that CDMS can separate proteoforms with overlapping m/z values based on charge and quantify their relative abundances in complex mixtures. While nMS is already a highly quantitative technique, our results establish CDMS as an equally powerful tool for quantitative analysis in heterogeneous systems. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(20,21)</a>Here, we apply Orbitrap-based CDMS/Direct Mass Technology (DMT) using the selective temporal overview of resonant ions (STORI) approach <a href="javascript:void(0);">(22,23)</a> to quantitatively compare WT-TTR and CT-TTR, focusing on two biologically relevant properties: tetramer stability assessed via subunit exchange kinetics and ligand-binding affinity. Conventional nMS cannot fully resolve the overlapping charge states of WT- and CT-TTR or their ligand-bound states. However, DMT can resolve these species by directly measuring the mass (m/z × charge), enabling quantitation of all proteoforms. The data reveal that the CT tag alters tetramer stability and thyroxine-binding affinity, demonstrating the structural sensitivity of TTR to modifications at its C-terminus. More broadly, this work demonstrates the impact that protein tags can have on native protein interactions and highlights the broader utility of quantitative CDMS for probing heterogeneous biological samples.<h4>Experimental Section</h4><h5>Data Collection</h5>All experiments were conducted on a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/560">Thermo Scientific Q-Exactive UHMR</a> with added DMT capabilities (Bremen, Germany). Before DMT, mass spectra were collected at various resolving powers (6–200k) for each sample, with the instrument parameters reported in the Supporting Information (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771/suppl_file/ac5c05771_si_001.pdf">Table S1</a>). For DMT experiments, the trapping gas pressure in the HCD cell was reduced to 0.3–0.8 to attenuate the signal intensity to a single ion level, as well as decreasing the UHV pressure to assist ion retention through the entire transient of Orbitrap analysis. We observed no significant difference between mass spectra collected at various HCD cell pressures (Supporting Information, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771/suppl_file/ac5c05771_si_001.pdf">Figure S1</a>). For DMT collection, automated ion control (AIC) and 100% target density were used with 200k resolving power.<h4>Results and Discussion</h4>CDMS has emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing heterogeneous biomolecular samples, enabling accurate, direct mass determination by simultaneously measuring the charge and m/z for individual ions. While CDMS has been widely applied for qualitative analyses, its potential for quantitative and less than MDa applications remains underexplored. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771#fig1">Figure 1</a>A shows the theoretical mass spectrum of WT-TTR (14+ to 16+) and CT-TTR (15+ to 17+) homotetramers, where the two proteoforms become increasingly resolved as the charge states increase (&lt;3900 m/z). <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771#fig1">Figure 1</a>B zooms in on the 14+ (WT) and 15+ (CT) charge states, highlighting their strong overlap, which prevents accurate deconvolution of the proteoforms by conventional methods. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771#fig1">Figure 1</a>C displays theoretical distributions for 0, 1, and 2 T4 bound states of both WT- and CT-TTR tetramers, where &lt;3900 m/z has observable separation between all proteoforms. However, for the 14+ and 15+ charge states of WT- and CT-TTR, respectively, the 0 T4- and 1 T4-bound populations overlap (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771#fig1">Figure 1</a>D). Furthermore, commonly adducted species (Na+, K+, and Zn2+) observed in experimental spectra broaden these distributions, making it increasingly difficult to distinguish and deconvolute the proteoforms (see <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771/suppl_file/ac5c05771_si_001.pdf">Figure S2</a>). Here, we employ Orbitrap-based CDMS/DMT to overcome this m/z overlap to resolve and quantify hybrid tetramer formation and T4 binding.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Anal_Chem_2025_97_49_27057_27063_Figure_1_A_Theoretical_mass_spectra_of_WT_TTR_and_CT_TTR_homotetramers_47232849d9.jpg" alt="Anal. Chem. 2025, 97, 49, 27057–27063: Figure 1. (A) Theoretical mass spectra of WT-TTR and CT-TTR homotetramers. (B) Zoomed-in view of the 14+ WT-TTR and 15+ CT-TTR distributions to show the large overlap of the proteoforms. (C) Theoretical mass spectra of WT-TTR and CT-TTR homotetramers with thyroxine (T4) binding. (D) Zoomed-in view of the 14+ WT-TTR and 15+ CT-TTR distributions where the 0 and 1 T4 have overlapping distributions. These theoretical distributions do not contain any commonly adducted species (Na+, K+, Zn2+), which broaden the distributions and create more overlap even for the proteoforms in the range 3300–3900 m/z (see Figure S2)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Anal_Chem_2025_97_49_27057_27063_Figure_1_A_Theoretical_mass_spectra_of_WT_TTR_and_CT_TTR_homotetramers_47232849d9.jpg 187w," sizes="100vw" width="1417" height="1182"><h5>Thyroxine Binding to TTR Homotetramers</h5>Thyroxine is the less active form of a thyroid hormone important for metabolism that binds to TTR for transport throughout plasma and cerebral spinal fluid. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(31)</a> Turnover of T4 into T3 (active) occurs after dissociation, where it can then modulate gene expression via binding to nuclear receptors. