Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have become a major global concern due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential health impacts. With thousands of known PFAS compounds, and new variants continuing to emerge, identifying and quantifying them across complex environmental and biological samples is an ongoing analytical challenge.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_From_Complexity_to_Clarity_Smarter_PFAS_Identification_Workflows_in_Compound_Discoverer_Software_2_8e83167891.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: From Complexity to Clarity: Smarter PFAS Identification Workflows in Compound Discoverer Software" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_From_Complexity_to_Clarity_Smarter_PFAS_Identification_Workflows_in_Compound_Discoverer_Software_2_8e83167891.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="574"><h3>Why PFAS analysis matters</h3>PFAS are used in everything from firefighting foams to non-stick coatings, yet their chemical stability means they persist in the environment and accumulate in living organisms. Regulators and scientists around the world are racing to better understand their distribution, fate, and toxicity.But with tens of thousands of PFAS, many without available reference standards, traditional targeted analysis alone isn’t enough. Analysts increasingly rely on non-targeted analysis (NTA) workflows powered by high-resolution accurate-mass (HRAM) mass spectrometry and advanced software to uncover the full picture.<h3>Addressing the challenges of PFAS identification</h3>Successful non-targeted PFAS analysis requires overcoming several analytical hurdles:<ol><li>Acquiring high-quality MS¹ and MS² data with ultra-high mass resolution and accuracy.</li><li>Detecting low-abundance PFAS hidden within thousands of background compounds.</li><li>Leveraging comprehensive spectral libraries and databases for confident identification.</li><li>Applying data filtering and scoring tools to assign confidence levels to annotations.</li><li>Using visualization and statistical tools to interpret and compare complex datasets.</li></ol><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1759">Thermo Scientific Compound Discoverer 3.5 software </a>brings together all the components needed for robust PFAS identification—integrating <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?category=22&amp;manufacturerItems=3">HRAM Orbitrap MS</a> data with an expanded suite of PFAS-specific libraries and databases.In a single workflow, users can:<ul><li>Detect and annotate compounds automatically from LC-MS data.</li><li>Determine possible elemental formulas using isotope pattern and accurate mass information.</li><li>Compare MS² spectra against <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1764">mzCloud</a>, NIST 2023, and in silico PFAS libraries.</li><li>Cross-reference annotations with the EPA PFAS Structure List and the NIST Suspect List of PFAS.</li><li>Use PFAS-specific fragment and neutral loss databases to strengthen identification confidence.</li></ul>With these resources combined, the software enables confident annotation of more than 40,000 PFAS compounds!<h3>New tools for confident, streamlined PFAS identification</h3>Compound Discoverer software introduces several new features designed to simplify and accelerate PFAS NTA workflows:<ul><li>Apply PFAS Scoring Node: Automatically calculates PFAS-specific parameters and a new PFAS Score—no R scripting required.</li><li>PFAS Plot: A visual tool that uses mass-defect metrics to highlight probable PFAS in complex datasets, following methods from Kaufman et al. (2022).</li><li>Expanded suite of libraries and databases: Combines mzCloud, NIST, in silico, PFAS fragment databases, and a new neutral loss database for greater confidence.</li><li>Advanced data visualization: Tools like Kendrick Mass Defect and Molecular Network plots reveal homologous PFAS series and related compound families.</li><li>Built-in statistical analysis tools: Compare PFAS composition between samples using Principal Component Analysis, Differential analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_From_Complexity_to_Clarity_Smarter_PFAS_Identification_Workflows_in_Compound_Discoverer_Software_ed32c7f7c1.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific From Complexity to Clarity Smarter PFAS Identification Workflows in Compound Discoverer Software" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_From_Complexity_to_Clarity_Smarter_PFAS_Identification_Workflows_in_Compound_Discoverer_Software_ed32c7f7c1.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="800" height="395"><h3>From complexity to clarity</h3>By uniting Orbitrap HRAM data with the most comprehensive PFAS libraries available, Compound Discoverer 3.5 software streamlines non-targeted PFAS analysis—helping laboratories move from data complexity to confident chemical clarity.<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5612">Watch the on-demand webinar</a> to see the full workflow in action and learn how Compound Discoverer software can enhance your PFAS analysis.<ul><li>Visit us on&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/72003132/admin/dashboard/">LinkedIn:</a>&nbsp;#PFAS #CompoundDiscoverer #SpectralLibraries</li></ul><blockquote><h5>Zoe Julian</h5>Zoe Julian is a Product Marketing Manager for Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry software at Thermo Fisher Scientific. With over 12 years' experience of working with chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques with a background in GC and GC-MS(/MS) organic environmental analysis, she has helped many laboratories and industries improve their workflows through a unique understanding of their challenges. Transitioning to a focus on Chromeleon CDS she has shown customers how software solutions can improve their productivity and support their day-to-day operations.</blockquote>

From Complexity to Clarity: Smarter PFAS Identification Workflows in Compound Discoverer Software

