<p><strong>He is one of only ten scientists working in Europe who secured the prestigious EMBO Installation Grant this year. After four years in the United States, immunologist Matouš Vobořil recently returned to the Faculty of Science at Charles University to build his own team and advance research focused on the development of immune cells and their training in the thymus. His efforts to combat autoimmune diseases have already caught the attention of numerous grant review panels.</strong></p><h5><strong>Reportedly, one of the motivations for your studies was the awareness that in science, there is still more that is unknown than what is known. You made this statement after receiving the Doctorandus Award for Natural Sciences in 2020, adding that during your lifetime you would like to shift something toward the “known” category. How has that been going so far?</strong></h5><p>The topic for which I&nbsp;take the greatest credit to date is one I&nbsp;began exploring during my doctoral studies and fully developed as a&nbsp;postdoctoral fellow in the U.S., and that is inflammation of the thymus. When you delve into the literature and articles focused on autoimmune diseases, eventually you begin to notice that autoimmune diseases often develop after undergoing some kind of infection. This is particularly evident in connection with long COVID. During inflammatory processes in the body, the immune system responds, and we were interested in whether there is a&nbsp;mechanism that recognises this inflammatory response and teaches T-lymphocytes (immune cells) that this is not a&nbsp;problem, but rather a&nbsp;process inherent to the body.</p><p>During my doctoral studies, I&nbsp;investigated the basic inflammatory response in the thymus, without the presence of actual bacterial or viral inflammation. This turned out to be extremely important. Over time, we discovered that the thymus contains many antiviral molecules and molecules that play a&nbsp;key role in allergic reactions or in the recognition of bacteria and viruses. These molecules create a&nbsp;specific environment in the thymus that mimics what may happen in our bodies later in life, and they train T-cells not to respond to these stimuli. I&nbsp;consider this to be my greatest contribution to the field. Of course, there are still many unexplored areas in this field.</p><h5><strong>The interview I was referring to was published in the magazine of the grammar school where you studied, and which proudly acknowledges your scientific achievements. Was that where your interest in science first began to show?</strong></h5><p>The fact that I&nbsp;studied in Dvůr Králové nad Labem was a&nbsp;huge stroke of luck. Not only is there a&nbsp;zoo, where my parents used to work, so I&nbsp;spent a&nbsp;lot of time there, but thanks to that, I&nbsp;also joined the local Natura club, which brought together people interested in nature and was led by the Dobroruk couple. When I&nbsp;was ten, my parents sent me to a&nbsp;nature-oriented summer camp with them, and I&nbsp;ended up staying with them – which is why I&nbsp;also attended the local high school, where Mrs. Dobroruková taught. She was a&nbsp;wonderful teacher. Her classes really encouraged students to think about what’s&nbsp;happening in nature. Thanks to that, I&nbsp;began participating in biology competitions and got involved in the Czech high school research competition. Although my first scientific experiments focused on ornithology, they gave me the opportunity to present scientific data and meet many people from the Faculty of Science at Charles University, including Professor Jan Černý, who lectured our class on immunology. Suddenly, while still in high school, I&nbsp;realized that this was the path I&nbsp;wanted to take.</p><h5><strong>During your master’s studies, you joined the team of immunologist Dominik Filipp at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, where you then continued as a doctoral student. How did working with him influence you, and where did it lead you?</strong></h5><p>Dominik Filipp had several ongoing projects related to the peripheral immune response, signalling, and identification of viruses and bacteria. The project I worked on focused on a rare population of cells found in lymph nodes or the spleen. I studied the effect of pathogen-recognising receptors on these cells. Since these cells are similar to those in the thymus and I needed a negative control, I used the thymus for that purpose. To our surprise, the result was not negative but positive. This led us to the phenomenon itself and prompted us to begin investigating its consequences in the thymus.</p><h5><strong>You then travelled overseas to study this discovery – which you actually made rather by chance – in detail. What was your experience like at American research institutions?</strong></h5><p>Amazing. I&nbsp;went to the University of Minnesota to work with particular people, especially my future supervisor, Kristin Hogquist. I&nbsp;had met her at several conferences while I&nbsp;was still in my PhD programme, and I&nbsp;had a&nbsp;feeling that our collaboration could work well both professionally and personally.</p><p>But we were also fortunate to pick Minnesota. It’s&nbsp;a&nbsp;great place to live, and at the same time, excellent science is being conducted there. The Center for Immunology, where I&nbsp;worked, rivals the world’s&nbsp;leading scientific institutions in terms of its research results. I&nbsp;think this is mainly down to the highly supportive environment there, which fosters collaboration. Thanks to this, you can really grow as a&nbsp;scientist there.</p><p>In addition, they focus on explaining and describing the chosen phenomenon as a&nbsp;whole, rather than worrying too much about whether it will result in one or five articles, or whether it will take ten years. Their method of funding supports this approach. In a&nbsp;system of short-term grants, as we know it here, you can’t structure research this way. That’s&nbsp;a&nbsp;major disadvantage for us.</p><h5><strong>How did you develop your own research there?</strong></h5><p>It was there that I&nbsp;fully realized the potential of what we had discovered in the lab in Prague. Kristin Hogquist and her team were working on something similar, but it wasn’t until we teamed up that we were able to take it further. I&nbsp;focused primarily on how various antiviral signals or signals triggered during allergic reactions influence T-cell training and defence against autoimmune diseases following viral infections or allergic reactions. Suddenly, it became clear that this was a&nbsp;vast topic and the foundation for establishing a&nbsp;separate subfield of research on tolerance (the training of immune cells in the thymus so that they do not harm the body while remaining capable of fighting pathogens).</p><p>One great thing was that two labs were coming together at the facility: the one led by Kristin Hogquist and the other led by her husband, Stephen Jameson, which focuses on how different types of infections affect T-cell activation and their response. I&nbsp;realised that these two areas needed to be connected, and I&nbsp;based my own research plan on that – namely, to study how the inflammatory environment, actual inflammation, and viral or bacterial infections can retroactively influence processes in the thymus. This is a&nbsp;topic that no one has addressed yet.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Forum_UK_Voboril_O_imunitnim_systemu_toho_stale_mnoho_nevime_2_b020119f2e.jpg" alt="Forum UK/Petr Jan Juračka: Vobořil: There is still much to learn about the immune system: As head of research, Matouš Vobořil strives to ensure that everyone on his team feels comfortable." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Forum_UK_Voboril_O_imunitnim_systemu_toho_stale_mnoho_nevime_2_b020119f2e.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1000" height="667"></p><h5><strong>You mentioned how important it was to you that you got along with Kristin Hogquist not only professionally but also on a&nbsp;personal level. To what extent did you take this “personal” aspect into account when putting together your own team at CU SCI?