<h3><strong>How are PFAS regulations changing, and what role will ion chromatography play in the future of environmental testing?</strong></h3><p>In this episode, &nbsp;David interviews <strong>Jay Gandhi, PhD, </strong>Vertical Markets Manager at <strong>Metrohm USA</strong>, for an in-depth discussion on PFAS analysis, the rise of AOF (Adsorbable Organic Fluorine) testing, and the development of EPA 1621 and ISO 18127 standards.</p><p>With more than 30 years of experience in ion chromatography, Jay shares valuable perspective on how the field has evolved—from early applications and NASA water recovery projects to today’s challenges involving PFAS, TFA, and emerging contaminants.</p><h4><strong>Topics covered in this episode include:</strong></h4><ul><li>What PFAS are and why they matter</li><li>The difference between targeted PFAS methods and AOF analysis</li><li>How combustion ion chromatography works</li><li>Behind the scenes of EPA 1621 and ISO 18127 method development</li><li>Regulatory trends in water, textiles, and food packaging</li><li>TFA analysis using IC-MS and IC-MS/MS</li><li>The future of ion chromatography in environmental labs</li></ul><h3><strong>Video Transcription</strong></h3><p>For more than three decades, Jay Gandhi has worked with ion chromatography (IC), watching the technique expand from a specialized tool for water analysis into an analytical platform used across environmental testing, food and beverage analysis, semiconductor manufacturing, battery applications, and, increasingly, PFAS analysis.</p><p>In an interview for <i>Concentrating on Chromatography</i>, Gandhi discusses his introduction to IC during his work on a NASA Mars exploration project, the emergence of PFAS as a major analytical challenge, and why techniques such as adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) determination and combustion ion chromatography (CIC) can provide information that targeted LC-MS analysis alone cannot deliver. He also examines the development of standardized methods, sample preparation challenges, and the future role of IC-MS and total fluorine approaches in PFAS monitoring.</p><h4><strong>From NASA to ion chromatography</strong></h4><p>Gandhi's introduction to ion chromatography came through his work as a principal scientist on a NASA Mars exploration project focused on water recovery under zero-gravity conditions. IC played an important role because it enabled researchers to establish the ionic balance of anions and cations in water.</p><p>The technology was used both to investigate micronutrients relevant to agricultural applications and to evaluate water purity for potential astronaut consumption. During approximately three years of this work, Gandhi gained extensive experience with ion chromatography. This ultimately led him deeper into IC instrumentation and, 24 years ago, to joining Metrohm.</p><p>At the beginning of his career, IC was strongly associated with relatively straightforward anion and cation analysis in water. The technique itself had been used for water analysis since the 1970s, but Gandhi has seen its application range expand dramatically.</p><p>Food and beverage testing and environmental analysis became important fields, supported by both direct and indirect detection strategies. More recently, IC has also found applications in areas such as the semiconductor industry and battery recycling.</p><p>In Gandhi's words, ion chromatography has effectively "bloomed" into numerous application areas.</p><h4><strong>PFAS changes the analytical challenge</strong></h4><p>PFAS represent a particularly important chapter in this development. These chemicals have been used for decades in numerous consumer and industrial products, including non-stick materials, firefighting foams, water-resistant textiles and other applications.</p><p>Gandhi recalls work on PFOA and PFOS using ion chromatography with conductivity detection as early as 2008. However, the achievable detection limits were insufficient for the extremely low concentrations that later became important in PFAS analysis.</p><p>A major turning point for him came in 2015, when he encountered research from Sweden using <strong>combustion ion chromatography to investigate total fluorine</strong>. Subsequent collaboration with researchers at Clarkson University and Harvard University, particularly on aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), further demonstrated the importance of looking beyond individual targeted PFAS compounds.</p><h4><strong>Why targeted LC-MS does not tell the whole story</strong></h4><p>Targeted LC-MS is highly sensitive and selective and can provide detailed information about individual PFAS compounds. However, according to Gandhi, the number of possible PFAS structures in the environment is vastly greater than the number routinely included in targeted methods.</p><p>A targeted method may monitor dozens or perhaps around one hundred compounds, while the overall PFAS universe can include thousands of chemical structures. Consequently, targeted analysis may characterize only a small fraction of the total PFAS burden.</p><p>There are other practical considerations. LC-MS measurements can be affected by matrix-dependent ion suppression, while accurate quantification frequently relies on isotope-labelled internal standards. Such standards are available for only a limited number of compounds and can be expensive.</p><p>This is where measurements of total or adsorbable organic fluorine can provide complementary information. Rather than asking <i>which specific PFAS compounds are present?</i>, these approaches can help answer a broader question: <i>how much fluorine associated with this chemical space is present in the sample?</i></p><h4><strong>AOF as a complementary approach</strong></h4><p>Adsorbable organic fluorine analysis provides a different perspective from targeted LC-MS. In the workflow discussed by Gandhi, organic fluorine compounds are captured during sample preparation and subsequently measured using combustion ion chromatography.</p><p>The principle of CIC builds upon older total organic halogen analysis. The sample is combusted at temperatures above approximately 1,000 °C, breaking carbon-halogen bonds. In PFAS-related analysis, carbon-fluorine bonds are broken and the resulting fluoride is collected in an absorption solution.</p><p>Ion chromatography is then used to separate and quantify the fluoride.</p><p>Replacing older detection approaches with IC provides both sensitivity and selectivity for the halogens being measured. Effective combustion is critical: oxygen supports the combustion process, while a carrier gas transports the products into the absorption solution for subsequent IC analysis.</p><h4><strong>The challenge of inorganic fluoride</strong></h4><p>The broad response of CIC is simultaneously one of its strengths and one of its analytical challenges. Combustion does not distinguish fluorine originating from PFAS from fluorine present in inorganic compounds such as fluoride salts.</p><p>This becomes particularly important when analyzing water containing relatively high concentrations of inorganic fluoride while attempting to quantify organic fluorine at very low levels.</p><p>Sample preparation therefore has a critical role. Inorganic fluoride must be effectively separated from the fraction of interest, while materials used during sample preparation must themselves have sufficiently low fluoride backgrounds.</p><p>Contamination can come from unexpected sources. Gandhi points out that background fluoride may originate not only from reagents and sample preparation materials but potentially from the laboratory environment. Careful blank control, appropriate materials and rigorous evaluation of interferences are therefore essential when moving toward increasingly low detection limits.</p><h4><strong>From research method to international standardization</strong></h4><p>The development of standardized AOF methods illustrates the importance of collaboration between academia, industry, regulatory organizations and analytical laboratories.</p><p>Gandhi describes work that began in Europe around 2015 and subsequently progressed through German standardization activities, ISO development, ASTM-related collaboration and the U.S. EPA. The process eventually contributed to methods such as <strong>EPA Method 1621</strong>.</p><p>He emphasizes that this was not the work of a single scientist or organization. Developing a robust method required years of experiments, discussions and sometimes difficult technical debates among numerous stakeholders.</p><p>For Gandhi, the essential principle was that experimental evidence ultimately had to determine the outcome. Collaboration becomes possible when scientists focus on the data rather than the organizations they represent.</p><h4><strong>PFAS monitoring is moving beyond drinking water</strong></h4><p>Regulatory attention to PFAS is also expanding beyond drinking water. Gandhi describes a broader strategy that begins with reducing the manufacture and use of PFAS-containing materials and continues with removing existing contamination from the environment.</p><p>Wastewater represents an important part of this picture because PFAS can enter it from numerous sources. Historical contamination from landfills and contaminated sites can also migrate into groundwater and ultimately affect drinking-water supplies.</p><p>Consumer products are another area of increasing attention. Food packaging, disposable containers, automotive fabrics, outdoor clothing and water-repellent textiles have historically used fluorinated substances to provide properties such as grease, water or stain resistance.</p><p>Reducing PFAS use in such products could therefore gradually decrease the amount entering waste streams and the wider environment.</p><h4><strong>Screening first, regulation later?</strong></h4><p>Gandhi expects AOF to be particularly valuable as a <strong>screening tool</strong>, providing an estimate of broader fluorine contamination before laboratories proceed to more specific analyses.</p><p>Its importance becomes clear when AOF results are compared with targeted PFAS measurements. Gandhi reports that laboratories working with EPA Method 1621 have observed differences between targeted PFAS results and broader AOF measurements ranging from approximately <strong>300- to 4,000-fold in the total fluorine mass balance</strong>.</p><p>Such discrepancies suggest that targeted methods can leave a substantial portion of fluorine unexplained.</p><p>Rather than competing with LC-MS, AOF and CIC therefore provide complementary information. A broad screening method can reveal the magnitude of total contamination, while targeted mass spectrometry identifies and quantifies specific compounds of interest.</p><h4><strong>Where IC-MS fits into the PFAS toolbox</strong></h4><p>No single technique can cover the entire PFAS problem. Gandhi highlights very short-chain, highly polar fluorinated compounds as another analytical challenge.</p><p>Compounds such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) are highly water-soluble and may not be quantitatively retained by the carbon materials used for AOF sample preparation. Direct ion chromatography can provide an alternative route for separating such compounds from common inorganic anions.</p><p>Coupling IC with mass spectrometry adds another level of sensitivity and selectivity. Gandhi therefore sees <strong>IC-MS and IC-MS/MS</strong> as increasingly important tools for highly polar fluorinated compounds. Similar approaches can also be useful beyond PFAS, including the determination of polar pesticides such as glyphosate and glufosinate.</p><h4><strong>Toward lower detection limits and more complete PFAS analysis</strong></h4><p>For Gandhi, current standardized methods represent a beginning rather than an endpoint. Improvements in instrumentation and particularly sample preparation could push total fluorine analysis to substantially lower concentrations.</p><p>He notes that current combustion IC configurations can reach approximately <strong>0.5 ppb</strong>, or 500 parts per trillion, and believes that improvements in sample volume, preparation procedures and mitigation of inorganic fluoride backgrounds could eventually move detection below 100 ppt and potentially toward 50 ppt.</p><p>Extractable organic fluorine workflows could provide another bridge between broad fluorine screening and targeted LC-MS methods. Combining improved extraction with CIC could allow samples to be screened for organic fluorine before more detailed compound-specific characterization.</p><p>The broader message from Gandhi's career is that PFAS analysis is unlikely to be solved by a single analytical technique. <strong>Targeted LC-MS provides compound-specific sensitivity and selectivity; AOF and combustion IC reveal a broader fluorine picture; and IC-MS can address highly polar compounds that are difficult to capture using conventional workflows.</strong> Used together, these techniques can provide laboratories with a much more complete understanding of PFAS contamination than any one approach alone.</p><blockquote><p><strong>This text has been automatically transcribed from a video presentation using AI technology. It may contain inaccuracies and is not guaranteed to be 100% correct.</strong></p></blockquote><blockquote><h4><strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast</strong></h4><p>Dive into the frontiers of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation with host David Oliva. Each episode features candid conversations with leading researchers, industry innovators, and passionate scientists who are shaping the future of analytical chemistry. From decoding PFAS detection challenges to exploring the latest in AI-assisted liquid chromatography, this show uncovers practical workflows, sustainability breakthroughs, and the real-world impact of separation science. Whether you’re a chromatographer, lab professional, or researcher you'll discover inspiring content!</p><p>You can find <strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast </strong>in podcast apps:</p><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/1wZg67rCjoGju4yhqxI3tL"><strong>Spotify</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/tz/podcast/concentrating-on-chromatography/id1788429185"><strong>Apple podcast</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podscan.fm/podcasts/concentrating-on-chromatography"><strong>podscan</strong></a></li></ul><p>and on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@ChromatographyTalk/videos"><strong>YouTube channel</strong></a></p></blockquote>