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(32)</a> The TTR tetramer gains substantial stability as it binds up to 2 T4 at the tetramer interface, decreasing tetramer dissociation and SUE. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(33)</a> This has been shown previously to decrease the amyloidogenic rate of TTR, which led to tafamidis (similar in structure to T4) to be designed and is currently the only drug that is approved for clinical treatment of TTR amyloidosis. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(34)</a> Measuring the difference in binding affinity between TTR proteoforms may provide insight into regions of TTR or TTR intermolecular/intramolecular interactions that are important for binding of small molecules such as tafamidis and T4.DMT was further applied to quantify T4 binding to WT- and CT-TTR homotetramers, highlighting the technique’s utility in probing protein–ligand interactions. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771#fig3">Figure 3</a>A shows a representative mass spectrum of TTR homotetramers in the presence of T4. While ligand-bound species can be observed, homotetramers cannot be confidently resolved across the entire 3000–5000 m/z range. By leveraging the charge-resolving capabilities of DMT, we achieve separation of the homotetramers (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771#fig3">Figure 3</a>B,C) and the 0, 1, and 2 ligand-bound states. The 2D plot clearly shows the gain in resolution achieved when charge is simultaneously measured with m/z by separating the 14+ and 15+ charge states for WT and CT, respectively, in the range 3900–4200 m/z. Additionally, using ion mobility does not provide the same kind of 2D resolution due to the similarity in arrival times for the homotetramer proteoforms, as evidenced by <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05771/suppl_file/ac5c05771_si_001.pdf">Figures S4 and S5</a> (see the Supporting Information). These data provide evidence that when ion mobility is able to separate out species that overlap in m/z yet differ in mobility, CDMS could be an alternative or used complementarily since the species likely also differ in charge.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Anal_Chem_2025_97_49_27057_27063_Figure_3_A_Mass_spectra_of_WT_TTR_and_CT_TTR_homotetramers_with_thyroxine_binding_61b1e98a94.jpg" alt="Anal. Chem. 2025, 97, 49, 27057–27063: Figure 3. (A) Mass spectra of WT-TTR and CT-TTR homotetramers with thyroxine binding. Ligand binding can be resolved, but homotetramers cannot be confidently identified. Charge states labeled are for WT; CT is always one charge state higher at the same m/z range. (B) DMT heatmap resolving WT-TTR and CT-TTR homotetramers with the additional measurement of charge. (C) Deconvoluted mass spectrum from DMT analysis. Both homotetramers and their ligand binding are resolved, and fit for analysis is shown in red. (D) Mole fraction of each homotetramer and their thyroxine binding species. Error bars represent the standard deviation of replicates (n = 3). The significance for each ligand state is in respect to the left adjacent state. *p &lt; 0.05." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Anal_Chem_2025_97_49_27057_27063_Figure_3_A_Mass_spectra_of_WT_TTR_and_CT_TTR_homotetramers_with_thyroxine_binding_61b1e98a94.jpg 181w," sizes="100vw" width="1266" height="1094"><h4>Conclusion</h4>This work demonstrates that quantitatively, Orbitrap-based CDMS/DMT can determine differences in protein-complex stability and ligand binding. By directly comparing WT- with CT-TTR, we show that the CT tag accelerates tetramer dissociation while enhancing T4 binding affinity. These results indicate that the C-terminus, located at the dimer–dimer interface, plays a more significant role in TTR stability and ligand recognition than previously appreciated. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(12)</a> Even the addition of a short peptide sequence perturbs noncovalent interactions at the interface, likely altering solvent accessibility, and the dynamics of the thyroxine binding channel. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(37,54)</a> Such findings underscore the importance of evaluating how seemingly minor sequence modifications, such as affinity tags, can influence fundamental biophysical properties.Beyond TTR, this work positions quantitative CDMS as a broadly applicable strategy for analyzing heterogeneous protein systems, where charge domain separation overcomes the resolution limits of m/z domain measurements in traditional nMS experiments. While much of the field has emphasized extending CDMS to ultrahigh masses and maximal resolution, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(16,18)</a> our results highlight the underexplored potential of applying the method in the 1000–10,000 m/z range common to nMS experiments. This capability is directly relevant to heterogeneous membrane protein complexes, which often display broad distributions of oligomeric states, PTMs, lipid, and ligand adducts that complicate spectra. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(48,55)</a> Similarly, mAbs can oligomerize and exhibit mass heterogeneity from variable glycosylation, affecting pharmacokinetics, effector function, and stability. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(19)</a> CDMS may resolve and quantify such proteoforms in a single experiment without the need for charge reduction or chemical derivatization. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(48,56,57)</a>