</strong></h5><p>This is tremendously important to me. Kristin Hogquist is not only an outstanding researcher, but also a&nbsp;very kind person. And that really helped me feel at home in the American environment, which sometimes tends to become highly competitive. I&nbsp;realized that I&nbsp;would like those who will one day work on my own team to feel the same way I&nbsp;did on hers.</p><h5><strong>So far, we’ve been talking about what led you to science. Have you, on the other hand, encountered anything during your career so far that has discouraged you from pursuing science?</strong></h5><p>Moving overseas with my family and my two-and-a-half-year-old son during the pandemic wasn’t the easiest thing to do. We had to apply for a&nbsp;national exemption just so that I&nbsp;and my family would be allowed into the U.S. at all. Fortunately, as an immunologist, I&nbsp;fell into a&nbsp;special category subject to less stringent pandemic restrictions. Packing up the family, moving overseas, and learning to navigate a&nbsp;completely different system is undoubtedly a&nbsp;major challenge. It required sacrifices not only from me, but above all from my wife, who had to put her own career on hold for several years because of mine. This is one of the biggest and most demanding obstacles that scientists and their families must overcome.</p><p>The second major obstacle you have to deal with as a&nbsp;scientist is paperwork – something I’ve only fully realized now that I’m leading a&nbsp;research group. Even though you hear about it from those around you, it still doesn’t prepare you for when it comes. As a&nbsp;trainee, you do science and conduct experiments in the lab, but suddenly everything shifts, and you become a&nbsp;manager and administrator of all sorts of things. I&nbsp;spend about 30 percent of my time on paperwork. It’s&nbsp;not exactly fun.</p><h5><strong>You obtained a&nbsp;Primus grant, a&nbsp;Junior Star grant from the Czech Science Foundation, and most recently an EMBO Installation Grant. What research challenges do you now face with these grants?</strong></h5><p>I&nbsp;would also like to apply for an ERC Starting Grant this year as well. In the Junior Star project, we are studying cell migration to the thymus. We hypothesize that so-called dendritic cells migrate to the thymus from the periphery (skin, lungs, intestines) – that is, from sites exposed to the external environment and inflammation. These cells are thought to bring information about their own antigens to the thymus and teach developing T-cells tolerance. We aim to determine whether this migration actually occurs, under what circumstances, and how important it is for establishing tolerance to specific tissues. This could help answer the question of why autoimmune skin diseases, such as psoriasis, develop following inflammatory processes.</p><p>The second objective is broader. We would like to answer a&nbsp;major question in immunology: <strong>why do autoimmune diseases develop after a&nbsp;person has had an infection? </strong>We want to study how different types of inflammation (viral, bacterial, or yeast infections) affect the training of immune cells in the thymus.</p><p>We would like to introduce a&nbsp;system of so-called “dirty mice.” The entire field of immunological research is based on working with mice raised in sterile conditions so that we can easily manipulate them and observe how these manipulations affect the immune system. In reality, however, the immune system does not function this way. I&nbsp;brought this idea back from the University of Minnesota, where they placed standardized mice in the same cage with mice purchased from various pet stores around Minneapolis. After a&nbsp;few weeks to months, the mice contract almost everything the store-bought mice have, thereby developing a&nbsp;true physiological immune response. Yet they are still the same mice – genetically identical – that we can manipulate. This is an excellent system that allows us to study immune responses in a&nbsp;much more physiological context.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Forum_UK_Voboril_O_imunitnim_systemu_toho_stale_mnoho_nevime_3_c458457e12.jpg" alt="Forum UK/Petr Jan Juračka: Vobořil: There is still much to learn about the immune system " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Forum_UK_Voboril_O_imunitnim_systemu_toho_stale_mnoho_nevime_3_c458457e12.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1000" height="667"></p><h5><strong>Will you be applying for a&nbsp;European Research Council (ERC) grant with that goal in mind?</strong></h5><p>Exactly.</p><h5><strong>In order to succeed in the competition for ERC grants, the projects should push the boundaries of knowledge, which also involves a&nbsp;certain degree of risk. Where do you see the greatest risks in your own research?</strong></h5><p>There are many risks. One of the biggest is that although all the infections we plan to introduce are controlled and well-documented, you still never have full control over them. So it’s&nbsp;possible that not only will the mice become peripherally infected, but the thymus itself will also become infected, which could complicate the experiments. At the same time, this is a&nbsp;physiological system – and I’m talking mainly about the “dirty mice” – which means that each mouse will respond a&nbsp;little differently, and that will generate enormous variability in the samples. Immunologists strive to have the purest system possible, so that when they introduce, for example, a&nbsp;single infectious agent, they can then observe exactly what’s&nbsp;happening there. In this regard, we are actually taking a&nbsp;step back, so to speak, because we want it to be more variable and closer to reality. Setting up and analysing data from such experiments so that they’re reproducible and reveal a&nbsp;real phenomenon can be a&nbsp;real challenge. But that’s&nbsp;the only way we can get closer to real life.</p><h5><strong>The most recent Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to three immunologists: Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi, who recently gave a&nbsp;lecture in Prague. Did you meet him? How much did awarding the Nobel Prize to immunologists motivate you further in your work?</strong></h5><p>When Shimon Sakaguchi was in Prague, I&nbsp;was still in the U.S., but I&nbsp;did meet him several times at various conferences and even had the opportunity to talk with him on multiple occasions, given that we’re both involved in T-cell research. In our community, people have long been placing bets on when they’ll finally get the Nobel Prize. For me, their discoveries are truly inspiring, but the Nobel Prize itself doesn’t motivate me that much anymore. I&nbsp;find the story behind it to be more interesting. It took a&nbsp;very long time for the scientific community to accept their findings. One of the seminal articles was published in the <i>Journal of Immunology</i>, which isn’t a&nbsp;journal with as high a&nbsp;profile as <i>Nature</i> or <i>Science,</i> and not one where you’d expect to read about such a&nbsp;groundbreaking discovery. It took several years before it became clear just how significant this discovery was. Now I&nbsp;often remind my students of this – even an article in the <i>Journal of Immunology</i> can win you a&nbsp;Nobel Prize, and that is incredibly inspiring.</p><blockquote><h5><strong>Matouš Vobořil, PhD</strong></h5><p>Graduate of the Faculty of Science at Charles University. His research focuses on the development of immune cells in the thymus, the onset of autoimmune diseases, and the function of antigen-presenting cells. After spending four years as a&nbsp;postdoctoral fellow at the University of Minnesota on Kristin Hogquist’s&nbsp;team, he returned to Europe in 2025. Thanks to a&nbsp;Primus grant from Charles University, he established his own research group at the Faculty of Science. He subsequently received a&nbsp;Junior Star grant from the Czech Science Foundation and, this January, an EMBO Installation Grant. For his dissertation, he was awarded the Doctorandus Prize as part of the Česká hlava initiative.</p></blockquote>