The Future of Ion Chromatography | PFAS Testing, EPA 1621 & AOF Explained

<p><strong>In late February 2025, a train carrying benzene derailed in Hustopeče nad Bečvou, and within hours, a race was on to save the groundwater and surface water. One of the most toxic industrial substances began seeping into the gravel-sand subsoil. While fieldwork was underway to prevent the spread of contamination, decisions were already being made in the CXI TUL laboratories regarding how to subsequently clean up the contaminated rock environment.</strong></p><p>The accident ranks among the <strong>most serious environmental incidents in the Czech Republic in recent years</strong>. After a tanker train derailed, hundreds of<strong> metric tons of benzene leaked</strong>; due to the highly permeable geological subsoil, it quickly seeped into deeper soil layers and into the groundwater. The combination of the substance’s high toxicity and local conditions complicated both the emergency response and the subsequent remediation. The key was to stop further spread, determine the extent of the contamination, and establish a remediation strategy for the entire site.</p><p>It was at this stage that CXI TUL became involved in the solution. At the request of the renowned remediation company DEKONTA, a.s., a team led by <strong>RNDr. Jan Němeček, Ph.D.</strong>, began testing the feasibility of the<strong> in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) method</strong>. This technology is designed to<strong> break down benzene directly within the rock matrix</strong>, without the need for extensive excavation of contaminated soil or the pumping out of large volumes of groundwater. The goal was simple: to find a method that would work quickly, safely, and under the actual conditions of the affected site.</p><h4><strong>Benzene Remediation: Technically Simple, Complicated in Practice</strong></h4><p>Benzene is a highly toxic and carcinogenic substance that rapidly penetrates into groundwater in permeable subsoil, where it dissolves and spreads further as the water flows toward surface water bodies. Benzene also binds to rock particles and migrates in the form of vapors into overlying unconsolidated layers.</p><p>Scientists in Liberec therefore tested <i>in situ </i>chemical oxidation (ISCO) technology under laboratory conditions. The goal was to find an oxidant capable of breaking down benzene directly underground into less hazardous substances.</p><p>The tests evaluated two main options:<strong> activated hydrogen peroxide and sodium peroxodisulfate</strong>. Both substances removed up to<strong> 99.99% of the benzene</strong>, but there was a difference in their kinetics and impacts on the natural environment. Activated hydrogen peroxide achieved nearly complete degradation of the contaminant within a single day. Activated sodium peroxodisulfate was slower and also significantly altered the chemistry of the water; it acidified the environment and increased the sulfate content in the water, which poses an additional environmental burden.</p><p>For field applications, the researchers therefore unequivocally recommended <strong>activated hydrogen peroxide</strong>.</p><h4><strong>Dosage Matters</strong></h4><p>It was not just the oxidant’s effectiveness that was key. It was equally important to determine how the chemical reaction would behave in a real geological environment. The team of scientists therefore also analyzed what is known as <strong>soil oxidant consumption (SOD)</strong>. It turned out that a significant portion of the oxidizing agent does not react solely with benzene but is also consumed to a significant extent by the rock environment itself, particularly by natural organic substances present in the fine-grained fraction of the soil.</p><p>An oxidant consumption value was determined specifically for the local composition of the aquifers, which is essential for the correct dosing of chemicals in the field so that the remediation is not only effective but also economically viable and safe for surrounding ecosystems.</p><h4><strong>One Year After the Accident: Research Turns into Real-World Assistance</strong></h4><p>While the public often perceives university science as a distant world of laboratories and grant projects, it is precisely situations like this that demonstrate its practical impact. The results of the work by researchers at CXI TUL did not remain confined to academic studies but directly influenced decisions regarding the technology used to clean up one of the largest environmental accidents in recent years.</p>

Science on the Front Lines: Cleanup of a Benzene Spill

<p><strong>This study uses ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) lipidomics to characterize plasma lipid alterations associated with long-term aromatase inhibitor therapy in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. A total of 649 lipid species across 23 classes and subclasses were relatively quantified, revealing significant differences in phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, ceramides, hexosylceramides, and other lipid groups.</strong></p><p>Multivariate analysis showed clear group separation, while a Naive Bayes model based on lipid-class profiles achieved an AUC of 0.79. The results indicate that aromatase inhibitor therapy is associated with systematic lipidomic changes linked to estrogen deprivation and sphingolipid metabolism, providing potential mechanistic insight into long-term metabolic effects of treatment.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>The original article</strong></h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926"><strong>Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy Is Associated with Distinct Plasma Lipidomic Profiles in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Patients&nbsp;</strong></a></h4><div><span>Aleksandra Arsic, Ales Kvasnicka</span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5973-316X"><span><img></span></a><span>, David Friedecky</span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3448-9073"><span><img></span></a><span>, Nebojsa Ivanovic, Maja Milosevic</span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0985-0728"><span><img></span></a><span> and Vesna Vucic</span></div><p>Int. J. Mol. Sci. <strong>2026</strong>, 27(4), 1926</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27041926">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27041926</a></p><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><strong>CC-BY 4.0</strong></a></h6></blockquote><p><strong>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.</strong></p><div><div><p>Breast cancer (BRC) is the most common malignancy among women, with over 2.2 million new cases diagnosed globally in 2022 [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B1-ijms-27-01926">1</a>]. A substantial proportion of breast cancers are estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and/or progesterone receptor-positive (PR+) [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B2-ijms-27-01926">2</a>], necessitating multimodal treatment approaches, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapy. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) represent the gold-standard adjuvant endocrine treatment for postmenopausal women, as they improve disease control and reduce the risk of distant metastasis by inhibiting peripheral aromatase activity [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B3-ijms-27-01926">3</a>]. This inhibition prevents the conversion of androgenic precursors into estrogens in peripheral tissues, resulting in a marked reduction in systemic estrogen levels. For postmenopausal women with ER+ and PR+ breast tumors, a five-year course of AI therapy, often extended beyond this duration, is recommended to reduce the risk of disease recurrence [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B4-ijms-27-01926">4</a>].</p><p>AIs decrease plasma and tissue concentrations of endogenous estrogens by inhibiting aromatase (cytochrome P450), the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for estrogen biosynthesis from testosterone and adrenal androgens [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B5-ijms-27-01926">5</a>]. Because estrogen plays a protective role in lipid metabolism, AI therapy is frequently associated with dyslipidemia. Increased levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) have been reported in patients receiving AIs [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B6-ijms-27-01926">6</a>], thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in postmenopausal women with BRC [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B7-ijms-27-01926">7</a>].</p><p>Disturbances in lipid metabolism are recognized as a hallmark of cancer, leading to increasing interest in lipidomic profiling as a tool for characterizing tumor-associated metabolic alterations [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B8-ijms-27-01926">8</a>]. In recent years, clinical lipidomics studies have been conducted across multiple malignancies, including lung [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B9-ijms-27-01926">9</a>], pancreatic [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B10-ijms-27-01926">10</a>], renal cell carcinoma [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B11-ijms-27-01926">11</a>], colorectal [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B12-ijms-27-01926">12</a>], and BRC [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B13-ijms-27-01926">13</a>], highlighting cancer-specific lipidomic signatures and the growing relevance of lipid metabolism in oncology. Lipidomic reprogramming is now recognized as a defining feature of BRC. To date, elevated levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC 32:1), stearic acid, and ceramide (Cer 43:1), along with reduced levels of diacylglycerol (DG 34:2), have been reported in BRC patients compared with healthy women [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B14-ijms-27-01926">14</a>]. These lipid species, together with phosphatidylinositol (PI 16:0/16:1) and PI (18:0/20:4), have been proposed as potential biomarkers for BRC [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B14-ijms-27-01926">14</a>].</p><p>Despite these advances, there remains a paucity of studies investigating the lipidomic profiles in BRC patients in relation to endocrine therapy. The present cross-sectional study aims to address this gap by conducting mass spectrometry-based profiling of lipid classes and comparing profiles between postmenopausal BRC patients receiving AI therapy and another cohort assessed before this treatment. This approach aims to characterize associations between AI therapy status and plasma lipidomic patterns.</p><h4><strong>2. Results</strong></h4><h5><strong>2.3. Lipidomic Analysis</strong></h5><p>Plasma lipid profiling identified 649 lipids across 23 lipid classes and subclasses, covering the major structural families of the circulating lipidome, including neutral lipids (triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters, and cholesterol), glycerophospholipids (phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidylglycerols, phosphatidylserines, and their lysophospholipid counterparts), sphingolipids (sphingomyelins, ceramides, monohexosylceramides, and dihexosylceramides), and free fatty acids. In addition to diacyl phospholipids, the dataset included ether-linked and plasmalogen species (denoted as O- and P-), most prominently within PC, PE, and LPC and LPE classes. An overview of the plasma lipidome is shown as a global lipid network (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#fig_body_display_ijms-27-01926-f001">Figure 1</a>). To assess whether the observed lipid changes reflect coordinated remodeling rather than isolated signals, we performed Fisher’s combined probability test at the lipid-class level. This analysis revealed significant cumulative differences in several lipid classes, including Cer, LPC, ether/plasmalogen LPC, LPE, and SM (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#fig_body_display_ijms-27-01926-f001">Figure 1</a>), supporting systematic class-level alterations despite limited power at the single-species level.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Int_J_Mol_Sci_2026_27_4_1926_Figure_1_Global_lipid_network_analysis_of_plasma_lipidomic_differences_between_breast_cancer_patients_BRC_prior_to_initiation_of_the_aromatase_inhibitor_6f82827773.jpg" alt="Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(4), 1926: Figure 1. Global lipid network analysis of plasma lipidomic differences between breast cancer patients (BRC) prior to initiation of the aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy and patients receiving AI. Cytoscape-based network visualization illustrates lipid species grouped according to structural similarity and lipid class. Each node represents an individual lipid species, while edges indicate class-based relationships. Node size corresponds to the −log10 p-value from the Mann–Whitney U test, reflecting the statistical significance (−log p-Value &gt; 1.3) of differences between groups. Node color indicates the direction and magnitude of change, based on log2 fold change, with red representing higher abundance in AI-treated patients and blue representing higher abundance in patients before AI therapy. Major lipid classes, including glycerophospholipids (GPL), sphingolipids (SP), glycerolipids (GL), fatty acids (FA), and cholesteryl esters (CE), are shown to highlight coordinated class- and species-level lipidomic alterations. Fisher’s combined p-value for individual lipid classes is shown at the bottom (significant p-Value &lt; 0.05). " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Int_J_Mol_Sci_2026_27_4_1926_Figure_1_Global_lipid_network_analysis_of_plasma_lipidomic_differences_between_breast_cancer_patients_BRC_prior_to_initiation_of_the_aromatase_inhibitor_6f82827773.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="847"></p><h5><strong>2.4. Multivariate Analysis of Plasma Lipidomic Profiles</strong></h5><p>Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to the lipidomic dataset to assess global variation and group separation between the BRC and AI groups (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#fig_body_display_ijms-27-01926-f002">Figure 2</a>). PCA was performed as an unsupervised analysis, including all samples and quality control (QC) samples. The first two principal components explained 37.9% (PC1) and 15.6% (PC2) of the total variance, accounting for 53.5% of the cumulative variance. QC samples clustered tightly near the center of the PCA score plot, indicating analytical stability and reproducibility of the LC–MS measurements. In the PCA score plot, samples from the BRC and AI groups showed partial overlap, with no complete separation observed along the first two principal components. To further evaluate group discrimination, a supervised OPLS-DA model was constructed using the same dataset. The OPLS-DA score plot demonstrated improved separation between the BRC and AI groups along the first latent variable, with group-specific clustering highlighted by confidence ellipses. Permutation testing confirmed that the supervised OPLS-DA model was not overfitted, with a negative Q<sup>2</sup> intercept (Q<sup>2</sup> = −0.55), indicating that permuted models lacked predictive ability compared with the original model (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#app1-ijms-27-01926">Supplementary Figure S1</a>). Together, these multivariate analyses indicate differences in lipidomic profiles between the BRC and AI groups, while also demonstrating acceptable analytical performance as evidenced by the clustering of QC samples.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Int_J_Mol_Sci_2026_27_4_1926_Figure_2_Multivariate_analysis_of_plasma_lipidomic_profiles_in_breast_cancer_patients_BRC_56f65f265b.jpg" alt="Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(4), 1926: Figure 2. Multivariate analysis of plasma lipidomic profiles in breast cancer patients (BRC) prior to initiation of the aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy and patients receiving AI. Principal component analysis (PCA) score plot (a) shows the distribution of plasma lipidomic profiles from patients before AI therapy (BRC, blue), patients receiving AI therapy (AI, red), and quality control samples (QC, gray). Orthogonal partial least squares–discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) score plot (b) demonstrates improved separation between BRC and AI groups. The ellipse represents the 95% Hotelling’s T2 confidence interval. " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Int_J_Mol_Sci_2026_27_4_1926_Figure_2_Multivariate_analysis_of_plasma_lipidomic_profiles_in_breast_cancer_patients_BRC_56f65f265b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="652"></p><h4><strong>4. Materials and Methods</strong></h4><h5><strong>4.5. Lipidomic Analysis</strong></h5><p>Chromatographic separation was performed using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=55&amp;search=ExionLC"><strong>ExionLC system</strong></a> (SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA) coupled to a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=55&amp;search=6500"><strong>QTRAP<sup>®</sup> 6500+ mass spectrometer </strong></a>(SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA). Lipids were separated on an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1953"><strong>ACQUITY Premier BEH C8 column</strong></a> (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm; Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, UK). The column temperature was kept at 55 °C, and the autosampler was set to 10 °C. The mobile phases consisted of solvent A (acetonitrile/water, 6:4, <span>v</span>/<span>v</span>, containing 10 mM ammonium acetate) and solvent B (isopropanol/acetonitrile, 9:1, <span>v</span>/<span>v</span>, containing 10 mM ammonium acetate), delivered at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The total analytical run time was 20 min per sample. Data acquisition was carried out using Analyst software (version 1.6.2), and data processing and semiautomatic peak integration were performed with MultiQuant software (version 3.0; SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA). Samples were analyzed in a randomized sequence with continuous monitoring of quality control samples. Raw peak areas were QC-normalized by LOESS [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B48-ijms-27-01926">48</a>] and IS-normalized by the corresponding IS class for each lipid.</p><h5><strong>4.6. Statistical Analysis</strong></h5><p>The data were processed using the Metabol package [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B48-ijms-27-01926">48</a>] in R program (v 3.6.3). Preprocessing of the data included locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS), Pareto scaling, filtering of analytes (coefficients of variation in the QC above 30%), mean centering, and the lnPQN normalization (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#app1-ijms-27-01926">Supplementary Table S1</a>) [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B49-ijms-27-01926">49</a>]. Univariate statistical analysis (based on the non-parametric non-paired Mann–Whitney U test (<span>p</span>-values shown as −log) together with the log2 fold-change in medians) was performed and visualized using GraphPad Prism (version 9.0, GraphPad Software, LLC, Boston, MA, USA). Data were also evaluated using multivariate statistical analysis, namely the principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal discriminant analysis by partial least squares (OPLS-DA) and validated by permutation using SIMCA software (version 18.0, Sartorius Umetrics, Umeå, Sweden). Benjamini–Hochberg correction was used for false discovery rate correction. Detected lipid species were mapped to standardized lipid classes and subclasses according to accepted lipidomics nomenclature, enabling consistent grouping of lipid species for downstream statistical, class-level, and network analyses. LipidOne 2.4 was further used to support lipid-centric data integration and visualization prior to multivariate and pathway-based analyses (such as heatmaps, ROC analyses using a Naive-Bayesian model and Logistic Regression model, and protein–protein interaction network based on lipidomics data) [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B50-ijms-27-01926">50</a>]. Lipid network visualization was performed using Cytoscape software (v 3.8.2) [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B51-ijms-27-01926">51</a>]. Differentially abundant lipid species were organized according to lipid class and structural similarity. Node size reflected the −log10 <span>p</span>-value from univariate analysis, while node color represented log2 fold change between groups. Calculation of Fisher’s combined probability test for assessing systematic lipid class-level differences was performed (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#app1-ijms-27-01926">Supplementary Table S2</a>) and calculated following procedures described previously [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/4/1926#B52-ijms-27-01926">52</a>].</p><h4><strong>5. Conclusions</strong></h4><p>In conclusion, our findings demonstrate significant alterations in lipid metabolism in BRC patients undergoing AI therapy, with pronounced changes in Cer, SM, DG, TG, PC, PI, and PE lipids and lipid classes. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the differences in lipid metabolism between patients before and during AI treatment remain to be fully elucidated. Future longitudinal studies with paired pre- and post-treatment samples from the same individuals leveraging comprehensive lipidomic profiling are needed to deepen our understanding of AI-induced metabolic alterations and to inform the development of targeted interventions aimed at mitigating adverse effects, ultimately improving long-term outcomes and quality of life for these patients.</p></div></div>

Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy Is Associated with Distinct Plasma Lipidomic Profiles in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Patients

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ECOM COMPACT PREPARATIVE SYSTEM (50 ml/min, ECS58)

A highly effective Compact preparative system containing UV-VIS DAD detector, analytical gradient pump with degasser, automatic inject valve and fraction collector.

<p>A highly effective Compact preparative system containing&nbsp;<strong>UV-VIS DAD detector, analytical gradient pump with degasser, automatic inject valve and fraction collector</strong>. The detector allows absorbance measuring at four wavelengths at the same time or scanning through entire spectrum.</p><p>The system is <strong>controlled by a built-in PC and touchscreen</strong>.</p><p>A modular solution <strong>allows configuring the unit according to customer needs</strong>. This system contains a detector with a wavelength range of 200 –&nbsp; 800 nm, a pump with a flow rate up to 10 ml/min and a fraction collector.</p><h3><strong>Main parts</strong></h3><h5><strong>TOY18DAD800L DETECTOR</strong></h5><p>It is a UV-VIS diode array detector, which allows measuring the absorbance of&nbsp;<strong>four wavelengths in a range of 200–800 nm simultaneously in one cell&nbsp;just as scanning of whole spectra. Standardly is assembled with preparative cell PLCC07L, but other cells are available</strong>.</p><h5><strong>ECF2096 FRACTION COLLECTOR</strong></h5><p>Fractions are collected according to chosen method, which is simply created using a touch screen. Racks for 8, 21,40 ml tubes, 60 ml vials or 12 funnels, 30 mm.</p><h5><strong>AUTOMATIC INJECT VALVE</strong></h5><p>The valve is driven by a step motor and it is automatically switched by software. The system also allows manual sample injection by opening the column.</p><h5><strong>SYSTEM PC INFO</strong></h5><p>Installed industrial PC with Intel Atom 4 core processor. OS Linux, Touch screen 12,1“ 1024 x 786, SW QUEEN controls: gradient, flow rate, wavelengths, fractions collection etc. Remote administration is available. Possibility of measuring at four wavelengths at the same time or scanning through entire spectra. Furthermore, the possibility of <strong>displaying 3D data</strong>.&nbsp;</p><h5><strong>ECP2050 PREPARATIVE GRADIENT PUMP</strong></h5><p>Modified for the compact system,&nbsp;<strong>quaternary gradient pumps</strong>&nbsp;with flow rate up to&nbsp;<strong>50 ml/min</strong>&nbsp;(30 MPa, 4351 PSI).&nbsp;Unit software includes a new learning algorithm for pulsation suppression and many testing and diagnostic functions.</p><h3><strong>COMPACT PREPARATIVE SYSTEM &nbsp;&nbsp;</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</h3><ul><li><strong>Interface:</strong> 3xUSB, 2xLAN, RS232</li><li><strong>Power supply:</strong> 100 - 240 V AC</li><li><strong>Power input: </strong>400 W</li><li><strong>Dimensions (W x H x D):</strong> 500 x 678 x 482 mm (19.69 x 26.69 x 18.98")</li><li><strong>Weight:</strong> 55 kg (121.30 lb)</li></ul><h5><strong>Detector</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Wavelength range: </strong>200 - 800 nm &nbsp; (256 elements on CCD)</li><li><strong>Number of channels (Signals):</strong> 4</li><li><strong>Scan: </strong>200 - 800 nm,up to &nbsp;20 Hz, step 1 nm</li><li><strong>Typical spectral half-width:</strong> 10 mn</li><li><strong>Accuracy of adjustment / Reproducibility:</strong> ± 1 nm / ±0.5 nm</li><li><strong>Noise level at test cell (254 nm, TC 0.75s): </strong>± 5 x 10<sup>-5</sup> AU</li><li><strong>Drift at test cell (254 nm after 1 h):</strong> 1 x 10<sup>-3</sup> AU/hr</li><li><strong>Materials in contact with mobile phase: </strong>FEP; fused silica, stainless steel, PEEK</li><li><strong>Time constant (T63):</strong> 0.5 s, 0.75 s, 1.0 s, 2.0 s, 4.0 s, 8.0 s, 16.0 s, 0.2 s, 0.1 s</li></ul><h5><strong>Fraction collector</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Available racks (two racks per unit)</strong><ul><li>EC08 48 tubes of 8 ml</li><li>EC21 36 tubes of 21 ml</li><li>EC40 24 tubes of 40 ml</li><li>EC60 20 vials of 60 ml</li><li>F12A 12 funnels, 30 mm</li></ul></li><li><strong>Maximum flow rate for tubes 8 ml: </strong>max. 50 ml/min</li><li><strong>Maximum flow rate for tubes 21, 40 ml:</strong> max. 300 ml/min</li><li><strong>Maximum flow rate for vials 60 ml: </strong>max. 300 ml/min</li><li><strong>Maximum flow rate for funnels: </strong>max. 500 ml/min</li><li><strong>Wetted materials: </strong>FEP, Tefzel®, PPS, KEL-F, PTFE, PEEK, SS 316, SIMAX glass</li><li><strong>Input tubing:</strong> OD 1/8“ x ID 1/16“ FEP</li></ul><h5><strong>Pump</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Flow rate:</strong> 0.1 – 50 ml/min</li><li><strong>Maximum operating pressure:</strong> 30 MPa (4351 PSI)</li><li><strong>Flow rate setting: </strong>0.1 ml/min steps</li><li><strong>Repeatability of flow rate adjusting:</strong> ± 0.5 %</li><li><strong>Accuracy of flow rate setting: </strong>± 2 %</li><li><strong>Wetted materials: stainless steel, PEEK, TefzelTM, PE, ceramic, seals *</strong></li><li><strong>Output capillary outer diameter: 1/8”</strong></li><li><strong>Input tubing outer diameter: </strong>1/8”</li><li><strong>Gradient valves control module - OPTIONALLY:</strong> Up to six valves</li></ul>

ECOM COMPACT PREPARATIVE SYSTEM (250 ml/min, ECS28)

A highly effective Compact preparative system containing UV-VIS DAD detector, preparative gradient pump, an automatic inject valve, and a fraction collector. 

<p>A highly effective Compact semi-preparative system containing&nbsp;<strong>UV-VIS DAD detector, preparative gradient pump, an automatic inject valve, and a fraction collector</strong>. The detector allows absorbance measuring at four wavelengths at the same time or scanning through entire spectrum.</p><p>The system is <strong>controlled by a built-in PC and touchscreen</strong>.</p><p>A modular solution <strong>allows configuring the unit according to customer needs</strong>. This system contains a detector with a wavelength range of 200 –&nbsp; 800 nm, a pump with a flow rate up to 10 ml/min and a fraction collector.</p><h3><strong>Main parts</strong></h3><h5><strong>TOY18DAD800L DETECTOR</strong></h5><p>It is a UV-VIS diode array detector, which allows measuring the absorbance of&nbsp;<strong>four wavelengths in a range of 200–800 nm simultaneously in one cell&nbsp;just as scanning of whole spectra. Standardly is assembled with preparative cell PLCC07L, but other cells are available</strong>.</p><h5><strong>ECF2096 FRACTION COLLECTOR</strong></h5><p>Fractions are collected according to chosen method, which is simply created using a touch screen. Racks for 8, 21,40 ml tubes, 60 ml vials or 12 funnels, 30 mm.</p><h5><strong>AUTOMATIC INJECT VALVE</strong></h5><p>The valve is driven by a step motor and it is automatically switched by software. The system also allows manual sample injection by opening the column.</p><h5><strong>SYSTEM PC INFO</strong></h5><p>Installed industrial PC with Intel Atom 4 core processor. OS Linux, Touch screen 12,1“ 1024 x 786, SW QUEEN controls: gradient, flow rate, wavelengths, fractions collection etc. Remote administration is available. Possibility of measuring at four wavelengths at the same time or scanning through entire spectra. Furthermore, the possibility of <strong>displaying 3D data</strong>.&nbsp;</p><h5><strong>ECP2200 PREPARATIVE GRADIENT PUMP</strong></h5><p>Modified for the compact system,&nbsp;<strong>quaternary gradient pumps</strong>&nbsp;with flow rate up to&nbsp;<strong>250 ml/min</strong>&nbsp;(30 MPa at 100 ml/min and then linearly down up to 15 MPa at 250 ml/min).&nbsp;Unit software includes a new learning algorithm for pulsation suppression and many testing and diagnostic functions.</p><h3><strong>COMPACT PREPARATIVE SYSTEM &nbsp;&nbsp;</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</h3><ul><li><strong>Interface:</strong> 3xUSB, 2xLAN, RS232</li><li><strong>Power supply:</strong> 100 - 240 V AC</li><li><strong>Power input: </strong>400 W</li><li><strong>Dimensions (W x H x D):</strong> 500 x 678 x 482 mm (19.69 x 26.69 x 18.98")</li><li><strong>Weight:</strong> 55 kg (121.30 lb)</li></ul><h5><strong>Detector</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Wavelength range: </strong>200 - 800 nm (256 elements on CCD)</li><li><strong>Number of channels (Signals):</strong> 4</li><li><strong>Scan: </strong>200 - 800 nm,up to &nbsp;20 Hz, step 1 nm</li><li><strong>Typical spectral half-width:</strong> 10 mn</li><li><strong>Accuracy of adjustment / Reproducibility:</strong> ± 1 nm / ±0.5 nm</li><li><strong>Noise level at test cell (254 nm, TC 0.75s): </strong>± 5 x 10<sup>-5</sup> AU</li><li><strong>Drift at test cell (254 nm after 1 h):</strong> 1 x 10<sup>-3</sup> AU/hr</li><li><strong>Materials in contact with mobile phase: </strong>FEP; fused silica, stainless steel, PEEK</li><li><strong>Time constant (T63):</strong> 0.5 s, 0.75 s, 1.0 s, 2.0 s, 4.0 s, 8.0 s, 16.0 s, 0.2 s, 0.1 s</li></ul><h5><strong>Fraction collector</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Available racks (two racks per unit)</strong><ul><li>EC08 48 tubes of 8 ml</li><li>EC21 36 tubes of 21 ml</li><li>EC40 24 tubes of 40 ml</li><li>EC60 20 vials of 60 ml</li><li>F12A 12 funnels, 30 mm</li></ul></li><li><strong>Maximum flow rate for tubes 8 ml: </strong>max. 50 ml/min</li><li><strong>Maximum flow rate for tubes 21, 40 ml:</strong> max. 300 ml/min</li><li><strong>Maximum flow rate for vials 60 ml: </strong>max. 300 ml/min</li><li><strong>Maximum flow rate for funnels: </strong>max. 500 ml/min</li><li><strong>Wetted materials: </strong>FEP, Tefzel®, PPS, KEL-F, PTFE, PEEK, SS 316, SIMAX glass</li><li><strong>Input tubing:</strong> OD 1/8“ x ID 1/16“ FEP</li></ul><h5><strong>Pump</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Flow rate:</strong> 0.5 – 250 ml/min</li><li><strong>Maximum operating pressure:</strong> 30 MPa (4351 PSI) up to 100 ml/min then &nbsp;linearly down up to</li><li><strong>Flow rate setting: </strong>0.1 ml/min steps</li><li><strong>Repeatability of flow rate adjusting:</strong> ± 1 %</li><li><strong>Accuracy of flow rate setting: </strong>± 2 %</li><li><strong>Wetted materials: stainless steel, PEEK, TefzelTM, PE, ceramic, seals *</strong></li><li><strong>Output capillary outer diameter: 1/8”</strong></li><li><strong>Input tubing outer diameter: </strong>1/8”</li><li><strong>Gradient valves control module - OPTIONALLY:</strong> Up to six valves</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA HPLC 862 bar system

With the 862 bar system, you choose the most widespread system solution of the KNAUER AZURA family. We recommend this system for all classical applications and column types, as well as for faster and optimized methods with shorter columns and run times.