Dissecting Heterogeneous Populations of Protein-Complex Samples Using Direct Mass Technology

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KNAUER AZURA® Bio Compact AC FPLC System

The AZURA Compact AC system qualifies for fast and reliable affinity chromatography. 

KNAUER protein purification: The flexible FPLC platformAZURA® Bio purification systems&nbsp;complete solutions for FPLC on a minimum footprint: AZURA FPLC systems combine flexibility and reliability. The biocompatible/metal-free FPLC is the perfect choice for your protein purification task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_6_a874551078.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Compact AC FPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_6_a874551078.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1506" height="600">Design your AZURA Bio purification system to fit your needs. Multiple functionalities such as automatic sample injection via autosampler, column switching, buffer and sample selection, and fraction collection enable automation of the purification process.A wide range of detectors ensures the visibility of target molecules. Various flow rates and compatibility with columns from all vendors provide maximum flexibility. The intuitive PurityChrom® software integrates all the advantages of a versatile purification system.<h3>AZURA® Bio Compact AC FPLC System</h3><h4>For affinity chromatography</h4>The AZURA Compact AC system qualifies for fast and reliable affinity chromatography. Select your sample, washing, and elution buffer using the selection valve. Your proteins of interest are detected by UV and automatically collected via the fractionation valve.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_4_bef2309e7d.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Compact AC FPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_4_bef2309e7d.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1666" height="513"><h3>Key features</h3><ul><li data-start="93" data-end="153">Flow rate: 0.01–50 ml/min (recommended: 1–40 ml/min)</li><li data-start="154" data-end="193">Maximum system pressure: 50 bar</li><li data-start="194" data-end="278">Sample and buffer selection: Automatic valve for up to 12 buffers or samples</li><li data-start="279" data-end="349">Detection: Variable single wavelength UV detector (190–500 nm)</li><li data-start="350" data-end="429">Column compatibility: Compatible with affinity columns from all vendors</li><li data-start="430" data-end="574">Fraction collection: 16-port fractionation valve, capable of collecting up to 16 fractions for flow-through, wash, and elution fractions</li><li data-start="575" data-end="663">Software: Intuitive and powerful PurityChrom® software, 21 CFR Part 11 compliant</li><li data-start="664" data-end="737">Affinity purification: Designed for tagged proteins or antibodies</li><li data-start="738" data-end="867">Compact system: User-friendly and cost-efficient, with the ability to upgrade for more complex protein purification tasks</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_5_17f4f13731.jpg" alt="KNAUER AZURA® Bio Compact AC FPLC System: Protein purification based on high affinity Chromatogram &amp; Legend." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_5_17f4f13731.jpg 209w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="766">&nbsp;

KNAUER AZURA® Bio Compact SEC FPLC System

AZURA Compact SEC systems handle time-consuming SEC methods in your lab without occupying your valuable FPLC system.

KNAUER protein purification: The flexible FPLC platformAZURA® Bio purification systems&nbsp;complete solutions for FPLC on a minimum footprint: AZURA FPLC systems combine flexibility and reliability. The biocompatible/metal-free FPLC is the perfect choice for your protein purification task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_6_a874551078.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Compact AC FPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_6_a874551078.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1506" height="600">Design your AZURA Bio purification system to fit your needs. Multiple functionalities such as automatic sample injection via autosampler, column switching, buffer and sample selection, and fraction collection enable automation of the purification process.A wide range of detectors ensures the visibility of target molecules. Various flow rates and compatibility with columns from all vendors provide maximum flexibility. The intuitive PurityChrom® software integrates all the advantages of a versatile purification system.<h3>AZURA® Bio Compact SEC FPLC System</h3><h4>For Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)</h4>AZURA Compact SEC systems take over time-consuming SEC methods in your lab without blocking your valuable FPLC system. Due to its compact design and intuitive FPLC software PurityChrom®, the system offers outstanding performance and ease of use.&nbsp;Pre-designed methods are included in the software for the designated SEC system and can be easily adapted by changing the column volume. AZURA Compact SEC supports all columns available on the market.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_SEC_FPLC_System_4_f5efb08061.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Compact SEC FPLC System " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_SEC_FPLC_System_4_f5efb08061.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1358" height="540"><h3>Key features</h3><ul><li data-start="93" data-end="157">Flow rate: 0.001–10 ml/min (recommended: 0.1–8.0 ml/min)</li><li data-start="158" data-end="197">Maximum system pressure: 50 bar</li><li data-start="198" data-end="276">Injection system: Injection valve for sample injection via sample loop</li><li data-start="277" data-end="347">Detection: Variable single wavelength UV detector (190–500 nm)</li><li data-start="348" data-end="423">Fraction collection: Fraction collector for automated fractionation</li><li data-start="424" data-end="522">Column compatibility: Supports columns from all vendors, including third-party SEC columns</li><li data-start="523" data-end="611">Software: Intuitive and powerful PurityChrom® software, 21 CFR Part 11 compliant</li><li data-start="612" data-end="780">System design:<ul data-start="637" data-end="780"><li data-start="637" data-end="666">Isocratic buffer delivery</li><li data-start="669" data-end="687">Loop injection</li><li data-start="690" data-end="734">Wide range of collection racks available</li><li data-start="737" data-end="780">Specially designed for SEC applications</li></ul></li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_SEC_FPLC_System_3_7a4bc1f60b.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Compact SEC FPLC System " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_SEC_FPLC_System_3_7a4bc1f60b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1920" height="1152">Don't use your valuable gradient FPLC system for boring and time-consuming size exclusion separations. Choose your dedicated AZURA SEC system.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:690/490;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_SEC_FPLC_System_45d5079064.webp" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Compact SEC FPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_SEC_FPLC_System_45d5079064.webp 220w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="490"></figure>With its compact design and intuitive software, the system offers excellent performance, ease of use and supports all SEC columns available on the market.​