Vobořil: There is still much to learn about the immune system 

<h3><strong>How are PFAS regulations changing, and what role will ion chromatography play in the future of environmental testing?</strong></h3><p>In this episode, &nbsp;David interviews <strong>Jay Gandhi, PhD, </strong>Vertical Markets Manager at <strong>Metrohm USA</strong>, for an in-depth discussion on PFAS analysis, the rise of AOF (Adsorbable Organic Fluorine) testing, and the development of EPA 1621 and ISO 18127 standards.</p><p>With more than 30 years of experience in ion chromatography, Jay shares valuable perspective on how the field has evolved—from early applications and NASA water recovery projects to today’s challenges involving PFAS, TFA, and emerging contaminants.</p><h4><strong>Topics covered in this episode include:</strong></h4><ul><li>What PFAS are and why they matter</li><li>The difference between targeted PFAS methods and AOF analysis</li><li>How combustion ion chromatography works</li><li>Behind the scenes of EPA 1621 and ISO 18127 method development</li><li>Regulatory trends in water, textiles, and food packaging</li><li>TFA analysis using IC-MS and IC-MS/MS</li><li>The future of ion chromatography in environmental labs</li></ul><h3><strong>Video Transcription</strong></h3><p>For more than three decades, Jay Gandhi has worked with ion chromatography (IC), watching the technique expand from a specialized tool for water analysis into an analytical platform used across environmental testing, food and beverage analysis, semiconductor manufacturing, battery applications, and, increasingly, PFAS analysis.</p><p>In an interview for <i>Concentrating on Chromatography</i>, Gandhi discusses his introduction to IC during his work on a NASA Mars exploration project, the emergence of PFAS as a major analytical challenge, and why techniques such as adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) determination and combustion ion chromatography (CIC) can provide information that targeted LC-MS analysis alone cannot deliver. He also examines the development of standardized methods, sample preparation challenges, and the future role of IC-MS and total fluorine approaches in PFAS monitoring.</p><h4><strong>From NASA to ion chromatography</strong></h4><p>Gandhi's introduction to ion chromatography came through his work as a principal scientist on a NASA Mars exploration project focused on water recovery under zero-gravity conditions. IC played an important role because it enabled researchers to establish the ionic balance of anions and cations in water.</p><p>The technology was used both to investigate micronutrients relevant to agricultural applications and to evaluate water purity for potential astronaut consumption. During approximately three years of this work, Gandhi gained extensive experience with ion chromatography. This ultimately led him deeper into IC instrumentation and, 24 years ago, to joining Metrohm.</p><p>At the beginning of his career, IC was strongly associated with relatively straightforward anion and cation analysis in water. The technique itself had been used for water analysis since the 1970s, but Gandhi has seen its application range expand dramatically.</p><p>Food and beverage testing and environmental analysis became important fields, supported by both direct and indirect detection strategies. More recently, IC has also found applications in areas such as the semiconductor industry and battery recycling.</p><p>In Gandhi's words, ion chromatography has effectively "bloomed" into numerous application areas.</p><h4><strong>PFAS changes the analytical challenge</strong></h4><p>PFAS represent a particularly important chapter in this development. These chemicals have been used for decades in numerous consumer and industrial products, including non-stick materials, firefighting foams, water-resistant textiles and other applications.</p><p>Gandhi recalls work on PFOA and PFOS using ion chromatography with conductivity detection as early as 2008. However, the achievable detection limits were insufficient for the extremely low concentrations that later became important in PFAS analysis.</p><p>A major turning point for him came in 2015, when he encountered research from Sweden using <strong>combustion ion chromatography to investigate total fluorine</strong>. Subsequent collaboration with researchers at Clarkson University and Harvard University, particularly on aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), further demonstrated the importance of looking beyond individual targeted PFAS compounds.</p><h4><strong>Why targeted LC-MS does not tell the whole story</strong></h4><p>Targeted LC-MS is highly sensitive and selective and can provide detailed information about individual PFAS compounds. However, according to Gandhi, the number of possible PFAS structures in the environment is vastly greater than the number routinely included in targeted methods.</p><p>A targeted method may monitor dozens or perhaps around one hundred compounds, while the overall PFAS universe can include thousands of chemical structures. Consequently, targeted analysis may characterize only a small fraction of the total PFAS burden.</p><p>There are other practical considerations. LC-MS measurements can be affected by matrix-dependent ion suppression, while accurate quantification frequently relies on isotope-labelled internal standards. Such standards are available for only a limited number of compounds and can be expensive.</p><p>This is where measurements of total or adsorbable organic fluorine can provide complementary information. Rather than asking <i>which specific PFAS compounds are present?</i>, these approaches can help answer a broader question: <i>how much fluorine associated with this chemical space is present in the sample?</i></p><h4><strong>AOF as a complementary approach</strong></h4><p>Adsorbable organic fluorine analysis provides a different perspective from targeted LC-MS. In the workflow discussed by Gandhi, organic fluorine compounds are captured during sample preparation and subsequently measured using combustion ion chromatography.</p><p>The principle of CIC builds upon older total organic halogen analysis. The sample is combusted at temperatures above approximately 1,000 °C, breaking carbon-halogen bonds. In PFAS-related analysis, carbon-fluorine bonds are broken and the resulting fluoride is collected in an absorption solution.</p><p>Ion chromatography is then used to separate and quantify the fluoride.</p><p>Replacing older detection approaches with IC provides both sensitivity and selectivity for the halogens being measured. Effective combustion is critical: oxygen supports the combustion process, while a carrier gas transports the products into the absorption solution for subsequent IC analysis.</p><h4><strong>The challenge of inorganic fluoride</strong></h4><p>The broad response of CIC is simultaneously one of its strengths and one of its analytical challenges. Combustion does not distinguish fluorine originating from PFAS from fluorine present in inorganic compounds such as fluoride salts.</p><p>This becomes particularly important when analyzing water containing relatively high concentrations of inorganic fluoride while attempting to quantify organic fluorine at very low levels.</p><p>Sample preparation therefore has a critical role. Inorganic fluoride must be effectively separated from the fraction of interest, while materials used during sample preparation must themselves have sufficiently low fluoride backgrounds.</p><p>Contamination can come from unexpected sources. Gandhi points out that background fluoride may originate not only from reagents and sample preparation materials but potentially from the laboratory environment. Careful blank control, appropriate materials and rigorous evaluation of interferences are therefore essential when moving toward increasingly low detection limits.</p><h4><strong>From research method to international standardization</strong></h4><p>The development of standardized AOF methods illustrates the importance of collaboration between academia, industry, regulatory organizations and analytical laboratories.</p><p>Gandhi describes work that began in Europe around 2015 and subsequently progressed through German standardization activities, ISO development, ASTM-related collaboration and the U.S. EPA. The process eventually contributed to methods such as <strong>EPA Method 1621</strong>.</p><p>He emphasizes that this was not the work of a single scientist or organization. Developing a robust method required years of experiments, discussions and sometimes difficult technical debates among numerous stakeholders.</p><p>For Gandhi, the essential principle was that experimental evidence ultimately had to determine the outcome. Collaboration becomes possible when scientists focus on the data rather than the organizations they represent.</p><h4><strong>PFAS monitoring is moving beyond drinking water</strong></h4><p>Regulatory attention to PFAS is also expanding beyond drinking water. Gandhi describes a broader strategy that begins with reducing the manufacture and use of PFAS-containing materials and continues with removing existing contamination from the environment.</p><p>Wastewater represents an important part of this picture because PFAS can enter it from numerous sources. Historical contamination from landfills and contaminated sites can also migrate into groundwater and ultimately affect drinking-water supplies.</p><p>Consumer products are another area of increasing attention. Food packaging, disposable containers, automotive fabrics, outdoor clothing and water-repellent textiles have historically used fluorinated substances to provide properties such as grease, water or stain resistance.</p><p>Reducing PFAS use in such products could therefore gradually decrease the amount entering waste streams and the wider environment.</p><h4><strong>Screening first, regulation later?</strong></h4><p>Gandhi expects AOF to be particularly valuable as a <strong>screening tool</strong>, providing an estimate of broader fluorine contamination before laboratories proceed to more specific analyses.</p><p>Its importance becomes clear when AOF results are compared with targeted PFAS measurements. Gandhi reports that laboratories working with EPA Method 1621 have observed differences between targeted PFAS results and broader AOF measurements ranging from approximately <strong>300- to 4,000-fold in the total fluorine mass balance</strong>.</p><p>Such discrepancies suggest that targeted methods can leave a substantial portion of fluorine unexplained.</p><p>Rather than competing with LC-MS, AOF and CIC therefore provide complementary information. A broad screening method can reveal the magnitude of total contamination, while targeted mass spectrometry identifies and quantifies specific compounds of interest.</p><h4><strong>Where IC-MS fits into the PFAS toolbox</strong></h4><p>No single technique can cover the entire PFAS problem. Gandhi highlights very short-chain, highly polar fluorinated compounds as another analytical challenge.</p><p>Compounds such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) are highly water-soluble and may not be quantitatively retained by the carbon materials used for AOF sample preparation. Direct ion chromatography can provide an alternative route for separating such compounds from common inorganic anions.</p><p>Coupling IC with mass spectrometry adds another level of sensitivity and selectivity. Gandhi therefore sees <strong>IC-MS and IC-MS/MS</strong> as increasingly important tools for highly polar fluorinated compounds. Similar approaches can also be useful beyond PFAS, including the determination of polar pesticides such as glyphosate and glufosinate.</p><h4><strong>Toward lower detection limits and more complete PFAS analysis</strong></h4><p>For Gandhi, current standardized methods represent a beginning rather than an endpoint. Improvements in instrumentation and particularly sample preparation could push total fluorine analysis to substantially lower concentrations.</p><p>He notes that current combustion IC configurations can reach approximately <strong>0.5 ppb</strong>, or 500 parts per trillion, and believes that improvements in sample volume, preparation procedures and mitigation of inorganic fluoride backgrounds could eventually move detection below 100 ppt and potentially toward 50 ppt.</p><p>Extractable organic fluorine workflows could provide another bridge between broad fluorine screening and targeted LC-MS methods. Combining improved extraction with CIC could allow samples to be screened for organic fluorine before more detailed compound-specific characterization.</p><p>The broader message from Gandhi's career is that PFAS analysis is unlikely to be solved by a single analytical technique. <strong>Targeted LC-MS provides compound-specific sensitivity and selectivity; AOF and combustion IC reveal a broader fluorine picture; and IC-MS can address highly polar compounds that are difficult to capture using conventional workflows.</strong> Used together, these techniques can provide laboratories with a much more complete understanding of PFAS contamination than any one approach alone.</p><blockquote><p><strong>This text has been automatically transcribed from a video presentation using AI technology. It may contain inaccuracies and is not guaranteed to be 100% correct.</strong></p></blockquote><blockquote><h4><strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast</strong></h4><p>Dive into the frontiers of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation with host David Oliva. Each episode features candid conversations with leading researchers, industry innovators, and passionate scientists who are shaping the future of analytical chemistry. From decoding PFAS detection challenges to exploring the latest in AI-assisted liquid chromatography, this show uncovers practical workflows, sustainability breakthroughs, and the real-world impact of separation science. Whether you’re a chromatographer, lab professional, or researcher you'll discover inspiring content!</p><p>You can find <strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast </strong>in podcast apps:</p><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/1wZg67rCjoGju4yhqxI3tL"><strong>Spotify</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/tz/podcast/concentrating-on-chromatography/id1788429185"><strong>Apple podcast</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podscan.fm/podcasts/concentrating-on-chromatography"><strong>podscan</strong></a></li></ul><p>and on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@ChromatographyTalk/videos"><strong>YouTube channel</strong></a></p></blockquote>