<p><strong>With the 862 bar system, you choose the most widespread system solution of the KNAUER AZURA family. We recommend this system for all classical applications and column types, as well as for faster and optimized methods with shorter columns and run times.</strong></p><h3><strong>Key features</strong></h3><div><div><ul><li>The complete solution for your daily HPLC routine. Easily upgradable to an ultra low dispersion chromatography&nbsp;(ULDC) system</li><li>Covers most analytical applications due&nbsp;to optimal continuous working conditions in the range of&nbsp;0.1–4.0&nbsp;ml/min at up to 862 bar&nbsp;</li><li>Use classical HPLC columns just as well as fast analysis columns packed with 3 µm particles or even core shell materials</li><li>Typical applications include food, pharmaceutical and environmental analyses</li></ul></div></div><div><div><p><strong>Choose this system for reliable and robust analyses!</strong></p><p>If you are looking for higher speed, high sample throughput or highest peak resolution, take a look at the<strong> KNAUER AZURA UHPLC systems</strong>.</p><h3><strong>Specifications</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Back pressure range:&nbsp;</strong>862 bar max. at up to 2 ml/min, 400 bar at up to 10 ml/min</li><li><strong>Flow rate range: </strong>0.001–10 ml/min</li><li><strong>Recommended continuous flow rate: </strong>Up to 5 ml/min</li><li><strong>Available pump systems: </strong>Isocratic/Binary HPG/Quaternary LPG</li><li><strong>Biocompatibility: </strong>Optionally available for backpressure range up to 400 bar</li><li><strong>Injection options: </strong>Autosampler, Liquid handler, manual, automatted via electrical injection valve</li><li><strong>Injection volume range: </strong>0.1 µl–5000 µl depending on sample loop</li><li><strong>Sample capacity: </strong>108 standard HPLC vials (1.5 ml) or up to 768 positions when equipped with microtiter plates, with liquid handler up to 390 HPLC vials</li><li><strong>Column thermostatting range:</strong> 5–85 °C</li><li><strong>Eluent preheating: </strong>Optional cartridge for eluent pre-heating</li><li><strong>Column switching options: </strong>Optional switching between up to 8 columns</li><li><strong>Choice of detectors:</strong> DAD 190–700 nm, DAD 190–1000 nm, RID, UVD, MWD, FLD, ELSD, MS</li><li><strong>Choice of software packages:</strong> ClarityChrom® CDS, OpenLAB® CDS EZChrom Edition, Mobile Control, Chromeleon™ 7.2</li><li><strong>Environmental impact:</strong> Green production, efficient operation, durability and reparability ensure a low environmental impact. The top-selling of our KNAUER 862 bar sytems have now been certified with the ACT environmental impact ecolabel issued by My Green Lab and achieved top scores.</li></ul><h3><strong>System components</strong></h3><p>By choosing the best fitting alternatives to your special application task, the AZURA system adapts to your needs. Get more information and data sheets about every single component by clicking the "View all" button.</p><h4><strong>Eluent delivery</strong></h4><h5><strong>Binary high-pressure gradient (HPG) pump system</strong></h5><p>The AZURA® P 6.1L binary pump contains two identical high pressure pumps, a 2×2-channel inlet solvent selection valve and the low-volume AZURA® mixer. The integrated degasser and AZURA® inline filter are completing this analytical AZURA® P 6.1L HPLC pump and turn it into a work horse in the lab. Active pulsation compensation significantly improves detection limits of trace components by reducing fluctuation of the baseline.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Kanuer_KNAUER_AZURA_HPLC_862_bar_system_Binary_high_pressure_gradient_HPG_pump_97332eb114.jpg" alt="Kanuer: KNAUER AZURA HPLC 862 bar system - Binary high-pressure gradient (HPG) pump" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Kanuer_KNAUER_AZURA_HPLC_862_bar_system_Binary_high_pressure_gradient_HPG_pump_97332eb114.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="669"></p><h5><strong>Quaternary low-pressure gradient (LPG) pump system</strong></h5><p>The AZURA® P 6.1L quaternary pump contains one high pressure pump and an integrated LPG mixing block with a 4-channel inlet solvent selection valve and a low-dwell volume AZURA® mixer. The integrated degasser and AZURA® inline filter are completing this analytical AZURA® P 6.1L HPLC pump and turn it into a work horse in the lab. The AZURA® mixer combines high mixing performance with a low dead volume. The user-changeable mixer is available in different volumes (50/100/200/400/600 μl) allowing best possible adaption to any application.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_HPLC_862_bar_system_Quaternary_low_pressure_gradient_LPG_pump_system_e7a5dd7a5b.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA HPLC 862 bar system - Quaternary low-pressure gradient (LPG) pump system" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_HPLC_862_bar_system_Quaternary_low_pressure_gradient_LPG_pump_system_e7a5dd7a5b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="594"></p><h5><strong>Isocratic pump system</strong></h5><p>The AZURA® P 6.1L isocratic pump is the easiest solution and can be applied, whenever an isocratic run is needed. It completes systems with refractive index detector. The isocratic pump comes in a very cost effective version or in a more sophisticated version with degasser and solvent selection valves for switching between different eluents. Chose between specialised pump heads for reversed phase and normal phase applications.</p><h4><strong>Sample Injection</strong></h4><h5><strong>Autosampler</strong></h5><p>The&nbsp;autosampler <strong>AZURA AS 6.1L</strong> can inject from up to 768 positions when equipped with microtiter plates or from up to 108 standard 2 ml sample vials. It&nbsp;is equipped with an ILD<sup>TM</sup> valve, consisting of a rotor-stator combination with a central port for depressurizing the sample loop before receiving the sample. This way, the sample is not diluted with solvent. A cooling/heating option (4–40 °C) is optionally available.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_autosampler_AZURA_AS_6_1_L_1240_bar_ff1ac03e70.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA 1240 bar UHPLC System - autosampler AZURA AS 6.1L 1240&nbsp;bar" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_autosampler_AZURA_AS_6_1_L_1240_bar_ff1ac03e70.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="780"></p><h5><strong>Liquid handler</strong></h5><p>The <strong>Liquid handler LH 8.1 </strong>offers automatic sample preparation to speed up your workflow. No sample loss and high precision injection of small and large sample volumes are provided. High-throughput with up to 4 robotic coolers with&nbsp;max. of 24 racks for up to 390 HPLC vials or well plates. Washing station with two different wash solvents minimizes carry-over. Flexibility of modules and functions according to your needs.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_AZURA_Liquid_Handler1_cb4a4e1a48.jpeg" alt="Knauer: AZURA - Liquid Handler" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_AZURA_Liquid_Handler1_cb4a4e1a48.jpeg 180w," sizes="100vw" width="1274" height="1105"></p><h5><strong>Manual injection valve</strong></h5><p>KNAUER Manual injection valves V 4.1 are the easiest and most cost- effective way to inject your sample. Equippable with different sample loops, the manual injection valve can be used for a wide range of injection volumes.</p><h5><strong>Electrically driven injection valve</strong></h5><p>Whenever you need higher reproducibility and want to get user-independent results, a manual injection valve can be upgraded to an electrically switching injection valve using the <strong>KNAUER smart valve drive VU 4.1</strong>. The sample can still be applied manually, but the injection into the HPLC system is automatted.</p><h4><strong>Column selection and thermostat</strong></h4><h5><strong>Column thermostat</strong></h5><p>The <strong>forced air column thermostat</strong><i> </i><strong>AZURA CT 2.1</strong> is capable of heating or cooling from 5 to 85 °C. The powerful fan and robust peltier element keep the column at a very stable temperature, thus allowing reproducible analysis results.&nbsp;Optional eluent preheating cartridges can be installed.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Column_selection_and_thermostat_567c35ab61.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA Educational HPLC System - Column selection and thermostat" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Column_selection_and_thermostat_567c35ab61.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1700" height="881"></p><h5><strong>Column switching valves</strong></h5><p><strong>KNAUER valves V&nbsp;4.1</strong>&nbsp;and the <strong>KNAUER valve drive VU 4.1&nbsp;</strong>are designed for a wide range of chromatographic applications. Flexibility is provided by choice of different materials and sizes as well as drivers for various software packages.</p><h4><strong>Detection</strong></h4><h5><strong>Diode array detectors (DAD or PDA)</strong></h5><p>The AZURA Diode array detectors (DAD)&nbsp;are high-end diode array detectors with a wavelength range from 190–1000 nm for the <strong>AZURA DAD 6.1L</strong> and 190–700 nm for the <strong>AZURA DAD 2.1L</strong>. The intelligent temperature management of both devices enables fast operational readiness after startup. It also minimizes baseline drift. Due to the frontally accessible deuterium and halogen lamp, the device is easy to service.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_DAD_6_1_L_Diode_array_detectors_DAD_or_PDA_919e55c936.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA 1240 bar UHPLC System - AZURA DAD 6.1L Diode array detectors (DAD or PDA)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_DAD_6_1_L_Diode_array_detectors_DAD_or_PDA_919e55c936.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="387"></p><h5><strong>Mass Detector for MS/MS</strong></h5><p>The <strong>SCIEX Triple Quad™ 4500 MS/MS</strong> system offers superior quantitative performance with high sensitivity combined with excellent robustness and long-term stability. Designed for food, environmental, forensic and clinical research, this MS/MS system enables test development for even the most demanding applications.</p><ul><li>Workhorse triple quad mass spectrometer for dependable everyday use&nbsp;</li><li>High sensitivity for food and environmental contaminant screening and target quantitation</li><li>High scan speed for reliable quantitation of sharp UHPLC peaks</li><li>Simple and fast data processing powered by SCIEX OS software</li></ul><h5><strong>Variable or multiple wavelength detectors (MWD or VWD)</strong></h5><p>The <strong>AZURA MWD 2.1L</strong> is an 8 channel, sensitive multiwavelength detector combining high performance with easy handling at an affordable price. The newly developed optical unit and intelligent temperature management ensure for maximum sensitivity combined with minimal baseline drift.&nbsp;</p><h5><strong>UV/VIS detectors with single variable wavelength</strong></h5><p>The UV/VIS Detector <strong>AZURA UVD 2.1L</strong> is a competitively priced HPLC spectrophotometer for routine HPLC applications including fast LC methods.&nbsp;It comes with an installed deuterium lamp which covers a wavelength range from 190 to 750 nm.&nbsp;Due to a smart design the flow cell is easily accessible and can be changed very quickly.&nbsp;</p><h5><strong>Refractive index detection (RI)</strong></h5><p>The <strong>AZURA RID 2.1L</strong> is a sensitive and competitively priced differential refractometer. It is suitable for detecting compounds with little or no UV activity such as alcohols, sugars, lipids or polymers.&nbsp;The intelligently designed optical unit with advanced temperature control ensures high sensitivity, fast baseline stabilization, and excellent reproducibility. The wide linear dynamic range, its low internal volume of 43 µl from the inlet to the flow cell and 10 ml/min maximum flow rate make the AZURA RID 2.1L the perfect choice for most laboratory tasks.&nbsp;</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_RID_2_1_L_Refractive_index_detection_RI_8cd15bf26d.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA 1240 bar UHPLC System - AZURA RID 2.1L Refractive index detection (RI)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_RID_2_1_L_Refractive_index_detection_RI_8cd15bf26d.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="387"></p><h5><strong>Fluorescence detection (FLD)</strong></h5><p>The fluorescence detectors <strong>RF-20A </strong>and <strong>RF-20Axs</strong> provide&nbsp;world-class sensitivity, excellent maintainability and diverse validation / support functions. They&nbsp;support&nbsp;a wide range of applications in the wavelength range of 200 to 750 nm for the RF-20Axs and 200 to 650 nm for the RF-20A from conventional analysis to high-performance analysis.</p><h5><strong>Evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD)&nbsp;</strong></h5><p>As an universal detector, an <strong>ELSD </strong>offers numerous possibilities for detecting substances that have few or no chromophores. Since the eluents are evaporated, the use of non-UV-compatible solvents poses no problems and the ELSD is gradient compatible. KNAUER offers different models for different application tasks.</p><h4><strong>Software solutions</strong></h4><h5><strong>Mobile Control</strong></h5><p>The Mobile Control is an intuitive and cost-effective software solution for controlling and monitoring your AZURA devices and systems. The clear system overview provides instant information on key parameters and system status. Adjust and operate single devices or even whole systems with a few fingertips.&nbsp;The well-structured block programming assists you to clearly and quickly automate device control. A smart user management makes the Mobile Control safe. Device parameters can only be changed by authorized operators.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Mobile_Control_software_2052b3ed77.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA Educational HPLC System - Mobile Control software" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Mobile_Control_software_2052b3ed77.jpg 241w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="830"></p><h5><strong>ClarityChrom® CDS</strong></h5><p>ClarityChrom is an easy-to-use chromatography data system for workstations. The optional control extensions for GC, PDA and GPC allow to use the software for a wide range of applications.</p><h5><strong>OpenLAB® CDS EZChrom Edition</strong></h5><p>Basic Workstation license, includes System Suitability, Fraction Collector Control and Software Maintenance Agreement</p><h5><strong>Chromeleon™ 7.2</strong></h5><p>Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ Chromeleon™ is one of the most wide-spread chromatography data systems. Its intuitive handling benefits laboratory workflow and the highly developed algorithms simplify data processing. It offers a broad range of third-party drivers and can be easily used with existing HPLC systems. KNAUER offers drivers for a lot of its devices.&nbsp;</p><h4><strong>Application-based systems</strong></h4><h5><strong>HPLC System for Food Analysis</strong></h5><p>Analytical HPLC system with an extended maximum pressure of up to 862 bar diod array detection (DAD)</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Kanuer_AZURA_HPLC_System_for_Food_Analysis_2ac3e3351d.webp" alt="Kanuer: AZURA - HPLC System for Food Analysis" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Kanuer_AZURA_HPLC_System_for_Food_Analysis_2ac3e3351d.webp 186w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="1075"></p><h5><strong>Cannabis Profiler</strong></h5><p>HPLC System for cannabis potency testing (THC and CBD) according to the German Pharmacopoeia (DAB). System for quick and easy determination of six cannabinoids.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_AZURA_C_Annabis_Profiler_e76b10f720.webp" alt="Knauer: AZURA - Cannabis Profiler" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_AZURA_C_Annabis_Profiler_e76b10f720.webp 186w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="1075"></p><h5><strong>System for the analysis of aflatoxins</strong></h5><p>System for determination designed for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 in food and feed, such as penuts, corn and cottonseed.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_AZURA_System_for_the_analysis_of_aflatoxins_fe91f2ad54.webp" alt="Knauer: AZURA - System for the analysis of aflatoxins" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_AZURA_System_for_the_analysis_of_aflatoxins_fe91f2ad54.webp 156w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="1280"></p><p>&nbsp;</p></div></div>