KNAUER AZURA® Bio Lab FPLC System

AZURA Bio Lab allows you to create FPLC systems with highest independence. Just pick your modules and build-up the system yourself. The intuitive software PurityChrom will be flexibly adjusted to your system.

KNAUER protein purification: The flexible FPLC platformAZURA® Bio purification systems&nbsp;complete solutions for FPLC on a minimum footprint: AZURA FPLC systems combine flexibility and reliability. The biocompatible/metal-free FPLC is the perfect choice for your protein purification task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_6_a874551078.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Compact AC FPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_6_a874551078.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1506" height="600">Design your AZURA Bio purification system to fit your needs. Multiple functionalities such as automatic sample injection via autosampler, column switching, buffer and sample selection, and fraction collection enable automation of the purification process.A wide range of detectors ensures the visibility of target molecules. Various flow rates and compatibility with columns from all vendors provide maximum flexibility. The intuitive PurityChrom® software integrates all the advantages of a versatile purification system.<h3>AZURA® Bio Lab FPLC System</h3><h4>R&amp;D-scale gradient system for complex purifications of bio molecules</h4>AZURA Bio Lab allows you to create FPLC systems with highest independence. Just pick your modules and build-up the system yourself. The intuitive software PurityChrom will be flexibly adjusted to your system.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Lab_FPLC_System_3_7b22a3e099.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Lab FPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Lab_FPLC_System_3_7b22a3e099.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1645" height="671"><h3>Key features</h3><ul><li data-start="93" data-end="145">Flow rate: 0.001–50 ml/min (maximum 240 bar)</li><li data-start="146" data-end="224">Injection system: Sample injections via sample loop and/or sample pump</li><li data-start="225" data-end="295">Detection: Variable single wavelength UV detector (190–500 nm)</li><li data-start="296" data-end="386">Fraction collection: XY fraction collector for large volumes or numerous fractions</li><li data-start="387" data-end="493">Column compatibility: Supports up to 7 columns for method development – all FPLC columns supported</li><li data-start="494" data-end="584">Suitable for Ion-exchange, HILIC, affinity, SEC, and RP</li><li data-start="585" data-end="640">Reproducible and automated protein purification</li><li data-start="641" data-end="695">System usability: Suitable for cold room usage</li><li data-start="696" data-end="820">Software:<ul data-start="716" data-end="820"><li data-start="716" data-end="780">Intuitive and powerful PurityChrom® software (basic license)</li><li data-start="783" data-end="820">21 CFR Part 11 compliant software</li></ul></li><li data-start="821" data-end="924">Additional features:<ul data-start="852" data-end="924"><li data-start="852" data-end="924">Conductivity and pH-monitoring, pressure, and air sensors (optional)</li></ul></li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Lab_FPLC_System_4740938659.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Lab FPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Lab_FPLC_System_4740938659.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="1920" height="1279">From simple to advanced, from lab to process scale – configure your FPLC with our modular design according to your purification needs.Designed and optimized for all FPLC applications such as affinity, ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction and size exclusion chromatography. All system modules can be expanded with additional modules.

KNAUER AZURA® Bio Lab Advanced FPLC System

Gradient-capable FPLC system for a wide range of purifications including automated two-step applications