The Future of Ion Chromatography | PFAS Testing, EPA 1621 & AOF Explained

<p><strong>In late February 2025, a train carrying benzene derailed in Hustopeče nad Bečvou, and within hours, a race was on to save the groundwater and surface water. One of the most toxic industrial substances began seeping into the gravel-sand subsoil. While fieldwork was underway to prevent the spread of contamination, decisions were already being made in the CXI TUL laboratories regarding how to subsequently clean up the contaminated rock environment.</strong></p><p>The accident ranks among the <strong>most serious environmental incidents in the Czech Republic in recent years</strong>. After a tanker train derailed, hundreds of<strong> metric tons of benzene leaked</strong>; due to the highly permeable geological subsoil, it quickly seeped into deeper soil layers and into the groundwater. The combination of the substance’s high toxicity and local conditions complicated both the emergency response and the subsequent remediation. The key was to stop further spread, determine the extent of the contamination, and establish a remediation strategy for the entire site.</p><p>It was at this stage that CXI TUL became involved in the solution. At the request of the renowned remediation company DEKONTA, a.s., a team led by <strong>RNDr. Jan Němeček, Ph.D.</strong>, began testing the feasibility of the<strong> in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) method</strong>. This technology is designed to<strong> break down benzene directly within the rock matrix</strong>, without the need for extensive excavation of contaminated soil or the pumping out of large volumes of groundwater. The goal was simple: to find a method that would work quickly, safely, and under the actual conditions of the affected site.</p><h4><strong>Benzene Remediation: Technically Simple, Complicated in Practice</strong></h4><p>Benzene is a highly toxic and carcinogenic substance that rapidly penetrates into groundwater in permeable subsoil, where it dissolves and spreads further as the water flows toward surface water bodies. Benzene also binds to rock particles and migrates in the form of vapors into overlying unconsolidated layers.</p><p>Scientists in Liberec therefore tested <i>in situ </i>chemical oxidation (ISCO) technology under laboratory conditions. The goal was to find an oxidant capable of breaking down benzene directly underground into less hazardous substances.</p><p>The tests evaluated two main options:<strong> activated hydrogen peroxide and sodium peroxodisulfate</strong>. Both substances removed up to<strong> 99.99% of the benzene</strong>, but there was a difference in their kinetics and impacts on the natural environment. Activated hydrogen peroxide achieved nearly complete degradation of the contaminant within a single day. Activated sodium peroxodisulfate was slower and also significantly altered the chemistry of the water; it acidified the environment and increased the sulfate content in the water, which poses an additional environmental burden.</p><p>For field applications, the researchers therefore unequivocally recommended <strong>activated hydrogen peroxide</strong>.</p><h4><strong>Dosage Matters</strong></h4><p>It was not just the oxidant’s effectiveness that was key. It was equally important to determine how the chemical reaction would behave in a real geological environment. The team of scientists therefore also analyzed what is known as <strong>soil oxidant consumption (SOD)</strong>. It turned out that a significant portion of the oxidizing agent does not react solely with benzene but is also consumed to a significant extent by the rock environment itself, particularly by natural organic substances present in the fine-grained fraction of the soil.</p><p>An oxidant consumption value was determined specifically for the local composition of the aquifers, which is essential for the correct dosing of chemicals in the field so that the remediation is not only effective but also economically viable and safe for surrounding ecosystems.</p><h4><strong>One Year After the Accident: Research Turns into Real-World Assistance</strong></h4><p>While the public often perceives university science as a distant world of laboratories and grant projects, it is precisely situations like this that demonstrate its practical impact. The results of the work by researchers at CXI TUL did not remain confined to academic studies but directly influenced decisions regarding the technology used to clean up one of the largest environmental accidents in recent years.</p>

Science on the Front Lines: Cleanup of a Benzene Spill

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KNAUER AZURA UVD 2.1L UV/VIS Detector

Compact and affordable UV/VIS detector for routine HPLC and fast LC applications, featuring 190–750 nm wavelength range and flexible flow-cell options.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA® UVD 2.1L is a cost-effective UV/VIS detector designed for routine HPLC applications, including fast liquid chromatography methods. Combining reliable performance, compact dimensions, and flexible flow-cell options, it provides an ideal solution for analytical and preparative chromatography laboratories seeking dependable UV detection at an attractive price point.</strong></p><p>The detector utilizes a deuterium lamp covering the wavelength range <strong>from 190 to 750 nm</strong> and offers excellent sensitivity and stability for everyday chromatographic analysis. Its smart mechanical design allows quick and easy access to the flow cell, minimizing maintenance time and maximizing instrument uptime.</p><p>A wide range of interchangeable flow cells is available, including stainless-steel and bio-inert versions suitable for analytical, semi-preparative, and preparative LC applications with <strong>flow rates ranging from 10 μL/min up to 10 L/min</strong>. The detector integrates seamlessly into virtually any LC system through LAN communication, analog I/O, and compatibility with leading chromatography software packages.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Cost-effective UV/VIS detector </strong>for routine HPLC applications</li><li>Suitable for fast LC methods</li><li>Wavelength range <strong>from 190 to 750 nm</strong></li><li>Single-channel variable wavelength detection</li><li><strong>Deuterium lamp </strong>with integrated GLP chip</li><li>Compact and robust instrument design</li><li>Easily accessible flow cell for rapid replacement</li><li>Wide selection of interchangeable flow cells</li><li>Compatible with analytical and preparative LC applications</li><li><strong>Flow rates from 10 μL/min up to 10 L/min</strong></li><li>Integrated leak sensor</li><li>Automatic integration time adjustment</li><li>LAN and analog communication interfaces</li><li>Comprehensive GLP functionality</li><li><strong>Compatible with ClarityChrom®, OpenLAB®, Chromeleon™, ChromGate®, PurityChrom®</strong>, and <strong>Mobile Control</strong></li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></h3><h4><strong>Detection System</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Detection channels:</strong> 1</li><li><strong>Light source: </strong>Deuterium (D₂) lamp with integrated GLP chip</li><li><strong>Wavelength range:</strong> 190–750 nm</li><li><strong>Spectral bandwidth: </strong>11 nm (FWHM)</li><li><strong>Wavelength accuracy:</strong> ±2.5 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength precision:</strong> 0.3 nm</li></ul><h4><strong>Performance</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Noise:</strong> ±15 µAU at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Drift: </strong>300 µAU/h at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Linearity:</strong> &gt;2.0 AU at 274 nm</li><li><strong>Maximum data rate:</strong><ul><li>50 Hz via LAN</li><li>20 Hz via analog output</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Flow Cells</strong></h4><ul><li>Flow cells sold separately</li><li>Stainless-steel and bio-inert options available</li><li>Suitable for analytical and preparative chromatography</li><li>Flow rates from 10 μL/min to 10 L/min</li></ul><h4><strong>Communication and Control</strong></h4><ul><li>LAN communication</li><li>Analog input/output</li><li>Mobile Control software</li><li>Event control</li><li>Terminal protocol</li></ul><h4><strong>Inputs</strong></h4><ul><li>Error (IN)</li><li>Start (IN)</li><li>Autozero</li><li>0–10 V Analog (IN)</li></ul><h4><strong>Outputs</strong></h4><ul><li>Events 1–3</li><li>+5 V</li><li>24 V Valve</li></ul><h4><strong>Analog Output</strong></h4><ul><li>1 × 0–5 V scalable</li><li>20-bit resolution</li><li>Adjustable offset</li></ul><h4><strong>Programming Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Timed wavelength programming</li><li>Event programming</li><li>Fraction valve control</li><li>Wake-up functions</li><li>Up to 9 programs</li><li>Up to 50 program lines</li></ul><h4><strong>GLP Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Lamp recognition</li><li>Operating hours tracking</li><li>Lamp operating hours</li><li>Lamp ignition counter</li><li>Detailed GLP reports</li></ul><h4><strong>Safety and Maintenance</strong></h4><ul><li>Integrated leak sensor</li><li>Easy-access flow cell compartment</li><li>Front-access maintenance</li><li>Minimal downtime for service operations</li></ul><h4><strong>Environmental Conditions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Operating temperature:</strong> 4–40 °C</li><li><strong>Humidity:</strong> &lt;90% non-condensing</li></ul><h4><strong>Power and Dimensions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Power supply: </strong>100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li><strong>Power consumption: </strong>65 W</li><li><strong>Dimensions (W × H × D):</strong> 361 × 158 × 523 mm</li><li><strong>Weight: </strong>5.9 kg</li></ul><h3><strong>Applications</strong></h3><ul><li>Routine HPLC analysis</li><li>Fast LC methods</li><li>Pharmaceutical quality control</li><li>Food and beverage analysis</li><li>Environmental testing</li><li>Chemical analysis</li><li>Preparative liquid chromatography</li><li>Academic and research laboratories</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA UVD 2.1S UV Detector