KNAUER AZURA Educational 400 bar HPLC System

Based on our KNAUER AZURA Compact HPLC: Robust, modern and cost-effective.

<p><strong>We would like to support you in your efforts to teach chromatography in theory and practice with the KNAUER AZURA Educational System. Our special package for training includes:</strong></p><ul><li><strong>KNAUER AZURA Compact HPLC as a complete solution:</strong> an isocratic HPLC system with manual injection valve, pump, HPLC column and UV detector as well as eluent tray and solvent bottles.</li><li><strong>Intuitive and up-to-date: </strong>The clearly defined layout helps to understand the different functions of the HPLC system. All important components are easy to access and maintain.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>A laptop and the HPLC software ClarityChrom<sup>®</sup></strong> to control the system and analyze results. Alternatively, KNAUER´s Mobile Control can also be used.</li><li><strong>Training material: </strong>flow chart for installation and capillary connection, detailed application note and video tutorials.</li><li>Beyond the detailled described example application, many other easy applications are also possible on this system</li></ul><p><strong>If you are more interested in a fully equipped HPLC system for daily routine analyses, we recommend the KNAUER AZURA HPLC 862 bar systems.</strong></p><h3><strong>Specifications</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Back pressure range: </strong>400 bar max.</li><li><strong>Flow rate range: </strong>0.001–10 ml/min</li><li><strong>Recommended continuous flow rate: </strong>0.1–4 ml/min</li><li><strong>Available pump systems: </strong>Isocratic</li><li><strong>Injection options:</strong>&nbsp;Manual, optionally automatted via electrial injection valve</li><li><strong>Injection volume rangev:</strong>&nbsp;1 µl–5000 µl depending on sample loop and injection syringe</li><li><strong>Column thermostatting range: </strong>Ambient</li><li><strong>Choice of detectors:</strong>&nbsp;UVD</li><li><strong>Choice of software packages: </strong>ClarityChrom® CDS, Mobile Control</li></ul><h3><strong>System components</strong></h3><div><div><p>By choosing the most suitable component options for your specific application task, the AZURA system adapts to your needs.</p></div></div><h4><strong>Isocratic pump system</strong></h4><p>The <strong>AZURA® P 4.1S isocratic compact pump</strong> is the easiest solution and can be applied, whenever an isocratic run is needed. It features an integrated pressure sensor, which ensures pressure-independent flow rate accuracy.&nbsp;Choose between specialized pump heads for reversed phase and normal phase applications.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Isocratic_pump_system_6cc15acad6.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA Educational HPLC System - Isocratic pump system" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Isocratic_pump_system_6cc15acad6.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1415" height="764"></p><h4><strong>Sample Injection</strong></h4><h5><strong>Manual injection valve</strong></h5><p>KNAUER Manual injection valves V 4.1 are the easiest and most cost- effective way to inject your sample. Equippable with different sample loops, the manual injection valve can be used for a wide range of injection volumes.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Manual_injection_valve_ff921b5148.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA Educational HPLC System - Manual injection valve" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Manual_injection_valve_ff921b5148.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1309" height="541"></p><h5><strong>Electrically driven injection valve</strong></h5><p>Whenever you need higher reproducibility and want to get user-independent results, a manual injection valve can be upgraded to an electrically switching injection valve using the <strong>KNAUER smart valve drive VU 4.1</strong>. The sample can still be applied manually, but the injection into the HPLC system is automated.</p><p>For the KNAUER AZURA 400 bar Compact systems, it can be installed&nbsp;as a module in the ASM 2.2L.</p><h4><strong>Column selection and thermostat</strong></h4><p>Optionally available for the KNAUER AZURA Educational system. The <strong>forced air column thermostat</strong><i> </i><strong>AZURA CT 2.1</strong> is capable of heating or cooling from 5 to 85 °C. The powerful fan and robust peltier element keep the column at a very stable temperature, thus allowing reproducible analysis results.&nbsp;Optional eluent preheating cartridges can be installed.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Column_selection_and_thermostat_567c35ab61.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA Educational HPLC System - Column selection and thermostat" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Column_selection_and_thermostat_567c35ab61.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1700" height="881"></p><h4><strong>Detection</strong></h4><h5><strong>UV/VIS detectors with single variable wavelength</strong></h5><p>The <strong>AZURA UVD 2.1S</strong> is a highly competitive single variable wavelength UV detector for HPLC. It offers excellent technical specifications for routine laboratory work.&nbsp;The installed deuterium lamp covers a wavelength range from 190 to 500 nm.&nbsp;Due to a smart design, the flow cell is easily accessible and can be changed very quickly.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Compact_variable_single_wavelength_UV_detector_for_ASM_2_2_L_71a87b3680.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA Educational HPLC System - Compact variable single wavelength UV detector for ASM 2.2L" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Compact_variable_single_wavelength_UV_detector_for_ASM_2_2_L_71a87b3680.jpg 243w," sizes="100vw" width="1199" height="769"></p><h4><strong>Software solutions</strong></h4><h5><strong>Mobile Control</strong></h5><p>The Mobile Control is an intuitive and cost-effective software solution for controlling and monitoring your AZURA devices and systems. The clear system overview provides instant information on key parameters and system status. Adjust and operate single devices or even whole systems with a few fingertips.&nbsp;The well-structured block programming assists you to clearly and quickly automate device control. A smart user management makes the Mobile Control safe. Device parameters can only be changed by authorized operators.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Mobile_Control_software_2052b3ed77.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA Educational HPLC System - Mobile Control software" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Mobile_Control_software_2052b3ed77.jpg 241w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="830"></p><h5><strong>ClarityChrom® CDS</strong></h5><p>ClarityChrom is an easy-to-use chromatography data system for workstations. The optional control extensions for GC, PDA and GPC allow to use the software for a wide range of applications.</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

KNAUER AZURA 1240 bar UHPLC System

High-end solution for most challenging tasks. Ideally suited for quality control tasks with high sample throughput.