KNAUER protein purification: The flexible FPLC platformAZURA® Bio purification systems&nbsp;complete solutions for FPLC on a minimum footprint: AZURA FPLC systems combine flexibility and reliability. The biocompatible/metal-free FPLC is the perfect choice for your protein purification task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_6_a874551078.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Compact AC FPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_6_a874551078.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1506" height="600">Design your AZURA Bio purification system to fit your needs. Multiple functionalities such as automatic sample injection via autosampler, column switching, buffer and sample selection, and fraction collection enable automation of the purification process.A wide range of detectors ensures the visibility of target molecules. Various flow rates and compatibility with columns from all vendors provide maximum flexibility. The intuitive PurityChrom® software integrates all the advantages of a versatile purification system.<h3>AZURA® Bio Lab Advanced FPLC System</h3><h4>Gradient-capable FPLC system for a wide range of purifications including automated two-step applications</h4>Protein purification involves most of the times two to three steps:<ol><li>capture step</li><li>optional intermediated step</li><li>polishing step</li></ol>The transition from one to another step generally involves manual interaction and thus is time-consuming. Automation by combining these steps increases the efficiency and optimizes the workflow.&nbsp;The quick and automated linkage of multiple chromatographic purification steps into one method eliminates manual sample handling and minimizes time spent between steps. This automation strategy can be easily adapted to each purification task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Lab_FPLC_System_3_7b22a3e099.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Lab Advanced FPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Lab_FPLC_System_3_7b22a3e099.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1645" height="671"><h3>Key features</h3><ul data-start="93" data-end="1077"><li data-start="93" data-end="144">Flow rate: 0.001–50 ml/min (maximum 50 bar)</li><li data-start="145" data-end="263">Injection system: Sample injection via loop or sample pump, with automated storage and reinjection of proteins</li><li data-start="264" data-end="433">Detection system:<ul data-start="292" data-end="433"><li data-start="292" data-end="320">Multichannel UV detector</li><li data-start="323" data-end="405">Highly sensitive multi-wavelength detector for proteins, DNA/RNA, and peptides</li><li data-start="408" data-end="433">Conductivity detector</li></ul></li><li data-start="434" data-end="566">Fraction collection: XY fraction collector with outlet valve for automated collection of large volumes or numerous fractions</li><li data-start="567" data-end="673">Column compatibility: Supports up to 7 columns for method development – all FPLC columns supported</li><li data-start="674" data-end="764">Suitable for Ion-exchange, HILIC, affinity, SEC, and RP</li><li data-start="765" data-end="864">Automation: Enables challenging protein purification tasks with minimal manual intervention</li><li data-start="865" data-end="973">Software:<ul data-start="885" data-end="973"><li data-start="885" data-end="933">Intuitive and powerful PurityChrom® software</li><li data-start="936" data-end="973">21 CFR Part 11 compliant software</li></ul></li><li data-start="974" data-end="1077">Additional features:<ul data-start="1005" data-end="1077"><li data-start="1005" data-end="1077">Conductivity and pH-monitoring, pressure, and air sensors (optional)</li></ul></li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Lab_Advanced_FPLC_System_3_9cf517ceaf.webp" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Lab Advanced FPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Lab_Advanced_FPLC_System_3_9cf517ceaf.webp 234w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="460"><h3>Two-step purification: Special multi-column chromatography solutions</h3>Designed and optimized for all FPLC applications such as affinity, ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction and size exclusion chromatography. In addition, you can perform dedicated twoSTEP applications.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Lab_Advanced_FPLC_System_44bff80cfc.webp" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Lab Advanced FPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Lab_Advanced_FPLC_System_44bff80cfc.webp 209w," sizes="100vw" width="1920" height="1434"><h3>Automated two-step purification of mouse IgG antibodies</h3><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Lab_Advanced_FPLC_System_4_c86d2177ce.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Lab Advanced FPLC System: The affinity chromatography step was automatically combined with a gel filtration step to exchange the buffer of the purified mouse IgG antibodies; Phase 1: Column equilibration, Phase 2: Sample injection and washing, Phase 3: Elution of IgG from protein A column, Phase 4: Desalting of IgG." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Lab_Advanced_FPLC_System_4_c86d2177ce.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1085" height="605">

KNAUER AZURA® Bio Lab Pilot FPLC System

Configure your FPLC system based on your purification requirements. The Pilot system is designed for scale-up and process applications. All system modules can be expanded with additional modules.

KNAUER protein purification: The flexible FPLC platformAZURA® Bio purification systems&nbsp;complete solutions for FPLC on a minimum footprint: AZURA FPLC systems combine flexibility and reliability. The biocompatible/metal-free FPLC is the perfect choice for your protein purification task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_6_a874551078.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Compact AC FPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Compact_AC_FPLC_System_6_a874551078.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1506" height="600">Design your AZURA Bio purification system to fit your needs. Multiple functionalities such as automatic sample injection via autosampler, column switching, buffer and sample selection, and fraction collection enable automation of the purification process.A wide range of detectors ensures the visibility of target molecules. Various flow rates and compatibility with columns from all vendors provide maximum flexibility. The intuitive PurityChrom® software integrates all the advantages of a versatile purification system.<h3>AZURA® Bio Lab Pilot FPLC System</h3><h4>High Flow Bio Purification FPLC System – up to 1000 ml/min</h4>Configure your FPLC system based on your purification requirements. The Pilot system is designed for scale-up and process applications. All system modules can be expanded with additional modules.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Lab_Pilot_FPLC_System_e208baf41d.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® Bio Lab Pilot FPLC System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_Bio_Lab_Pilot_FPLC_System_e208baf41d.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="1000" height="1000"><h3>Key features</h3><ul data-start="93" data-end="1069"><li data-start="93" data-end="129">Flow rate: 0.001–1000 ml/min</li><li data-start="130" data-end="192">Injection system: Sample pump for large sample volumes</li><li data-start="193" data-end="351">Detection system:<ul data-start="221" data-end="351"><li data-start="221" data-end="276">Variable single wavelength UV detector (190–500 nm)</li><li data-start="279" data-end="351">Conductivity and pH-monitoring, pressure, and air sensors (optional)</li></ul></li><li data-start="352" data-end="465">Fraction collection: XY fraction collector for reliable collection of large volumes or numerous fractions</li><li data-start="466" data-end="559">Suitable for SEC, AC, IEX, and HIC, with upscaling capabilities</li><li data-start="560" data-end="651">Automation: High-flow buffer delivery and mixing for large-scale purification tasks</li><li data-start="652" data-end="739">System design: Same footprint as <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1625">AZURA Lab FPLC systems</a> for compact scalability</li><li data-start="740" data-end="871">Software:<ul data-start="760" data-end="871"><li data-start="760" data-end="831">Intuitive and powerful PurityChrom® software in basic configuration</li><li data-start="834" data-end="871">21 CFR Part 11 compliant software</li></ul></li><li data-start="872" data-end="1069">Scalability:<ul data-start="895" data-end="1069"><li data-start="895" data-end="965">Configure your FPLC system based on your purification requirements</li><li data-start="968" data-end="1069">Scale-up is possible with the same flexibility and software while maintaining a minimal footprint</li></ul></li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA® SEC Compact System