Compact single-wavelength UV detector for routine HPLC applications with 190–500 nm range, flexible flow-cell options, and seamless software integration.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA® UVD 2.1S is a compact, cost-effective single-wavelength UV detector designed for routine HPLC applications. Despite its small footprint, it delivers reliable performance and excellent technical specifications, making it one of the most compact HPLC UV detectors available on the market.</strong></p><p>Equipped with a deuterium lamp covering the <strong>wavelength range from 190 to 500 nm</strong>, the detector is suitable for a broad range of analytical chromatography applications. Its intelligent design provides quick access to the flow cell, enabling fast replacement and simplified maintenance. A wide selection of interchangeable flow cells is available, including bio-inert and stainless-steel versions for analytical and preparative LC applications with <strong>flow rates ranging from 10 μL/min up to 10 L/min</strong>.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li>Compact single-wavelength UV detector for HPLC</li><li>One of the smallest HPLC UV detectors available</li><li>Wavelength range <strong>from 190 to 500 nm</strong></li><li>Deuterium lamp with integrated GLP chip</li><li>Suitable for routine analytical applications</li><li>Compact AZURA® housing design</li><li>Easily accessible flow cell for rapid replacement</li><li>Wide range of interchangeable flow cells available</li><li>Compatible with analytical and preparative LC applications</li><li><strong>Flow rates from 10 μL/min up to 10 L/min</strong></li><li>Stand-alone operation via front panel</li><li><strong>LAN, RS-232</strong>, and analog communication interfaces</li><li>Compatible with major chromatography data systems</li><li>Available as a module for <strong>AZURA® ASM 2.2L</strong></li><li>Low maintenance requirements</li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></h3><h4><strong>Detection System</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Detection channels: </strong>1</li><li><strong>Light source:</strong> Deuterium (D₂) lamp with integrated GLP chip</li><li><strong>Wavelength range:</strong> 190–500 nm</li><li><strong>Spectral bandwidth: </strong>13 nm (FWHM)</li><li><strong>Wavelength accuracy: </strong>±3 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength precision: </strong>0.7 nm</li></ul><h4><strong>Performance</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Noise:</strong> ±20 µAU at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Drift:</strong> 300 µAU/h at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Linearity:</strong> &gt;2.0 AU at 274 nm</li><li><strong>Maximum data rate:</strong><ul><li>50 Hz via LAN</li><li>20 Hz via analog output</li><li>10 Hz via RS-232</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Flow Cells</strong></h4><ul><li>Flow cells sold separately</li><li>Bio-inert and stainless-steel options available</li><li>Suitable for analytical and preparative chromatography</li><li>Flow rates from 10 μL/min to 10 L/min</li></ul><h4><strong>Communication and Control</strong></h4><ul><li>Front panel operation</li><li>Mobile Control software</li><li>Software control</li><li>Event control</li><li>Analog control</li><li>Terminal protocol</li></ul><h4><strong>Interfaces</strong></h4><ul><li>LAN (RJ-45)</li><li>RS-232 (SUB-D 9)</li><li>Multi-pin connector</li><li>Analog interface (RCA connector)</li></ul><h4><strong>Inputs</strong></h4><ul><li>Autozero</li><li>Start (IN)</li><li>Error (IN/OUT)</li><li>0–10 V Analog Input</li></ul><h4><strong>Outputs</strong></h4><ul><li>Error (OUT/IN)</li></ul><h4><strong>Analog Signals</strong></h4><ul><li>Analog wavelength input: 0–10 V</li><li>Analog output: 1 × ±2.5 V scalable</li><li>Resolution: 20-bit</li></ul><h4><strong>GLP Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Lamp operating hours monitoring</li></ul><h4><strong>Display</strong></h4><ul><li>LED display</li></ul><h4><strong>Environmental Conditions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Operating temperature:</strong> 4–40 °C</li><li><strong>Humidity</strong>: &lt;90% non-condensing</li></ul><h4><strong>Power and Dimensions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Power supply:</strong><ul><li>Input: 100–240 V</li><li>Output: 24 V DC</li></ul></li><li><strong>Power consumption: </strong>60 W</li><li><strong>Dimensions (W × H × D):</strong> 121 × 129 × 187 mm</li><li><strong>Weight: </strong>1.5 kg</li></ul><h3><strong>Applications</strong></h3><ul><li>Routine HPLC analysis</li><li>Quality control laboratories</li><li>Pharmaceutical analysis</li><li>Food and beverage testing</li><li>Environmental analysis</li><li>Academic research</li><li>Preparative liquid chromatography</li><li>Compact and space-limited laboratory environments</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA RID 2.1L Refractive Index Detector

Sensitive refractive index detector for HPLC and GPC applications. Ideal for sugars, alcohols, lipids, and polymers with excellent stability and low maintenance.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA® RID 2.1L is a highly sensitive and cost-effective differential refractive index detector designed for compounds that exhibit little or no UV absorbance. It is ideally suited for the analysis of sugars, alcohols, lipids, polymers, and other non-UV active substances in analytical HPLC and selected GPC applications.</strong></p><p>The detector incorporates an intelligently designed optical system with advanced temperature control, ensuring exceptional sensitivity, rapid baseline stabilization, and excellent reproducibility. A long-life LED light source, highly pressure-resistant flow cell, integrated leak management, and advanced diagnostic functions contribute to reliable operation and minimal maintenance requirements.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li>Differential refractive index detector for <strong>analytical HPLC and selected GPC applications</strong></li><li>Ideal for compounds with little or no UV activity</li><li>Suitable for sugars, alcohols, lipids, polymers, and related compounds</li><li>Highly sensitive optical system with advanced temperature control</li><li>Fast baseline stabilization and excellent reproducibility</li><li><strong>Long-life LED light source</strong></li><li>Wide refractive index measurement range</li><li>High-pressure resistant flow cell included</li><li>Low dispersion volume for improved chromatographic performance</li><li><strong>Maximum flow rate up to 10 mL/min</strong></li><li>Integrated internal and external leak management</li><li>Comprehensive diagnostics and GLP reporting</li><li>LAN and analog connectivity</li><li><strong>Compatible with ClarityChrom®, OpenLAB®, Chromeleon™, PurityChrom®, and Mobile Control software</strong></li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></h3><h4><strong>Detection System</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Detection channels:</strong> 1</li><li><strong>Light source: L</strong>ong-life LED</li><li><strong>Refractive index range: </strong>1.00–1.75 RIU</li></ul><h4><strong>Performance</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Noise: </strong>±2.5 nRIU</li><li><strong>Drift: </strong>200 nRIU/h</li><li><strong>Linearity:</strong> &gt;1000 µRIU</li><li><strong>Maximum data rate:</strong><ul><li>100 Hz via LAN</li><li>20 Hz via analog output</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Flow Cell</strong></h4><ul><li>Included as standard</li><li><strong>Backpressure resistance:</strong> 5 bar</li><li><strong>Maximum flow rate: </strong>10 mL/min (water)</li><li><strong>Flow cell volume: </strong>15 µL</li><li><strong>Dispersion volume:</strong> 43 µL</li><li><strong>Wetted materials:</strong><ul><li>Stainless steel</li><li>Quartz</li><li>PTFE</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Temperature Control</strong></h4><ul><li>OFF mode available</li><li>Adjustable from 30 °C to 55 °C</li><li>1 °C increments</li></ul><h4><strong>System Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Full-range autozero</li><li>Internal leak sensor</li><li>External leak management</li><li>Advanced diagnostics functions</li></ul><h4><strong>Communication and Control</strong></h4><ul><li>Mobile Control software</li><li>Chromatography software control</li><li>Event control</li><li>Analog control</li><li>Terminal protocol</li></ul><h4><strong>Inputs</strong></h4><ul><li>Error (IN)</li><li>Start (IN)</li><li>Autozero</li><li>Flush (IN)</li></ul><h4><strong>Outputs</strong></h4><ul><li>Event 1</li><li>Start (OUT)</li><li>Error (OUT)</li><li>+5 V</li><li>24 V valve output</li></ul><h4><strong>Analog Output</strong></h4><ul><li>1 × 0–2.5 V scalable</li><li>20-bit resolution</li><li>Adjustable offset</li></ul><h4><strong>Interfaces</strong></h4><ul><li>2 × LAN (RJ-45, dual IP stack)</li><li>USB (service only)</li><li>Multi-pin connector</li><li>Analog interface (cinch connector)</li></ul><h4><strong>GLP Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Operating hours tracking</li><li>Light source operating hours</li><li>Detailed GLP reports</li></ul><h4><strong>Environmental Conditions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Operating temperature: </strong>4–40 °C</li><li><strong>Humidity:</strong> &lt;90% non-condensing</li></ul><h4><strong>Power and Dimensions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Power supply:</strong> 100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li><strong>Power consumption: </strong>65 W</li><li><strong>Dimensions (W × H × D):</strong> 361 × 158 × 523 mm</li><li><strong>Weight:</strong> 10.8 kg</li></ul><h4><strong>Optional Accessories</strong></h4><ul><li>Mobile Control software interface</li></ul><h3><strong>Applications</strong></h3><ul><li>Sugar analysis</li><li>Carbohydrate profiling</li><li>Alcohol determination</li><li>Lipid analysis</li><li>Polymer characterization</li><li>Gel permeation chromatography (GPC)</li><li>Food and beverage testing</li><li>Pharmaceutical analysis</li><li>Chemical and petrochemical laboratories</li><li>Quality control and research applications</li></ul>

KNAUER RF-20A Fluorescence Detector

High-sensitivity fluorescence detector for HPLC with 200–650 nm wavelength range, ≥1200 S/N ratio, fast 10 ms response, and excellent trace-level detection performance.