<p><strong>High-end solution for most challenging tasks.&nbsp;Ideally suited for quality control tasks with high sample throughput. This solution is recommended whenever lowest detection limits, highest analysis speed and resolution or most accurate flow delivery is needed.</strong></p><div><div><ul><li>Developed with innovative technology and decades of continuous improvements <strong>the AZURA®&nbsp;UHPLC 1240 bar systems enter&nbsp;a new level of performance and durability</strong></li><li><strong>Covers ultra high pressure applications</strong> due&nbsp;to&nbsp;working conditions in the range of&nbsp;<strong>0.1–5.0&nbsp;ml/min at up to 1240&nbsp;bar&nbsp;</strong></li><li>This system is made for&nbsp;high resolution <strong>UHPLC columns packed with smallest particles &lt; 2 µm</strong> or <strong>core shell materials</strong>, while any other HPLC or UHPLC column can also be used&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Perfect partner for MS/MS coupling</strong> due to very precise and accurate delivery also in the low flow rate range</li><li>Typical applications include food, pharmaceutical and environmental analyses with high throughput</li></ul></div></div><div><div><p>Choose this system whenever highest performance and speed is needed!</p><p><strong>If your applications do not require such a high back pressure and resolution, then you should take a look at the KNAUER AZURA HPLC systems. These can be operated at up to 862 bar.</strong></p></div></div><h3><strong>Specifications</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Back pressure range:</strong> 1240 bar max.</li><li><strong>Flow rate range:</strong> 0.001–5 ml/min</li><li><strong>Available pump systems:</strong> Binary HPG</li><li><strong>Special pump features:</strong> Active pulsation compensation, RFID for automatic pump head detection, Integrated pressure sensor, Leak management, Piston seal wash, Purge valve (automatic)</li><li><strong>Injection options:</strong> Autosampler, Liquid handler</li><li><strong>Injection volume range:</strong> 0.1 µl–5000 µl depending on sample loop</li><li><strong>Sample capacity:</strong> 108 standard HPLC vials (1.5 ml) or up to 768 positions when equipped with microtiter plates, with liquid handler up to 390 HPLC vials</li><li><strong>Column thermostatting range: </strong>5–85 °C</li><li><strong>Eluent preheating:</strong> Optional cartridge for eluent pre-heating</li><li><strong>Column switching options:</strong> Optional switching between up to 8 columns</li><li><strong>Choice of detectors:</strong> DAD 190–700 nm, DAD 190–1000 nm, RID, UVD, MWD, FLD, ELSD, MS</li><li><strong>Choice of software packages:</strong> ClarityChrom® CDS, OpenLAB® CDS EZChrom Edition, Mobile Control, Chromeleon™ 7.2</li></ul><h3><strong>System components</strong></h3><div><div><p>An AZURA UHPLC system adapts to your application requirements. The highly modular system design allows you to choose the best suited components for your specific task.</p></div></div><h4><strong>Eluent delivery</strong></h4><h5><strong>Binary high-pressure gradient (HPG) pump system</strong></h5><p>The new <strong>AZURA®&nbsp;P 8.1L UHPLC pump</strong> is specially designed for ultra-fast and high-resolution applications.&nbsp;It features a 2-channel internal degassing unit, a 2x2 channel solvent selection valve, and a low dwell-volume eluent mixer.</p><p>The adaptive pulsation compensation of the pump is independent of flow rate, backpressure, and eluent type through real-time eluent compressibility monitoring and variable piston stroke. Together with the ultra-precise piston movement thanks to KNAUER’s proprietary advanced piston drive technology, this results in outstanding flow reproducibility at any working conditions.&nbsp;</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_Binary_high_pressure_gradient_HPG_pump_system_b94a8018c7.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA 1240 bar UHPLC System - Binary high-pressure gradient (HPG) pump system" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_Binary_high_pressure_gradient_HPG_pump_system_b94a8018c7.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="550"></p><h4><strong>Sample Injection</strong></h4><h5><strong>Autosampler 1240 bar</strong></h5><p>The&nbsp;<strong>autosampler AZURA AS 6.1L 1240&nbsp;bar</strong> can inject from up to 768 positions when equipped with microtiter plates or from up to 108 standard 2 ml sample vials. It&nbsp;is equipped with an ILD<sup>TM</sup> valve, consisting of a rotor-stator combination with a central port for depressurizing the sample loop before receiving the sample. This way, the sample is not diluted with solvent. A Cooling/heating option (4–40 °C) is optionally available.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_autosampler_AZURA_AS_6_1_L_1240_bar_ff1ac03e70.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA 1240 bar UHPLC System - autosampler AZURA AS 6.1L 1240&nbsp;bar" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_autosampler_AZURA_AS_6_1_L_1240_bar_ff1ac03e70.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="780"></p><h5><strong>Liquid handler&nbsp;</strong></h5><p>The <strong>Liquid handler LH 8.1 </strong>offers automatic sample preparation to speed up your workflow. No sample loss and high precision injection of small and large sample volumes are provided. High-throughput with up to 4 robotic coolers with&nbsp;max. of 24 racks for up to 390 HPLC vials or well plates. Washing station with two different wash solvents minimizes carry-over. Flexibility of modules and functions according to your needs.</p><h4><strong>Column selection and thermostat</strong></h4><h5><strong>Column thermostat</strong></h5><p>The <strong>forced air column thermostat</strong><i> </i><strong>AZURA CT 2.1</strong> is capable of heating or cooling from 5 to 85 °C. The powerful fan and robust peltier element keep the column at a very stable temperature, thus allowing reproducible analysis results.&nbsp;Optional eluent preheating cartridges can be installed.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Column_selection_and_thermostat_567c35ab61.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA Educational HPLC System - Column selection and thermostat" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Column_selection_and_thermostat_567c35ab61.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1700" height="881"></p><h5><strong>Column switching valves</strong></h5><p><strong>KNAUER valves V&nbsp;4.1</strong>&nbsp;and the <strong>KNAUER valve drive VU 4.1&nbsp;</strong>are designed for a wide range of chromatographic applications. Flexibility is provided by choice of different materials and sizes as well as drivers for various software packages.</p><h4><strong>Detection</strong></h4><h5><strong>Diode array detectors (DAD or PDA)</strong></h5><p>The AZURA Diode array detectors (DAD)&nbsp;are high-end diode array detectors with a wavelength range from 190–1000 nm for the <strong>AZURA DAD 6.1L</strong> and 190–700 nm for the <strong>AZURA DAD 2.1L</strong>. The intelligent temperature management of both devices enables fast operational readiness after startup. It also minimizes baseline drift. Due to the frontally accessible deuterium and halogen lamp, the device is easy to service.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_DAD_6_1_L_Diode_array_detectors_DAD_or_PDA_919e55c936.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA 1240 bar UHPLC System - AZURA DAD 6.1L Diode array detectors (DAD or PDA)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_DAD_6_1_L_Diode_array_detectors_DAD_or_PDA_919e55c936.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="387"></p><h5><strong>Mass Detector for MS/MS</strong></h5><p>The <strong>SCIEX Triple Quad™ 4500 MS/MS</strong> system offers superior quantitative performance with high sensitivity combined with excellent robustness and long-term stability. Designed for food, environmental, forensic and clinical research, this MS/MS system enables test development for even the most demanding applications.</p><ul><li>Workhorse triple quad mass spectrometer for dependable everyday use&nbsp;</li><li>High sensitivity for food and environmental contaminant screening and target quantitation</li><li>High scan speed for reliable quantitation of sharp UHPLC peaks</li><li>Simple and fast data processing powered by SCIEX OS software</li></ul><h5><strong>Variable or multiple wavelength detectors (MWD or VWD)</strong></h5><p>The <strong>AZURA MWD 2.1L</strong> is an 8 channel, sensitive multiwavelength detector combining high performance with easy handling at an affordable price. The newly developed optical unit and intelligent temperature management ensure for maximum sensitivity combined with minimal baseline drift.&nbsp;</p><h5><strong>UV/VIS detectors with single variable wavelength</strong></h5><p>The UV/VIS Detector <strong>AZURA UVD 2.1L</strong> is a competitively priced HPLC spectrophotometer for routine HPLC applications including fast LC methods.&nbsp;It comes with an installed deuterium lamp which covers a wavelength range from 190 to 750 nm.&nbsp;Due to a smart design the flow cell is easily accessible and can be changed very quickly.&nbsp;</p><h5><strong>Refractive index detection (RI)</strong></h5><p>The <strong>AZURA RID 2.1L</strong> is a sensitive and competitively priced differential refractometer. It is suitable for detecting compounds with little or no UV activity such as alcohols, sugars, lipids or polymers.&nbsp;The intelligently designed optical unit with advanced temperature control ensures high sensitivity, fast baseline stabilization, and excellent reproducibility. The wide linear dynamic range, its low internal volume of 43 µl from the inlet to the flow cell and 10 ml/min maximum flow rate make the AZURA RID 2.1L the perfect choice for most laboratory tasks.&nbsp;</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_RID_2_1_L_Refractive_index_detection_RI_8cd15bf26d.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA 1240 bar UHPLC System - AZURA RID 2.1L Refractive index detection (RI)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_RID_2_1_L_Refractive_index_detection_RI_8cd15bf26d.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="387"></p><h5><strong>Fluorescence detection (FLD)</strong></h5><p>The fluorescence detectors <strong>RF-20A </strong>and <strong>RF-20Axs</strong> provide&nbsp;world-class sensitivity, excellent maintainability and diverse validation / support functions. They&nbsp;support&nbsp;a wide range of applications in the wavelength range of 200 to 750 nm for the RF-20Axs and 200 to 650 nm for the RF-20A from conventional analysis to high-performance analysis.</p><h5><strong>Evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD)&nbsp;</strong></h5><p>As an universal detector, an <strong>ELSD </strong>offers numerous possibilities for detecting substances that have few or no chromophores. Since the eluents are evaporated, the use of non-UV-compatible solvents poses no problems and the ELSD is gradient compatible. KNAUER offers different models for different application tasks.</p><h4><strong>Software solutions</strong></h4><h5><strong>Mobile Control</strong></h5><p>The Mobile Control is an intuitive and cost-effective software solution for controlling and monitoring your AZURA devices and systems. The clear system overview provides instant information on key parameters and system status. Adjust and operate single devices or even whole systems with a few fingertips.&nbsp;The well-structured block programming assists you to clearly and quickly automate device control. A smart user management makes the Mobile Control safe. Device parameters can only be changed by authorized operators.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Mobile_Control_software_2052b3ed77.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA Educational HPLC System - Mobile Control software" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Mobile_Control_software_2052b3ed77.jpg 241w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="830"></p><h5><strong>ClarityChrom® CDS</strong></h5><p>ClarityChrom is an easy-to-use chromatography data system for workstations. The optional control extensions for GC, PDA and GPC allow to use the software for a wide range of applications.</p><h5><strong>OpenLAB® CDS EZChrom Edition</strong></h5><p>Basic Workstation license, includes System Suitability, Fraction Collector Control and Software Maintenance Agreement</p><h5><strong>Chromeleon™ 7.2</strong></h5><p>Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ Chromeleon™ is one of the most wide-spread chromatography data systems. Its intuitive handling benefits laboratory workflow and the highly developed algorithms simplify data processing. It offers a broad range of third-party drivers and can be easily used with existing HPLC systems. KNAUER offers drivers for a lot of its devices.&nbsp;</p>

KNAUER ULDC system AZURA 862 (BP and DAD)

ULDC system AZURA 862 with binary HPG pump and 3D diode array detector. ULDC (ultra low dispersion chromatography) system proposal.