The AZURA SEC Compact systems provide excellent price-to-performance value, ideal for labs entering GPC/SEC, process control, or those with limited budgets and educational needs.

<h3>Compact, versatile system for SEC and GPC applications&nbsp;</h3>The AZURA SEC Compact systems offer an outstanding price-to-performance ratio and are the perfect solution for every laboratory entering the analytical world of GPC/SEC, for process control applications, or for limited-budget and educational laboratories.The heart of the systems is the Assistant ASM 2.2L is a docking station for three compact devices. Valves, pumps and UV detectors can be combined in one housing. Routine maintenance work e.g. replacing the lamp of a detector is easily performed by the user.Thanks to its modular concept the systems can be extended with additional components at any time later.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Compact_System_3_313d153f48.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® SEC Compact System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Compact_System_3_313d153f48.jpg 237w," sizes="100vw" width="1009" height="664"><h3 data-start="857" data-end="879">Key Features</h3><ul data-start="880" data-end="1168"><li data-start="880" data-end="914">Flow rate: 0.001–10 ml/min</li><li data-start="915" data-end="946">Pressure: Up to 400 bar</li><li data-start="947" data-end="997">Intuitive operation with maximum precision</li><li>Injection via valve drive for minimal pressure spikes</li><li data-start="1043" data-end="1095">Supports a wide range of SEC and GPC columns</li><li data-start="1096" data-end="1128">Dedicated SEC/GPC ClarityChrom® add-on for in-depth data evaluation</li><li data-start="1129" data-end="1168">Expandable, space-saving design</li><li data-start="1129" data-end="1168">Suitable for organic and aqueous eluents</li></ul><h3 data-start="1175" data-end="1219">System Components &amp; Configurations</h3><ul data-start="1220" data-end="1486"><li data-start="1220" data-end="1242">Isocratic pump</li><li data-start="1243" data-end="1270">UV and RI detectors</li><li data-start="1271" data-end="1296">Column thermostat</li><li data-start="1297" data-end="1335">Automatic injection (optional)</li><li data-start="1336" data-end="1393">ClarityChrom® add-on for in-depth data evaluation</li><li data-start="1394" data-end="1486">Choose a hardware version for aqueous SEC of biomolecules or organic GPC of polymers</li></ul><h3 data-start="1493" data-end="1520">Detection Options</h3><ul data-start="1521" data-end="1555"><li data-start="1521" data-end="1555">RI, UV, ELSD, PDA, FLD, MS</li></ul><h3 data-start="1562" data-end="1587">Upgrade Options</h3><ul data-start="1588" data-end="1745"><li data-start="1588" data-end="1649">Automatic solvent recycle valve (cost-saving feature)</li><li data-start="1650" data-end="1666">Degasser</li><li data-start="1667" data-end="1686">Autosampler</li><li data-start="1687" data-end="1745">Additional detectors (RI, UV, ELSD, PDA, FLD, ECD)</li></ul>&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:1886/1452;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Compact_System_3c56c6482f.webp" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® SEC Compact System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Compact_System_3c56c6482f.webp 203w," sizes="100vw" width="1886" height="1452"></figure>

KNAUER AZURA® SEC Lab System

The AZURA SEC Lab systems are ideal for labs requiring top analytical performance, offering unmatched flow precision and ultra-low pulsation for exceptional retention volume accuracy and reproducibility.