<p><strong>The KNAUER RF-20A Fluorescence Detector is a highly sensitive fluorescence detector designed for demanding HPLC applications requiring exceptional selectivity and trace-level detection. Covering a wavelength range from 200 to 650 nm, the RF-20A delivers outstanding sensitivity, excellent reproducibility, and reliable operation for both routine and advanced chromatographic analyses.</strong></p><p>With a signal-to-noise ratio of at least 1200 for the water Raman band, the detector is ideally suited for trace-level determinations in pharmaceutical, environmental, food, and biochemical applications. A fast 10 ms response time supports high-speed chromatography without compromising chromatographic resolution. Time-programmed wavelength switching allows optimal excitation and emission settings throughout the run, enabling highly sensitive multi-component analysis.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li>High-sensitivity fluorescence detector for HPLC applications</li><li><strong>Wavelength range from 200 to 650 nm</strong></li><li><strong>Signal-to-noise ratio ≥1200</strong> (water Raman band)</li><li>Excellent performance for trace-level analysis</li><li><strong>Fast 10 ms response time</strong></li><li>Time-programmable wavelength switching</li><li>Multi-component analysis at optimal wavelengths</li><li><strong>Long-life xenon lamp</strong> (approx. 2,000 hours)</li><li>Front-accessible lamp and flow cell</li><li>No optical adjustment required after lamp replacement</li><li>Minimal maintenance requirements</li><li>Stand-alone operation via keypad and display</li><li><strong>Compatible with ClarityChrom®, OpenLAB®, and PurityChrom® software</strong></li><li>Easy integration into existing LC systems</li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></h3><h4><strong>Detection System</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Detection channels: </strong>1</li><li><strong>Number of signals:</strong> 1</li><li><strong>Light source: </strong>Xenon lamp</li><li><strong>Wavelength range:</strong> 200–650 nm</li><li><strong>Spectral bandwidth:</strong> 20 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength accuracy:</strong> ±2 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength precision:</strong> ±0.2 nm</li></ul><h4><strong>Sensitivity</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Signal-to-noise ratio: </strong>≥1200 (water Raman band)</li><li><strong>Sensitivity settings:</strong><ul><li>HIGH (×1)</li><li>MED (×32)</li><li>LOW (×1024)</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Flow Cell</strong></h4><ul><li>Standard flow cell included</li><li><strong>Flow cell volume: </strong>12 µL</li><li><strong>Wetted materials:</strong><ul><li>SUS316L stainless steel</li><li>PTFE</li><li>Quartz</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Signal Processing</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Response time: </strong>10 ms</li><li><strong>Gain settings: </strong>×1, ×4, ×16</li></ul><h4><strong>Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Autozero function</li><li>Baseline shift function</li><li>Time-programmed wavelength switching</li></ul><h4><strong>Communication</strong></h4><ul><li>RS-232 interface</li><li>Analog output</li><li>Software control</li><li>Stand-alone operation via keypad and display</li></ul><h4><strong>Environmental Conditions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Operating temperature:</strong> 4–35 °C</li><li><strong>Relative humidity: </strong>20–85% (non-condensing)</li></ul><h4><strong>Power and Dimensions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Power supply: </strong>AC 220–240 V</li><li><strong>Frequency: </strong>50/60 Hz</li><li><strong>Power consumption: </strong>400 VA</li><li><strong>Dimensions (W × H × D):</strong> 260 × 210 × 420 mm</li><li><strong>Weight:</strong> 16 kg</li></ul><h3><strong>Applications</strong></h3><ul><li>Pharmaceutical analysis</li><li>Impurity profiling</li><li>Environmental monitoring</li><li>Food and beverage testing</li><li>Amino acid analysis</li><li>Vitamin analysis</li><li>PAH analysis</li><li>Biomolecule detection</li><li>Trace contaminant determination</li><li>Research and quality control laboratories</li></ul>

KNAUER RF-20Axs Fluorescence Detector

High-sensitivity fluorescence detector with 200–750 nm range, temperature-controlled flow cell, ≥2000 S/N ratio, and exceptional performance for trace-level HPLC analysis.

<p><strong>The KNAUER RF-20Axs Fluorescence Detector is the high-performance version of the </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2430"><strong>RF-20A fluorescence detector</strong></a><strong> series, designed for laboratories requiring maximum sensitivity, exceptional reproducibility, and advanced validation capabilities. Covering a wavelength range from 200 to 750 nm, the detector supports both routine and demanding high-performance HPLC applications.</strong></p><p>With a signal-to-noise ratio of at least 2000 for the water Raman band, the RF-20Axs is ideally suited for trace-level analysis. The temperature-controlled flow cell with integrated cooling function ensures outstanding stability, reproducibility, and sensitivity, even during long analytical sequences. The detector’s fast 10 ms response time supports ultra-fast chromatography without compromising chromatographic resolution.</p><p>The RF-20Axs enables highly sensitive multi-component analysis through programmable wavelength switching during a chromatographic run. An integrated low-pressure mercury lamp allows convenient verification of wavelength accuracy, supporting validation and compliance requirements. Both the xenon lamp and flow cell are easily accessible from the front panel, and lamp replacement requires no optical adjustment. Combined with a lamp lifetime of approximately 2,000 hours, this minimizes downtime and operating costs.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li>High-sensitivity fluorescence detector for <strong>HPLC applications</strong></li><li>Wavelength range <strong>from 200 to 750 nm</strong></li><li><strong>Signal-to-noise ratio ≥2000</strong> (water Raman band)</li><li>Designed for trace-level analysis</li><li>Temperature-controlled flow cell with cooling function</li><li><strong>Fast 10 ms response time</strong></li><li>Programmable wavelength switching during analysis</li><li>Simultaneous multi-component analysis at optimal wavelengths</li><li>Integrated low-pressure mercury lamp for wavelength verification</li><li><strong>Long-life xenon lamp </strong>with approximately <strong>2,000 operating hours</strong></li><li>Front-accessible lamp and flow cell</li><li>No optical realignment required after lamp replacement</li><li>Advanced validation and support functions</li><li>Stand-alone operation via keypad and display</li><li>Compatible with <strong>ClarityChrom®, OpenLAB®, and PurityChrom® software</strong></li><li>Easy integration into virtually any LC system</li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></h3><h4><strong>Detection System</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Detection channels: </strong>2</li><li><strong>Number of signals: </strong>2</li><li><strong>Light source:</strong><ul><li>Xenon lamp</li><li>Low-pressure mercury lamp for wavelength accuracy verification</li></ul></li><li><strong>Wavelength range: </strong>200–750 nm</li><li><strong>Spectral bandwidth: </strong>20 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength accuracy:</strong> ±2 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength precision: </strong>±0.2 nm</li></ul><h4><strong>Sensitivity</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Signal-to-noise ratio: </strong>≥2000 (water Raman band)</li><li><strong>Sensitivity settings:</strong><ul><li>HIGH (×1)</li><li>MED (×32)</li><li>LOW (×1024)</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Flow Cell</strong></h4><ul><li>Standard flow cell included</li><li>Temperature-controlled flow cell</li><li>Integrated cooling function</li><li><strong>Flow cell volume:</strong> 12 µL</li><li><strong>Wetted materials:</strong><ul><li>SUS316L stainless steel</li><li>PTFE</li><li>Quartz</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Signal Processing</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Response time: </strong>10 ms</li><li><strong>Gain settings: </strong>×1, ×4, ×16</li></ul><h4><strong>Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Autozero function</li><li>Baseline shift function</li><li>Time-programmed wavelength switching</li><li>Wavelength accuracy verification using integrated mercury lamp</li></ul><h4><strong>Communication</strong></h4><ul><li>RS-232 interface</li><li>Analog output</li><li>Software control</li><li>Stand-alone operation via keypad and display</li></ul><h4><strong>Environmental Conditions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Operating temperature:</strong> 4–35 °C</li><li><strong>Relative humidity:</strong> 20–85% (non-condensing)</li></ul><h4><strong>Power and Dimensions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Power supply: </strong>AC 220–240 V</li><li><strong>Frequency:</strong> 50/60 Hz</li><li><strong>Power consumption: </strong>400 VA</li><li><strong>Dimensions (W × H × D): </strong>260 × 210 × 420 mm</li><li><strong>Weight:</strong> 18 kg</li></ul><h3><strong>Applications</strong></h3><ul><li>Trace-level pharmaceutical analysis</li><li>Impurity profiling</li><li>Environmental monitoring</li><li>Food safety testing</li><li>Amino acid analysis</li><li>Vitamin analysis</li><li>PAH analysis</li><li>Biomolecule detection</li><li>Fluorescent labeling applications</li><li>Research and quality control laboratories</li></ul>

Waters Alliance iS Bio HPLC System

Alliance iS Bio HPLC combines MaxPeak HPS Technology, bio-inert separations, reduced errors, and enhanced reproducibility for biopharma QC workflows.