<p><strong>The new ULDC (ultra low dispersion chromatography)&nbsp;system&nbsp;meets the enormous requirements that are essential to minimize extra column volume and thus peak dispersion.</strong></p><ul><li><strong>Ultra low dispersion volume</strong> due to optimized injection, flow and detection components</li><li>Conventional method (also gradient) can directly be transfered to ULDC system without any adaptations</li><li><strong>Sharper early-eluting peaks</strong> generate better sensitivities and resolution</li></ul><h4><strong>Eluent delivery</strong></h4><p>The Pump&nbsp;P6.1L with a HPG configuration features a solvent <strong>selection valve to set up to 4 solvents</strong> to the system of which two can be blended simultaneously. The internal degassing unit will prevent air bubbles in the system. Every P 6.1L comes with an attached mixing chamber, which can be changed to a larger volume depending on the applications needs.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_High_pressure_gradient_HPLC_pump_AZURA_P_6_1_L_High_Pressure_Pump_with_10_ml_pump_head_stainless_steel_b7d7d07d6c.jpg" alt="Knauer: High pressure gradient HPLC pump - AZURA P 6.1L High Pressure Pump with 10 ml pump head, stainless steel" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_High_pressure_gradient_HPLC_pump_AZURA_P_6_1_L_High_Pressure_Pump_with_10_ml_pump_head_stainless_steel_b7d7d07d6c.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="627"></p><h4><strong>Sample Injection</strong></h4><p>The Autosampler 6.1L can inject <strong>0.1 – 5000 µl</strong> to have a large flexibility. Using standard vials or two microtiter plates will give you a maximum sample capacity of <strong>up to 768 samples or 108 vials</strong>.</p><h4><strong>Column thermostating</strong></h4><p>The Column thermostat&nbsp;CT 2.1&nbsp;is suitable for column <strong>thermostatization above and below room temperature</strong>. The instrument operates with a microprocessor controlled Peltier element for exact temperature settings.</p><h4><strong>Chromatography data system</strong></h4><p><strong>KNAUER ClarityChrom®</strong> is a powerful, yet easy-to-use chromatography software for instrument control, data acquisition and data processing. It is an economical solution compared to other more complex chromatography software while still offering <strong>FDA 21 CFR Part 11 compliance</strong>.</p><h4><strong>Detection&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>The detector<strong>&nbsp;DAD 2.1L features</strong> a novel light path and flow cell architecture with improved handling and excellent performance. This Diode array detector can be used in the wavelength range of 190-700 nm.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_DAD_6_1_L_Diode_array_detectors_DAD_or_PDA_919e55c936.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA 1240 bar UHPLC System - AZURA DAD 6.1L Diode array detectors (DAD or PDA)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_DAD_6_1_L_Diode_array_detectors_DAD_or_PDA_919e55c936.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="387"></p><h4><strong>This AZURA ULDC system can be customized with several detectors:</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>The diode array detector DAD 6.1L</strong> covers all conceivable applications with a spectral range of 190-1000 nm. With its novel light path and optimized flow cells, it is one of the most powerful devices on the market.</li><li><strong>The detector&nbsp;MWD 2.1L</strong> is an 8 channel, sensitive multiwavelength detector combining high performance with easy handling at an affordable price. This multiwavelength detector can be used in the wavelength range of 190-700 nm.</li><li><strong>The&nbsp;variable single wavelength UV/VIS detector&nbsp;UVD 2.1L</strong> comes with an installed deuterium lamp which covers a wavelength range from 190 to 750 nm. It is a competitively priced detector for routine HPLC applications including fast LC <span style="font-size:12px;">methods</span>.</li></ul><p>Customized configurations like combinations of several detectors are also available. Every AZURA 862 HPLC system can easily be upgraded to ULDC and it is not necessary to purchase a UHPLC system with higher back pressure capabilities.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><div><div><div><ul><li>Ultra sharp peaks</li><li>Maximum separation power</li><li>Ultra low extra column volume</li><li>Better performance than HPLC</li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Data</strong></h3><h4><strong>Analytical system</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Application area:</strong> UHPLC, HPLC</li><li><strong>Pump system:</strong> Gradient</li><li><strong>Gradient:</strong> Binary HPG</li><li><strong>Injection: </strong>Autosampler</li><li><strong>Detector: </strong>Diode array detection DAD</li><li><strong>Software: </strong>ClarityChrom, Mobile Control</li><li><strong>Pressure: </strong>862 bar</li><li><strong>Column thermostat: </strong>Yes</li></ul><h3><strong>Included components</strong></h3><h4><strong>AZURA Eluent tray E 2.1L</strong></h4><p>AZURA® Eluent tray E 2.1L for AZURA® devices with a capacity of 6 x 1 l bottles or 4 x 2.5 l bottles or 2 x 5 l bottles, (delivery without bottles)</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_AZURA_Eluent_tray_E_2_1_L_Eluent_tray_for_up_to_6_x_1000_ml_bottles_delivery_without_bottles_or_4_x_2_5_l_bottles_or_2_x_5_l_bottles_or_1_x_10_l_bottle_da9c964bad.jpg" alt="Knauer: AZURA Eluent tray E 2.1L - Eluent tray for up to 6 x 1000 ml bottles, (delivery without bottles), or 4 x 2.5 l bottles, or 2 x 5 l bottles, or 1 x 10 l bottle" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_AZURA_Eluent_tray_E_2_1_L_Eluent_tray_for_up_to_6_x_1000_ml_bottles_delivery_without_bottles_or_4_x_2_5_l_bottles_or_2_x_5_l_bottles_or_1_x_10_l_bottle_da9c964bad.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="540"></p><h4><strong>Set of eluent supply bottles for HPG and LPG systems incl. bottle for piston backflushing</strong></h4><p>Set of 4 eluent bottles 1000 ml, 1 bottle 250 ml for piston backflushing, incl. closed caps, GL45 use with AZURA tubing kit</p><h4><strong>High pressure gradient HPLC pump</strong></h4><p>AZURA® Pump P 6.1L (HPG), with 10 ml pump head (stainless steel), degasser and mixer (400 µl)</p><ul><li>Max. flow rate : 10 ml/min</li><li>Pump head materials : Stainless Steel &nbsp;Gradient : High pressure gradient (binary)</li><li>Pump features : Active pulsation compensation, RFID for automatic pump head detection, Integrated pressure sensor, Purge valve (manual), Leak management, Piston seal wash</li><li>Maximum delivery pressure [MPa] : 86 MPa</li></ul><h4><strong>Fast and versatile analytical HPLC autosampler</strong></h4><p>AZURA® Autosampler AS 6.1L analytical HPLC autosampler, 862 bar</p><ul><li>Maximum back pressure: 862 bar</li><li>Sample loop: 100 µl</li><li>Sample tray cooling: None</li><li>Autosampler Flow Path: Analytical</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_autosampler_AZURA_AS_6_1_L_1240_bar_ff1ac03e70.jpg" alt="Knauer KNAUER AZURA 1240 bar UHPLC System - autosampler AZURA AS 6.1L 1240&nbsp;bar" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_autosampler_AZURA_AS_6_1_L_1240_bar_ff1ac03e70.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="780"></p><h4><strong>Column thermostat for up to 8 HPLC columns</strong></h4><p>Column thermostat AZURA CT 2.1 for constant temperatures and reproducible results</p><ul><li>Temperature range : 5–85 °C</li></ul><h4><strong>Basic Diode Array Detector for Liquid Chromatography and Process Technology</strong></h4><p>AZURA® Detector DAD 2.1L Diode array detector DAD 2.1L without flow cell 190 - 700 nm, incl. test cell</p><ul><li>Detector type: Diode array detector</li><li>Detection channels: 8 (Digital)/4 (Analog)</li><li>Wavelength range: 190 - 700 nm</li><li>Number of diodes: 256</li><li>Linearity: &gt; 2.0 AU at 274 nm (ASTM E1657-98)</li></ul><h4><strong>Standard KNAUER LightGuide UV Flow Cell Cartridge</strong></h4><p>10 mm path length, 2µl, 1/16", 50 bar, LightGuide Flow cell cartridge for AZURA® Detector DAD/MWD</p><ul><li>Flow cell type: Analytical UV flow cell</li><li>Path length: 10 mm</li><li>Capillary connection: 1/16''</li><li>Max. flow rate: 5 ml/min</li><li>Flow cell volume: 2 µl</li></ul><h4><strong>Start-Up Kit with flexible, precut capillaries for analytical UHPLC and ULDC systems with 1/16" connections</strong></h4><p>Set of precut capillaries, fittings, connectors and adapters</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Start_Up_Kit_with_flexible_precut_capillaries_for_analytical_UHPLC_and_ULDC_systems_with_1_16_connections_3e479ace7e.jpg" alt="Knauer: Start-Up Kit with flexible, precut capillaries for analytical UHPLC and ULDC systems with 1-16 connections" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Start_Up_Kit_with_flexible_precut_capillaries_for_analytical_UHPLC_and_ULDC_systems_with_1_16_connections_3e479ace7e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="435"></p><h4><strong>Tool kit AZURA</strong></h4><p>Tool Kit AZURA® for systems with PEEK or pre-cut capillary kits</p><h4><strong>8-port GBit switch for connection of AZURA devices with a PC</strong></h4><p>8-port LAN GBit switch NetGear GS108GE, 8x RJ-45, GBit, Auto MDI-X, power plug UK, US or AUS</p><h4><strong>ClarityChrom 9.1.0 - Workstation, autosampler control included</strong></h4><p>ClarityChrom® single instrument license for one time base</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Clarity_Chrom_Workstation_7ed6c2cb72.jpg" alt="Knauer: ClarityChrom Workstation" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Clarity_Chrom_Workstation_7ed6c2cb72.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="839" height="495"></p><h4><strong>ClarityChrom 9.1.0 - PDA extension</strong></h4><p>ClarityChrom® option for PDA data processing</p><h4><strong>Eluent waste kit for AZURA Analytical systems</strong></h4><p>Eluent waste kit for all AZURA Analytical systems, incl. filter, waste can and cap.</p></div></div></div>

KNAUER AZURA GPC/SEC Systems

AZURA® SEC is KNAUER's line of GPC and SEC systems that offer solutions for different applications and labs. These systems can analyze, separate and fractionate sample components based on size and molecular weight. 

<p><strong>AZURA<sup>®</sup> SEC is KNAUER's line of GPC and SEC systems</strong> that offer solutions for different applications and labs. These systems can analyze, separate and fractionate sample components based on size and molecular weight, making them useful for industries such as polymer, food, biochemistry, and pharmaceuticals, as well as research.</p><p>The systems come in different variants, each tailored to specific lab needs, such as the <strong>AZURA SEC</strong> Compact for budget-friendly solutions or the &nbsp;Lab for highest analytical performance.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_Systems_Application_areas_caaeb1284f.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA GPC/SEC Systems - Application areas" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_Systems_Application_areas_caaeb1284f.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="1204" height="1204"></p><h3><strong>GPC/SEC&nbsp; – Principles and parameters</strong></h3><h4><strong>Principle of GPC/SEC</strong></h4><h5><strong>How does GPC/SEC work?</strong></h5><p>Gel Permeation Chromatography (<strong>GPC</strong>) and&nbsp;Size Exclusion Chromatography (<strong>SEC</strong>) separate&nbsp;analytes by size using special columns with a porous matrix. The basic separation principle relies on the fact that smaller molecules will be more likely to enter those pores, making their travel time through the matrix longer than that of larger molecules. Separations (typically of a mixture of polymers, polysaccharides or biomolecules) are facilitated by choosing optimal particle and pore sizes, as well as column length. GPC/SEC is often used in quality control and R&amp;D.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_System_principle_gpc_00e63025c7.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA GPC/SEC Systems - principle of GPC" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_System_principle_gpc_00e63025c7.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="648" height="232"></p><h4><strong>GPC, SEC or GFC</strong></h4><h5><strong>Terminology in GPC/SEC</strong></h5><p>Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and Gel Filtration Chromatography (GFC) &nbsp;all essentially describe the same methodology, but the term GPC tends to be used in polymer chemistry by those working with aggressive, organic solvents, while SEC and GFC are more commonly used by those separating biomolecules using aqueous solvents (buffers) or to reflect the use of aqueous buffers in polymer separations. Systems with organic solvents or aqueous-based solvents present some inherent challenges.</p><p>The solvents used in polymer analysis are chosen for their ability to dissolve polymeric substances – and therefore may damage certain components of a device. And the use of salt buffers in SEC is harmful to metal components of the system. Hence, all liquid-contacting system components, from the valves and seals to tubing, must be carefully considered when developing such systems.</p><h4><strong>What does GPC require?</strong></h4><h5><strong>What do I need for GPC?</strong></h5><p>GPC columns are typically long and runs are performed at&nbsp;low flow rates of up to 1 ml/min and at low (&lt;100 bar) pressures. For the precise molecular weight determination, which is the goal of most GPC/SEC users, a good isocratic pump is essential for a steady baseline. Also a degasser suitable for a wide range of partly highly aggressive solvents is very important to ensure reproducible results. Additionally, temperature is crucial for many GPC applications so a thermostat to control the column temperature is essential.</p><p>Due to the often very aggressive media used in polymer analysis, all wetted parts need to be compatible with the used solvent. Depending on the polymer it is important to keep this in mind when configuring a GPC system.</p><h4><strong>What is GPC Cleanup?</strong></h4><p>GPC Cleanup is a sample preparation method based on gel permeation chromatography (GPC). It is primarily employed for performing general cleanup tasks on a wide range of sample matrices such as foodstuffs, tissues, plants, and environmental samples. High-weight molecular substances, such as lipids, proteins, natural resins, cellular components, and steroids, interfering with subsequent analysis e.g. of pesticides are efficiently removed.</p><h3><strong>Components for GPC/SEC systems</strong></h3><h5><span lang="EN-GB"><strong>Columns</strong></span></h5><p><span lang="EN-GB">Columns GPC/SEC separation efficiency is driven by long columns with large diameters, and the matrix is often based on porous silica or polymer material – the pore size determines the molecular weight range of the separation, and columns with different pore sizes are determines the molecular&nbsp; weight range of the separation, and columns with different pore sizes are combined to broaden separation and increase resolution.</span></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_System_Column_af59e0a074.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA GPC/SEC Systems- Column" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_System_Column_af59e0a074.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="699"></p><h5><span lang="EN-GB"><strong>Software</strong></span></h5><p><span lang="EN-GB">The main goals are the determination of molar mass averages and the distribution of molar masses, which is performer through calibration using general standards with molar masses in a given range. Many chromatography data systems (CDS) are incapable of processing this data. With the GPC/SEC extension to our well-known ClarityChrom CDS software we offer our customers the possibility to continue working with a familiar software.</span></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Clarity_Chrom_Workstation_7ed6c2cb72.jpg" alt="Knauer: ClarityChrom Workstation" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Clarity_Chrom_Workstation_7ed6c2cb72.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="839" height="495"></p><h5><span lang="EN-GB"><strong>Extensions</strong></span></h5><p><span lang="EN-GB">AZURA also affords customers the flexibility to extend their GPC/ SEC systems with autosamplers, valves, feed pumps, and column thermostats. In fact, many GPC runs are conducted at higher temperatures (&lt;60°C), so the AZURA column thermostat is of great interest.</span></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Column_selection_and_thermostat_567c35ab61.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA GPC/SEC Systems - column thermostats" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Column_selection_and_thermostat_567c35ab61.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1700" height="881"></p><h5><span lang="EN-GB"><strong>Pumps</strong></span></h5><p><span lang="EN-GB">GPC/SEC analyses necessitate lower flow rates and lower pressure than HPLC. GPC/SEC runs are conducted isocratically, so a good isocratic pump is essential for a steady baseline. The AZURA excellent isocratic pump has been optimized to meet the requirements of GPC applications.</span></p><p><span lang="EN-GB"><strong>Options:</strong></span></p><ul><li><span lang="EN-GB">Normal phase</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB">Aqueous eluents</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB">Reversed phase pump with integrated solvent selection valve and degasser</span></li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_High_pressure_gradient_HPLC_pump_AZURA_P_6_1_L_High_Pressure_Pump_with_10_ml_pump_head_stainless_steel_b7d7d07d6c.jpg" alt="Knauer: AZURA GPC/SEC Systems - pumps" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_High_pressure_gradient_HPLC_pump_AZURA_P_6_1_L_High_Pressure_Pump_with_10_ml_pump_head_stainless_steel_b7d7d07d6c.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="627"></p><h5><span lang="EN-GB"><strong>Detectors</strong></span></h5><p><span lang="EN-GB">Our AZURA RI detector has been optimized for a better performance with organic solvents. Especially we have worked on significantly lower the drift with THF.</span></p><p><span lang="EN-GB">Yu can alternatively choose between our UV/VIS detectors, variable single wavelength, multi- wavelength, or diode array.</span></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_System_AZURA_RID_2_1_2_13953c7ec5.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AZURA GPC/SEC Systems - RID 2.1 detector" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_AZURA_GPC_SEC_System_AZURA_RID_2_1_2_13953c7ec5.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1066" height="438"></p>

ECOM PREPBOX A3L8E Chromatography Separation System

PREPBOX is a compact alternative to modular preparative systems. It is assembled according to the customer's wishes.