<h3>Highest analytical performance and robustness for SEC and GPC applications</h3>The AZURA SEC Lab systems are the perfect choice for laboratories that demands highest analytical performance. The system shows unsurpassed flow precision paired with ultra-low pulsation for outstanding retention volume precision and reproducibility.The autosampler can inject from up to 768 positions via microtiter plates or 108 standard 1.5 ml sample vials and is therefore the perfect choice for larger sample amount as well as for high sample throughput laboratories. Thanks to the reliable and robust design it is the workhorse in any laboratory.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Lab_System_e161ecef84.webp" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® SEC Lab System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Lab_System_e161ecef84.webp 203w," sizes="100vw" width="1886" height="1452"><h3>Key Features</h3><ul><li>Injection volume: 1 –1000 µl&nbsp;</li><li>Easy maintenance</li><li>Great selection of SEC/GPC columns</li><li>Unsurpassed flow precision paired with ultra-low pulsation for</li><li>Highest analytical performance</li><li>Suitable for organic and aqueous eluents</li><li>Highest level of automation</li><li>Choose the matching hardware version for aqueous SEC of biomolecules or organic GPC of polymers</li></ul><h3>Upgrade Options</h3><ul><li>Save operating costs with an automatic solvent recycle valve</li><li>Degasser</li><li>Detector (RI, UV, ELSD, PDA, FLD, ECD)</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Lab_System_2_2cbe13a95d.webp" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® SEC Lab System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Lab_System_2_2cbe13a95d.webp 234w," sizes="100vw" width="953" height="635"> All wetted parts are available in either bioinert materials or for standard phase solvents.

KNAUER AZURA® SEC Semi-Prep System

The AZURA SEC Semi-prep systems enable fractionation of specific molecular weight ranges or purification tasks, with a pump delivering up to 50 ml/min, making it ideal for all semi-preparative GPC/SEC columns.

<h3>Automated system for semi-preparative SEC and GPC</h3>The AZURA SEC Semi-prep systems offer the possibility of fractionating specific molecular weight ranges or purification tasks. The pump can deliver flow rates of up to 50 ml/min and is therefore suitable for every semi-preparative GPC/SEC column.Thanks to the modular concept of the AZURA platform and the dedicated PurityChrom® software, the systems can be highly adapted to any separation task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Semi_Prep_System_12215b2eda.webp" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® SEC Semi-Prep System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_SEC_Semi_Prep_System_12215b2eda.webp 203w," sizes="100vw" width="1886" height="1452"><h3>Fraction Collection</h3>Collect large quantities or large numbers of fractions:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list 36.0pt;">Manually – collection by direct control</li><li style="tab-stops:list 36.0pt;">Volume-based – collection at defined volumes</li><li style="tab-stops:list 36.0pt;">Peak-based – collection according to detector signal</li><li style="tab-stops:list 36.0pt;">From switching valve to fraction collector solutions</li></ul><h3>Key Features</h3><ul><li data-start="70" data-end="134">Modular concept for any separation and purification task</li><li data-start="135" data-end="169">Flow rates: 0.01–50 ml/min</li><li data-start="170" data-end="249">Injection options: Manual or autosampler (up to 10 ml injection volume)</li><li data-start="250" data-end="320">Eluent compatibility: Suitable for organic and aqueous eluents</li><li data-start="321" data-end="390">Column selection: Wide range of SEC and GPC columns available</li><li data-start="563" data-end="649">Efficiency features: Automatic solvent recycle valve to reduce operating costs</li><li data-start="650" data-end="757">Hardware options: Choose a version for aqueous SEC (biomolecules) or organic GPC (polymers)</li><li data-start="758" data-end="813">Software options: ClarityChrom® or PurityChrom®</li></ul><h3>Available Detectors for Semi-prep</h3>The AZURA SEC Semi-prep systems can be equipped with a dedicated high-flow RI detector that can be used up to 10 ml/min as well as with the UV Detectors UVD 2.1S and UVD 2.1L.

KNAUER AZURA® GPC Cleanup System

Do not waste time and labor with manual sample preparation. The AZURA GPC Cleanup system automates work-intensive and time-consuming cleanup tasks based on gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