<p><strong>The Waters Alliance iS Bio HPLC System is an advanced liquid chromatography platform specifically designed for biopharmaceutical quality control laboratories. Combining exceptional bio-inertness, intuitive operation, and intelligent automation tools, the system helps reduce human error, improve productivity, and ensure consistent analytical performance.</strong></p><p>Featuring <strong>MaxPeak™ High Performance Surfaces (HPS) Technology</strong>, the Alliance iS Bio minimizes unwanted interactions between analytes and metallic flow path surfaces. This improves analyte recovery, sensitivity, reproducibility, and retention time consistency while reducing system conditioning requirements. The technology is particularly beneficial for oligonucleotides, phosphopeptides, monoclonal antibodies, and other metal-sensitive biomolecules.</p><p>The system integrates intuitive touchscreen operation, guided workflows, RFID-enabled column tracking, and advanced compliance-support tools. Combined with corrosion-resistant construction materials and robust performance under challenging operating conditions, the Alliance iS Bio HPLC System is an ideal platform for modern biopharma QC laboratories.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li>MaxPeak™ High Performance Surfaces (<strong>HPS) Technology</strong></li><li>Highly <strong>bio-inert sample flow path</strong></li><li>Reduced analyte-surface interactions</li><li>Improved analyte recovery and sensitivity</li><li>Enhanced reproducibility and retention time consistency</li><li>Up to 40% reduction in human errors</li><li>Intuitive touchscreen operation</li><li>Guided workflows</li><li><strong>RFID-enabled eConnect column</strong> tracking</li><li><strong>Intelligent Method Translator App</strong> (iMTA)</li><li>Automated column history tracking</li><li>Empower Audit Trail functionality</li><li><strong>waters_connect™</strong> System Monitoring</li><li>Integrated maintenance and troubleshooting tools</li><li><strong>Carryover ≤ 0.002%</strong></li><li>Robust operation across extreme temperature conditions</li><li>Tool-free finger-tight fittings</li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></h3><h4><strong>Chromatography System</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>System type: </strong>HPLC</li><li><strong>Pump configuration: </strong>Quaternary</li><li><strong>Injection type:</strong> Flow-through needle</li><li><strong>Solvent conditioning:</strong> Passive pre-heating</li></ul><h4><strong>Operating Parameters</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Maximum operating pressure:</strong> 12,000 psi</li><li><strong>Flow rate range:</strong> 0.001–10.000 mL/min</li><li><strong>pH range:</strong> 1–13</li><li><strong>Carryover:</strong> ≤ 0.002% (caffeine, UV conditions)</li></ul><h4><strong>Sample Management</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Sample compartment temperature:</strong> 4–40 °C</li><li><strong>Maximum sample capacity:</strong><ul><li>48-position 2.0 mL vial holder</li><li>54-position 2.0 mL vial holder</li><li>96-well plate</li><li>384-well plate</li><li>48-position 0.65 mL microcentrifuge tube plate</li><li>24-position 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube plate</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Column Management</strong></h4><ul><li>RFID column tracking</li><li>eConnect Waters Column support</li><li><strong>Capacity:</strong><ul><li>One column up to 300 mm length</li><li>Up to 8 mm internal diameter</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Detector Options</strong></h4><ul><li>PDA Detector</li><li>TUV Detector</li></ul><h4><strong>Software and Informatics</strong></h4><ul><li>Empower™ Chromatography Data System (CDS)</li><li>Intelligent Method Translator App (iMTA)</li><li>waters_connect™ Monitoring</li><li>Audit Trail functionality</li><li>Automated column history tracking</li></ul><h4><strong>Construction</strong></h4><ul><li>Inert sample flow path with MaxPeak HPS Technology</li><li>Corrosion-resistant bio-compatible materials</li><li>High-salt tolerant design</li></ul><h4><strong>Dimensions and Weight</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Width: </strong>49.9 cm</li><li><strong>Height: </strong>74.2 cm</li><li><strong>Depth:</strong> 63.5 cm</li><li><strong>Weight:</strong> 72.5 kg</li></ul><h4><strong>Typical Applications</strong></h4><ul><li>Biopharmaceutical QC</li><li>Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)</li><li>Oligonucleotide analysis</li><li>Phosphopeptide analysis</li><li>Peptide mapping</li><li>Size exclusion chromatography (SEC)</li><li>Bioseparations</li><li>Pharmaceutical QC</li><li>Regulatory testing laboratories</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_SEC_separation_of_a_USP_m_Ab_System_Suitability_Solution_on_a_legacy_HPLC_system_and_the_Alliance_i_S_Bio_HPLC_System_with_a_Bio_Suite_Diol_SEC_Column_851dc3a90f.jpg" alt="Waters: SEC separation of a USP mAb System Suitability Solution on a legacy HPLC system and the Alliance iS Bio HPLC System with a BioSuite Diol SEC Column." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_SEC_separation_of_a_USP_m_Ab_System_Suitability_Solution_on_a_legacy_HPLC_system_and_the_Alliance_i_S_Bio_HPLC_System_with_a_Bio_Suite_Diol_SEC_Column_851dc3a90f.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="682"></p>

Thermo Scientific Vanquish Sample Hub

Increase sample capacity for extra-long unattended operation with an intelligent robotic that automates sample loading in the Thermo Scientific™ Vanquish™ UHPLC system.

<p><strong>The Thermo Scientific™ Vanquish™ Sample Hub integrates seamlessly with the </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?category=40&amp;manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=Vanquish"><strong>Vanquish™ UHPLC platform</strong></a><strong>, providing fully automated robotic sample handling for high-throughput laboratories. Supporting up to 8,832 samples (23 well plates), it enables extended unattended operation by automatically transferring samples to the UHPLC system.&nbsp;</strong></p><p>Controlled environmental conditions help preserve sample integrity, while the integrated barcode reader continuously tracks racks and well plates whenever the door is closed, allowing new samples to be added without interrupting ongoing analyses.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Sample_Hub_4_4458a169d1.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific Vanquish Sample Hub" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Sample_Hub_4_4458a169d1.jpg 211w," sizes="100vw" width="650" height="481"></p><h4><strong>Key Features</strong></h4><ul><li>Supports up to <strong>8,832 samples</strong> for long-term unattended operation</li><li>Monitor and manage an inventory of up to <strong>9 sample racks, deep well plates, or 20 shallow well plates (15mm height) in SBS format</strong></li><li>Protects sample quality through controlled environmental conditions and innovative air-stream cooling</li><li>Integrated barcode reader enables automated inventory management, rack and plate verification, and empty shelf detection</li><li>Allows samples to be added while analyses are running without stopping the UHPLC system</li><li>Fully integrated with <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/76"><strong>Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ Chromeleon™ Chromatography Data System (CDS)</strong></a> for familiar instrument control</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Sample_Hub_3_5a881d0af1.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific Vanquish Sample Hub " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Sample_Hub_3_5a881d0af1.jpg 236w," sizes="100vw" width="650" height="430"></p><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>GLP Features:</strong> All System Parameters Logged in The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/76"><strong>Chromeleon Chromatography Data System Audit Trail</strong></a></li><li><strong>Includes:</strong> Barcode reading: Empty shelf level detection, Rack/well plate verification, Inventory management</li><li><strong>Overall Depth (English):</strong> 24.4 in.</li><li><strong>Overall Depth (Metric):</strong> 620 mm</li><li><strong>Overall Height (English):</strong> 31.7 in.</li><li><strong>Overall Height (Metric):</strong> 804 mm</li><li><strong>Overall Width (English):</strong> 13.3 in.</li><li><strong>Overall Width (Metric):</strong> 339 mm</li><li><strong>PC Connection:</strong> USB 2.0</li><li><strong>Safety Features:</strong>&nbsp;<ul><li>Sample rack/well plate detection sensor on shovel</li><li>Barcode reader to detect sample rack/well plate type and shelf ID</li><li>Automatic stop when door is opened (interlock door switch)</li><li>Automatic opening of door after power failure&nbsp;</li><li>3 LEDs for status monitoring</li><li>Active evaporation system for condensation</li></ul></li><li><strong>Temperature Range:</strong>&nbsp;<ul><li>4°C to 40°C (≥22 K Below Ambient (at &lt;80% RH)</li><li>Accuracy -2°C to +2°C (at 25°C, 50% RH)</li><li>Stability ±0.5°C (at 25°C, 50% RH))</li></ul></li><li><strong>Voltage:</strong> 100/240 V</li><li><strong>Weight (Metric):</strong> &lt;38.5 kg</li><li><strong>Type:</strong> Vanquish Sample Hub Without Shelf and Racks</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Sample_Hub_2_e65f12f12e.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific Vanquish Sample Hub " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Vanquish_Sample_Hub_2_e65f12f12e.jpg 224w," sizes="100vw" width="650" height="452"></p>

Blind common anabolic steroid screening – oils

Blind HPLC screening of common anabolic steroids in oil-based samples. The analysis identifies and quantifies all detected target compounds, including mixtures.