<div style="display:block;" aria-labelledby="tab_item-0"><p><strong>Complete preparative modular system</strong> with one basic gradient pump and optionally secondary pump for repetitive sampling or with injection valve. Also switching valve for&nbsp;<abbr title="Countercurrent Chromatography"><strong>CCC</strong></abbr><strong> applications</strong>. PDA four channel detector up to 800&nbsp;nm.&nbsp;It is assembled according to the customer's wishes. It is used for high-capacity systems or with centrifugal chromatography systems like in pharmaceutical purification of <strong style="caret-color:auto;">cannabis extracts</strong><span style="caret-color:auto;"> (</span><abbr title="Cannabidiol"><span style="caret-color:auto;"><strong>CBD</strong></span></abbr><span style="caret-color:auto;">, </span><abbr title="Cannabinol"><span style="caret-color:auto;"><strong>CBN</strong></span></abbr><span style="caret-color:auto;">, </span><abbr title="Cannabigerol"><span style="caret-color:auto;"><strong>CBG</strong></span></abbr><span style="caret-color:auto;">, </span><abbr title="Cannabichromene"><span style="caret-color:auto;"><strong>CBC</strong></span></abbr><span style="caret-color:auto;">, </span><abbr title="Tetrahydrocannabinol"><span style="caret-color:auto;"><strong>THC</strong></span></abbr><span style="caret-color:auto;">...).</span></p><p><strong>ECOMAC SW</strong> installed at internal PC controls the system. Fractions are collected by means of&nbsp;<strong>10 position valve</strong>&nbsp;<br><br><strong>It is necessary to purchase an operating system for the PREPBOX</strong>&nbsp;- in most cases we recommend <strong>Windows OS</strong>&nbsp;(P/N:&nbsp;ABB90000) or <strong>Linux</strong>&nbsp;(on request). The system also supports the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/999"><strong>Clarity software</strong></a>. It is also possible to purchase a wireless mouse and keyboard set&nbsp;(P/N:&nbsp;EPC-0028) and a computer monitor&nbsp;(P/N:&nbsp;EPC-0027).</p><h5><strong>TOY18DAD 800L Detector</strong></h5><p>It is UV-VIS diode array detector, which allow measuring absorbance of four wavelengths in range of 200-800&nbsp;nm simultaneously in one cell just as scanning of whole spectra.</p><h5><strong>ECP2300 Preparative Gradient Pump</strong></h5><p><strong>Two peparative HPLC pump</strong> suited for&nbsp;<strong>preparative</strong>&nbsp;applications in liquid chromatography with a pressure <strong>up to 15 MPa</strong> at flow rate of <strong>300&nbsp;ml/min</strong>.&nbsp;New sophisticated unit allows achieving a precise&nbsp;<strong>low-pressure gradient</strong>, i.e. gradual changes of solvent composition by mixing&nbsp;<strong>up to four liquids</strong>&nbsp;at the pump entry.</p><h4><strong>Complete preparative modular system with:</strong></h4><ul><li>one basic gradient pump</li><li>for sampling secondary pump or injection valve</li><li>optionally switching valve for CCC</li><li>PDA detector up to 800 nm</li><li>10 positions valve for fractions collecting</li><li>PC board with ECOMAC SW</li></ul><h3><strong>Parameters</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Interface: </strong>5x USB, HDMI, 2X RS232, LAN, VGA</li><li><strong>Power supply: </strong>100 - 240 V AC</li><li><strong>Power input: </strong>4900 W</li><li><strong>Dimensions W x H x D: </strong>405x490x525 mm (15.94x19.29x20.67 in)</li><li><strong>Weight: </strong>50 kg</li></ul></div>

ECOM ECS06 Gradient Analytical System

Highly effective HPLC system with a UV-VIS detector, a column oven, an analytical pump, a gradient box, and an autosampler with/without cooling and heating, 40 MPa (5801 psi).

<div style="display:block;" aria-labelledby="tab_item-0"><p><strong>Highly effective HPLC system with a UV-VIS detector, a column oven, an analytical pump, a gradient box, and an autosampler with/without cooling and heating, 40 MPa (5801 psi).</strong></p><p>The detector with eight channels in the range of 200-800 nm and a very low noise level also offers high-speed scanning <strong>up to 100 Hz</strong>. The units are communicated through <strong>RS232</strong> or Ethernet (LAN). An additional PC A/D converter card is not required for this system. The system contains an autosampler and Clarity software. All units are supported in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/999"><strong>Clarity software</strong></a> from installation.</p><p>A wireless mouse and keyboard set (P/N: EPC-0028), a PC (P/N: EPC-0026), and a computer monitor (P/N: EPC-0027) can be purchased with the system.</p><h3><strong>Main parts</strong></h3><h5><strong>ECDA2800 UV-VIS PDA DETECTOR</strong></h5><p>Analytical Diode Array Detector measures at eight wavelengths simultaneously or performs a full scan with a speed of up to 100 Hz. 3D support in Clarity SW. Noise level ±5 x 10-6 AU. Four analog outputs. Two special mathematical channels are available. AD 05 analytical cell is included.</p><h5><strong>ECO2080L COLUMN OVEN WITH HEATING AND COOLING</strong></h5><p>This column oven allows precise temperature stabilization in the range of 0-80°C. A big compartment room can accommodate up to 3 columns with lengths up to 30 cm. Peltier technology offers the possibility of heating and cooling independently from room temperature.</p><h5><strong>ECP2010 ANALYTICAL HPLC PUMP</strong></h5><p>This isocratic pump works with Gradient Box ECB2004B as a quaternary gradient pump. The flow rate range is 0.001-10.00 ml/min and the pressure limit is 40 MPa. Unit software includes a new learning algorithm for pulsation suppression and many testing and diagnostic functions.</p><h5><strong>ECB2004B GRADIENT BOX WITH DEGASSER</strong></h5><p>The box is suited for handling liquids in ECOM gradient systems. It accommodates a container for solvent bottles, a built-in high-efficiency vacuum degasser, and a four-way gradient valve. Up to four solvent lines may be degassed simultaneously by one unit. A four-way gradient valve is controlled from the pump ECP2010.</p><h5><strong>AUTOSAMPLER AS96</strong></h5><p>A reliable and precise autosampler for a wide range of applications in HPLC and LC-MS in variants with or without a cooling and heating module. State-of-the-art injection technology with fast injection and wash cycles. For 2x48 vials, max. pressure 40 MPa (5801 psi)</p><h5><strong>CLARITY CHROMATOGRAPHY SOFTWARE</strong></h5><p>This system is fully controlled by Clarity Chromatography software, which is also a part of delivery. Clarity software complies with CFR21GLP requirements.</p><h3>SYSTEM CONTAINS&nbsp;</h3><p><strong>Pcs / Description (P/N)</strong></p><ul><li>1x / ECDA2800 Analytical UV-VIS PDA Detector (ANW0000X)</li><li>1x /&nbsp;ECB2004B Gradient box with degasser (ABA0000X)</li><li>1x / ECP2010 Analytical HPLC pump (ACA0000X)</li><li>1x / ECO2080L Column oven with heating and cooling (AOA00004)</li><li>1x / Autosampler AS96 for 2x48 vials, 40 MPa, with or without heating and cooling module (ASA97010/ASA97000)</li><li>1x / Clarity – Station for 1 instrument (AP000C50)</li><li>1x / Clarity module for HPLC control (AP000A24)</li><li>1x / Clarity SW module for AS controlvAP000A26)</li><li>1x / Module for PDA data Clarity SW (AP000A29)</li><li>1x / Accessories for analyt. system series 2000 (ASA00180)</li><li>1x / Accessories for autosampler (ASA96180)</li></ul><p>Note: Column and computer not included. PC system has to be equipped for handling 3 serial RS232 or 1 Ethernet port at least. Please, check also <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/999"><strong>Clarity software</strong></a> requirements..</p><h3>Configuration options</h3><ul><li><strong>ASA0600X</strong> - Gradient analytical system - incl. autosampler <strong>without cooling and heating</strong>, up to 40 MPa (5801 psi)</li><li><strong>ASA06C0X</strong> - Gradient analytical system – incl. autosampler <strong>with cooling and heating</strong>, up to 40 MPa (5801 psi)</li></ul></div>

ECOM ECS07 Gradient Analytical System

Highly effective HPLC system with a UV-VIS detector, a column oven, an analytical pump (60 MPa, 8702 psi), a gradient box, and an autosampler.

<div style="display:block;" aria-labelledby="tab_item-0"><p><strong>Highly effective HPLC system with a UV-VIS detector, a column oven, an analytical pump, a gradient box, and an autosampler with/without cooling and heating, 60 MPa (8702 psi).</strong></p><p>The detector with eight channels in the range of 200-800 nm and a very low noise level also offers high-speed scanning <strong>up to 100 Hz</strong>. The units are communicated through <strong>RS232</strong> or <strong>Ethernet (LAN)</strong>. An additional PC A/D converter card is not required for this system. The system contains an autosampler and Clarity software. All units are supported in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/999"><strong>Clarity software</strong></a> from installation.</p><p>A wireless mouse and keyboard set (P/N: EPC-0028), a PC (P/N: EPC-0026), and a computer monitor (P/N: EPC-0027) can be purchased with the system.</p><h3><strong>Main parts</strong></h3><h5><strong>ECDA2800 UV-VIS PDA DETECTOR</strong></h5><p>Analytical Diode Array Detector measures at eight wavelengths simultaneously or performs a full scan with a speed of up to 100 Hz. 3D support in Clarity SW. Noise level ±5 x 10-6 AU. Four analog outputs. Two special mathematical channels are available. AD 05 analytical cell is included.</p><h5><strong>ECO2080L COLUMN OVEN WITH HEATING AND COOLING</strong></h5><p>This column oven allows precise temperature stabilization in the range of 0-80°C. A big compartment room can accommodate up to 3 columns with lengths up to 30 cm. Peltier technology offers the possibility of heating and cooling independently from room temperature.&nbsp;</p><h5><strong>ECP2010H ANALYTICAL HPLC PUMP</strong></h5><p>This isocratic pump works with Gradient Box ECB2004B as a <strong>quaternary gradient pump</strong>. The flow rate range is <strong>0.001-10.00 ml/min</strong> and the pressure limit is <strong>60 MPa</strong>. Unit software includes a new learning algorithm for pulsation suppression and many testing and diagnostic functions.</p><h5><strong>ECB2004B GRADIENT BOX WITH DEGASSER</strong></h5><p>The box is suited for handling liquids in ECOM gradient systems. It accommodates a container for solvent bottles, a built-in high-efficiency vacuum degasser, and a four-way gradient valve. Up to four solvent lines may be degassed simultaneously by one unit. A four-way gradient valve is controlled from the pump ECP2010.</p><h5><strong>AUTOSAMPLER AS96</strong></h5><p>A reliable and precise autosampler for a wide range of applications in HPLC and LC-MS in <strong>variants with or without a cooling and heating module</strong>. State-of-the-art injection technology with fast injection and wash cycles. Max. pressure <strong>60 MPa.</strong></p><h5><strong>CLARITY CHROMATOGRAPHY SOFTWARE</strong></h5><p>This system is fully controlled by Clarity Chromatography software, which is also a part of delivery. Clarity software complies with CFR21GLP requirements.</p><h3>SYSTEM CONTAINS&nbsp;</h3><p><strong>Pcs / Description (P/N)</strong></p><ul><li>1x / ECDA2800 Analytical UV-VIS PDA Detector (ANW0000X)</li><li>1x /&nbsp;ECB2004B Gradient box with degasser (ABA0000X)</li><li>1x / ECP2010H Analytical HPLC pump (ACF0000X)</li><li>1x / ECO2080L Column oven with heating and cooling (AOA00004)</li><li>1x / Autosampler AS96 for 2x48 vials, 60 MPa, with or without heating and cooling module (ASA96000/ASA96010)</li><li>1x / Clarity – Station for 1 instrument (AP000C50)</li><li>1x / Clarity module for HPLC control (AP000A24)</li><li>1x / Clarity SW module for AS controlvAP000A26)</li><li>1x / Module for PDA data Clarity SW (AP000A29)</li><li>1x / Accessories for analyt. system series 2000 (ASA00180)</li><li>1x / Accessories for autosampler (ASA96180)</li></ul><p>Note: Column and computer not included. PC system has to be equipped for handling 3 serial RS232 or 1 Ethernet port at least. Please, check also <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/999"><strong>Clarity software</strong></a> requirements..</p><h3>Configuration options</h3><ul><li><strong>ASA0700X</strong> - Gradient analytical system - incl. autosampler <strong>without cooling and heating</strong>, up to 60 MPa.</li><li><strong>ASA07C0X </strong>- Gradient analytical system – incl. autosampler <strong>with cooling and heating</strong>, up to 60 MPa.</li></ul></div>

Products from category Liquid chromatographs - page 3

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