<h3>Save time with automatic sample preparation</h3>Do not waste time and labor with manual sample preparation. The AZURA GPC Cleanup system automates work-intensive and time-consuming cleanup tasks based on gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Further, reproducibility and quality of the cleanup are improved.After sample loading, the dedicated system fully automated processes up to 15 samples while requiring minimal bench space. Based on the versatile AZURA device platform the system can be customized to fulfill individual requirements. The cost-effective software Mobile Control provides a touch-optimized user interface for intuitive device control directly at the system.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_Cleanup_System_224a241335.webp" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® GPC Cleanup System." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_Cleanup_System_224a241335.webp 203w," sizes="100vw" width="1886" height="1452"><h3>Key Features</h3><ul><li data-start="69" data-end="102">Flow rate: 0.01–10 ml/min</li><li data-start="103" data-end="169">Enhanced reproducibility – consistent and reliable results</li><li data-start="170" data-end="214">Handles viscous and complex matrices</li><li data-start="215" data-end="269">Fully automated processing of up to 15 samples</li><li data-start="270" data-end="320">Supports AOAC, EPA, and European Standards</li><li data-start="321" data-end="365">Adaptable to specific lab procedures</li><li data-start="366" data-end="405">Compact, space-efficient system</li><li data-start="406" data-end="466">Touch-optimized Mobile Control for device management</li><li data-start="467" data-end="551">Automated workflows for streamlined sample preparation and higher efficiency</li><li data-start="552" data-end="606">Optimized cleanup tasks for better performance</li><li data-start="607" data-end="658">Easily adaptable for different applications</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_Cleanup_System_2_27867ae999.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA® GPC Cleanup System: Chromatogram of US EPA method 3640A calibration standard containing 1) Corn oil matrix 2) Bis-(2-ethylhexyl)phalate 3) Methoxychlor 4) Perylene." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_Cleanup_System_2_27867ae999.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1247" height="626">In accordance with established methods to determine pesticide residues<ul><li>Method 984.21 – AOAC international</li><li>EPA SW-846 Method 3640A – US Environmental Protection Agency</li><li>AEN 12393 and EN 1528 – European Standard</li><li>L 00.00-34 Method in accordance with §64 LFGB (formerly § 35 LMBG)</li></ul>

KNAUER Eurospher II 100 C8 & C8A (U)HPLC Columns (USP L7)

C8 is a silica gel based stationary phase in reversed phase mode with alternative selectivity compared to C18 phases. 

Classical and hydrophilic/aqueous C8 columns for HPLC and UHPLC (USP L7)C8 is a silica gel based stationary phase in reversed phase mode with alternative selectivity compared to C18 phases. Compared to C18 phases, these columns show less retention due to the lower hydrophobicity.<ul><li>Ultra pure, spherical high performance HPLC phase based on silica gel</li><li>Monomeric C8 (Octyl) modification, standard endcapping, with 10 % carbon content (~ 50 % endcapping)</li></ul><h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Separation mechanism: Hydrophobic interaction(lower compared to C18 phases)</li></ul><h5>Key features</h5><ul><li>Classical C8 phase, standard 50 % endcapping and 10 % carbon load, outstanding mechanical and chemical stability, suited for analytical as well as semi preparative and preparative applications.</li></ul><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Similar selectivity to C18 phase but less retention due to the lower hydrophobicity; useful for determination of:<ul><li>Water soluble vitamins</li><li>Steroids</li><li>Catecholamines</li><li>Sedatives</li></ul></li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_C8_rp_non_endcapped_3f7727d3fd.webp" alt="KNAUER: C8 RP Non-endcapped" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_C8_rp_non_endcapped_3f7727d3fd.webp 148w," sizes="100vw" width="304" height="321">Hydrophilic C8A phase offers an alternative, more polar selectivity. It is suited for highly polar reversed phase applications with up to 100 % aqueous mobile phases.&nbsp;<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_C8_A_e1f371165e.webp" alt="KNAUER: C8A" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_C8_A_e1f371165e.webp 198w," sizes="100vw" width="473" height="373"><blockquote>Tip: Caution! Even for short term storage all buffer solutions have to be rinsed from the column to prevent crystallization effects.</blockquote>Stationary phases Eurospher II 100 C8 and C8A are provided in these column types: analytical, semi-preparative and preparative.Eurospher II 100 C8 and C8A Analytical Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 50, 100, 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 2, 3, 4, 4.6</li><li>Particle size (µm): 2, 3, 5</li></ul>Eurospher II 100 C8 and C8A Semi-Preparative Standard Columns are available with these parameters:<ul><li>Column length (mm): 30, 50, 125, 150, 250</li><li>Column ID (mm): 8, 16</li><li>Particle size (µm): 5, 10</li></ul><h3>KNAUER (U)HPLC Columns</h3>Widest range of HPLC and UHPLC columns for all separation modes and applications.<ul><li>Safe Investment: Robust and reliable columns for attractive price&nbsp;</li><li>Separation Mode: Reversed Phase, HILIC, Normale</li><li>Simplicity: Easy purchase via our online store with fast delivery</li><li>Application: All-rounder for research or highly specialised for high-throughput analysis? We have the best column for your requirements.</li><li>Flexibility: Wide selection of column and particle sizes, for (U)HPLC applications up to 1000 bar</li></ul>KNAUER offers the perfect column for any small molecule separation. No matter which separation mode, molecule and the mobile phase, we offer a suitable (U)HPLC stationary phase. Choose from a wide range of modifications, particle sizes and column dimensions to suit your application. To elongate the lifetime of your column, you can choose to use a suitable precolumn.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:787/674;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_KNAUER_U_HPLC_C8_and_C8_A_Columns_083c60f401.webp" alt="KNAUER: KNAUER (U)HPLC Columns" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_KNAUER_U_HPLC_C8_and_C8_A_Columns_083c60f401.webp 182w," sizes="100vw" width="787" height="674"></figure>

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