<p><strong>The Blind Common Anabolic Steroid Screening – Oils is a comprehensive laboratory analysis designed to identify and quantify commonly encountered anabolic-androgenic steroids in oil-based samples.</strong></p><p>Because this is a blind analysis, there is no need to specify which substance is expected in the sample. The analysis screens for all target compounds listed below and identifies and quantifies every detected substance, including samples containing mixtures of multiple compounds.</p><h4><strong>About the Target Compounds</strong></h4><p><strong>Anabolic-androgenic steroids </strong>are synthetic derivatives of testosterone or structurally related steroid hormones. They interact with androgen receptors and produce both anabolic effects, associated with tissue and muscle growth, and androgenic effects.</p><p>The analysis covers several esterified forms of <strong>testosterone, trenbolone, nandrolone, drostanolone, methenolone, and boldenone, as well as testosterone undecanoate, methyltestosterone, trestolone acetate, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)</strong>.</p><p>Esterification influences properties such as solubility and the rate at which a steroid is released after administration. Different ester forms of the same steroid may therefore differ in their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics.</p><h4><strong>Key Features</strong></h4><ul><li>Blind screening with no need to declare the expected compound</li><li>Identification and quantification of common anabolic steroids in oil-based samples</li><li>Detection of mixtures containing multiple target compounds</li><li>Broad range of steroid bases and esterified compounds</li><li>Analysis by HPLC</li><li>Results reported in mg/mL</li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li><li>Minimum sample amount of 0.5–1 mL of oil</li></ul><h4><strong>Analysis Parameters</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Target compounds:</strong> testosterone propionate, testosterone phenylpropionate, testosterone isocaproate, testosterone enanthate, testosterone cypionate, testosterone decanoate, testosterone undecanoate, methyltestosterone, trenbolone acetate, trenbolone enanthate, trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate, trestolone acetate, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), nandrolone phenylpropionate, nandrolone cypionate, nandrolone decanoate, drostanolone propionate, drostanolone enanthate, dihydroboldenone cypionate, methenolone enanthate, boldenone acetate, boldenone cypionate, and boldenone undecylenate</li><li><strong>Other common names and brand names:</strong> Sustanon, Test E, Test C, Deca, Tren, Parabolan, MENT, NPP, Masteron, Masteron Propionate, Mast P, Masteron Enanthate, Mast E, Primobolan, Primo E, BU, Equipoise, EQ, and Parenabol</li><li><strong>Testing method:</strong> HPLC</li><li><strong>Detection limit cutoff:</strong>&nbsp;<ul><li>15 mg/mL</li><li><strong>drostanolone propionate and drostanolone enanthate:</strong> 25 mg/mL</li></ul></li><li><strong>Result format:</strong> mg/mL</li><li><strong>Minimum sample amount:</strong> 0.5–1 mL of oil</li><li><strong>Average turnaround time:</strong> 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>Important Notice: </strong>The standard detection cutoff is 15 mg/mL. For drostanolone propionate and drostanolone enanthate, the cutoff is 25 mg/mL. Target compounds present below these levels may not be reliably detected or quantified within the standard scope of the analysis.</p></blockquote><h4><strong>Optional Additional Analyses</strong></h4><p>The following optional laboratory services are available:</p><ul><li>Benzyl Alcohol and Benzyl Benzoate Testing</li><li>Complete Raw Analytical Data</li><li>Fentanyl Screening</li><li>pH Measurement</li><li>GC–MS Contamination Screening</li><li>Sterility Testing (TAMC and TYMC)</li><li>Heavy Metals Analysis (As, Cd, Pb, Hg)</li><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

DHT enanthate analysis

Targeted HPLC analysis of DHT enanthate in oil-based samples and raw API powders. The test confirms compound identity and determines its content in mg/mL or percentage.

<p><strong>The DHT Enanthate Analysis is a targeted laboratory test designed to confirm the identity and determine the amount of dihydrotestosterone enanthate in oil-based samples and raw active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) powders.</strong></p><p>The analysis specifically targets DHT enanthate. Samples expected to contain non-esterified DHT should instead be submitted for the appropriate blind common anabolic steroid screening for <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2478"><strong>oils </strong></a>or<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2476"><strong> raw API powders</strong></a>.</p><h4><strong>About DHT Enanthate</strong></h4><p>DHT enanthate, also known as dihydrotestosterone heptanoate, is an esterified form of DHT designed for slower release and potentially prolonged activity. The enanthate group increases the compound’s lipophilicity. After release, DHT activates androgen receptors and, unlike testosterone, cannot be converted into estradiol by aromatase.</p><h4><strong>Key Features</strong></h4><ul><li>Targeted identification and quantification of DHT enanthate</li><li>Suitable for oil-based samples and raw API powders</li><li>Analysis by HPLC</li><li>Results for oil samples reported in <strong>mg/mL</strong></li><li>Results for raw API powders reported as <strong>percentage content</strong></li><li>Optional mass-by-mass purity reporting for raw API powders</li><li>Minimum sample amount of <strong>0.5–1 mL for oil samples</strong></li><li>Minimum sample amount of<strong> 200 mg for raw API powders</strong></li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li></ul><h4><strong>Analysis Parameters</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Target compound:</strong> DHT enanthate</li><li><strong>Testing method:</strong> HPLC</li><li><strong>Detection limit cutoff:</strong> 15 mg/mL</li><li><strong>Result format for oil samples:</strong> mg/mL</li><li><strong>Minimum sample amount for oil samples:</strong> 0.5–1 mL</li><li><strong>Result format for raw API powders:</strong> % [98%+, 96%+ or % value such as 94.15%]</li><li><strong>Minimum sample amount for raw API powders:</strong> 200 mg</li><li><strong>Average turnaround time:</strong> 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>Important Notice: </strong>This analysis is intended specifically for DHT enanthate. It is not designed for the analysis of non-esterified DHT.</p></blockquote><h4><strong>Optional Additional Analyses</strong></h4><p>The following optional laboratory services are available:</p><ul><li>Benzyl Alcohol and Benzyl Benzoate Testing</li><li>Complete Raw Analytical Data</li><li>Alternative Result Format: Mass-by-Mass Purity - only for raw API powders</li><li>pH Measurement</li><li>GC–MS Contamination Screening</li><li>Sterility Testing (TAMC and TYMC)</li><li>Heavy Metals Analysis (As, Cd, Pb, Hg)</li><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

Epistane analysis

Targeted HPLC analysis of epistane in tablets, capsules, and raw API powders. The test confirms compound identity and determines its content in mg per unit or as a percentage.

<p><strong>The Epistane Analysis is a targeted laboratory test designed to confirm the identity and determine the amount of epistane in oral dosage forms and raw active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) powders.&nbsp;</strong></p><p>The analysis is suitable for tablets and capsules, with results reported in milligrams per individual dosage unit. Raw API powders can be evaluated by percentage content, with optional purity reporting in % (m/m).</p><h4><strong>About Epistane</strong></h4><p>Epistane, also known as methylepitiostanol or 2,3-thioepoxy madol, is a synthetic, orally active anabolic-androgenic steroid structurally related to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). It is a 17α-methylated derivative of epitiostanol and interacts with androgen receptors, producing anabolic and androgenic effects.</p><p>Epistane has been identified in products marketed as dietary or performance-enhancing supplements. Scientific studies have also associated its use with a risk of liver injury, including cholestasis.</p><h4><strong>Key Features</strong></h4><ul><li>Targeted identification and quantification of epistane</li><li>Suitable for tablets, capsules, and raw API powders</li><li>Analysis by HPLC</li><li>Results for oral products reported in mg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Results for raw API powders reported as percentage content</li><li>Optional purity reporting in % (m/m) for raw API powders</li><li>Minimum sample amount of three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount of 200 mg for raw API powders</li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li></ul><h4><strong>Analysis Parameters</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Target compound:</strong> Epistane</li><li><strong>Other names:</strong> Hemapolin, 2,3-thioepoxy madol</li><li><strong>CAS number:</strong> 4267-80-5</li><li><strong>Testing method:</strong> HPLC</li><li><strong>Minimum amount of target compound for evaluation in oral products:</strong> 4 mg per tablet / capsule</li><li><strong>Minimum content of target compound for evaluation in raw API powders:</strong> 10%</li><li><strong>Result format for oral products:</strong> mg per tablet or capsule</li><li><strong>Result format for raw API powders:</strong> % [98%+, 96%+ or % value such as 94.15%]</li><li><strong>Minimum sample amount for oral products:</strong> 3 tablets / capsules</li><li><strong>Minimum sample amount for raw API powders:</strong> 200 mg</li><li><strong>Average turnaround time:</strong> 7 business days</li></ul><h4><strong>Optional Additional Analyses</strong></h4><p>The following optional laboratory services are available:</p><ul><li>Complete Raw Analytical Data</li><li>Alternative Result Format: Purity in % (m/m) - only for raw API powders</li><li>Batch Variance Testing</li><li>Fentanyl Screening</li><li>GC–MS Contamination Screening</li><li>Heavy Metals Analysis (As, Cd, Pb, Hg)</li><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

Products focused on HPLC - page 5

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