<h3>Two Dimensions, One Solution: Advancing Oligonucleotide Analysis with 2D-LC</h3><h4>Why Consider 2D-LC for Oligonucleotide Analysis?</h4>In oligonucleotide analytics, achieving reliable and precise results is not optional—it is fundamental. These biomolecules are inherently complex, often containing truncated sequences, structural variants, and a wide range of impurities. Such complexity frequently exceeds the separation capabilities of conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography (1D-LC). As a result, critical components may coelute or remain unresolved, limiting analytical confidence.Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) offers a powerful alternative by significantly enhancing separation performance. By combining two complementary separation mechanisms, 2D-LC improves resolution, sensitivity, and overall analytical reliability. This enables a much deeper understanding of oligonucleotide samples and their compositional intricacies.<blockquote><h4>Previous parts from the Oligos Made Easy series</h4><ul><li>Part 1: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/article/6808">Overview</a></li><li>Part 2: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/article/6846">AEX</a></li><li>Part 3: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/article/6880">IP-RP</a></li><li>Part 4: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/article/6912">HILIC</a></li><li>Part 5: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/article/6944">SEC</a></li><li>Part 6: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/article/6982">Column Navigator</a></li><li>Part 7: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/article/7012">Large Scale AEX</a></li><li>Part 8: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/article/7045">Sepapure oliGO</a></li></ul></blockquote><h4>Moving Beyond the Limits of 1D-LC</h4>For many years, 1D-LC has served as a standard tool for biopharmaceutical characterization. However, its inherent limitations become apparent when dealing with highly complex mixtures. The selectivity of a single chromatographic dimension is restricted, and the lack of orthogonality in retention mechanisms often results in insufficient separation. As sample complexity increases, the resolving power of 1D-LC becomes inadequate.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Figure_1_2_D_LC_Principle_Graphic_by_KNAUER_43e04d32a2.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Figure 1 - 2D-LC Principle (Graphic by KNAUER)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Figure_1_2_D_LC_Principle_Graphic_by_KNAUER_43e04d32a2.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1291" height="391">Two-dimensional LC addresses these limitations by coupling two chromatographic separations, which can be either similar or fundamentally different. Each dimension targets different physicochemical properties of analytes, enabling the resolution of compounds that would otherwise overlap. In essence, 2D-LC introduces an additional level of separation capacity, allowing analysts to disentangle coeluting species that remain unresolved in a single dimension.An important practical consideration is that the overall analysis time is governed by the second dimension. Because fractions from the first dimension must be processed sequentially, the second dimension must operate rapidly and efficiently. High-speed separations in the second dimension are therefore essential to maintain system performance and data quality.<h4>Architecture of a 2D-LC System</h4>At its core, a 2D-LC system relies on precise coordination between its components. The setup typically consists of two chromatographic columns, two pumping systems, and a switching valve that enables fraction transfer between dimensions. The sample is introduced through an autosampler and first separated on the primary column. Fractions of interest are then transferred into a loop via a switching valve and subsequently introduced into the second column for further separation.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Figure_2_2_D_LC_System_Configuration_Example_Graphic_by_KNAUER_f5747adf3a.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Figure 2 - 2D LC System Configuration Example (Graphic by KNAUER)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Figure_2_2_D_LC_System_Configuration_Example_Graphic_by_KNAUER_f5747adf3a.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="859" height="517">The valve plays a crucial role in this process, acting as the interface between both chromatographic dimensions. Its function is to alternately collect fractions from the first dimension and inject them into the second dimension under high-pressure conditions. Various valve configurations can be employed, including ten-port or eight-port valves with dual-loop arrangements, or synchronized six-port valves. Regardless of configuration, the underlying principle remains the same: while one loop is being filled, the other is being flushed into the second dimension.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Figure_3_Schematic_figure_of_ten_port_left_and_eight_port_valve_right_2_position_setup_for_2_D_LC_Graphic_by_KNAUER_9209661ea8.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Figure 3 - Schematic figure of ten-port (left) and eight-port valve (right) 2-position setup for 2D-LC (Graphic by KNAUER)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Figure_3_Schematic_figure_of_ten_port_left_and_eight_port_valve_right_2_position_setup_for_2_D_LC_Graphic_by_KNAUER_9209661ea8.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1287" height="406">This alternating process requires precise timing. The second-dimension separation must be completed before the next fraction is ready for transfer. Consequently, synchronization between flow rates, loop volumes, and switching intervals is essential for maintaining chromatographic integrity.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Figure_4_Schematic_figure_KNAUER_eight_port_2_position_valve_for_2_D_LC_Graphic_by_KNAUER_f9a5f06f5f.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Figure 4 - Schematic figure KNAUER eight-port 2 position valve for 2D-LC (Graphic by KNAUER)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Figure_4_Schematic_figure_KNAUER_eight_port_2_position_valve_for_2_D_LC_Graphic_by_KNAUER_f9a5f06f5f.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="756" height="391"><h4>Applying 2D-LC to Oligonucleotide Analysis</h4>In oligonucleotide workflows, 2D-LC combines two complementary separation strategies to address sample complexity. The first dimension is typically used for bulk separation based on properties such as size, charge, or polarity. Techniques such as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), anion-exchange chromatography (AEX), ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography (IP-RP), hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), or mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) are commonly applied. This step reduces sample complexity and can also serve as an online desalting stage, removing salts and buffer components that could interfere with downstream detection, particularly when mass spectrometry is used.Following this initial separation, selected fractions are transferred to the second dimension. This transfer can be performed either selectively or comprehensively, depending on the analytical goal. The second dimension is typically optimized for high-resolution separation, allowing detailed characterization of closely related species such as truncated oligonucleotides, sequence variants, or chemically modified impurities. When coupled with mass spectrometry, this setup enables accurate identification and sequencing.A key advantage of 2D-LC lies in the flexibility of combining different stationary phases and mobile phase conditions.&nbsp;Numerous separation combinations are possible, including:<ul><li>SEC×AEX</li><li>HILIC×IP-RP</li><li>IEC×IP-RP</li><li>IP-RP×IP-RP</li><li>AEX×HIC</li><li>MMC×SEC,</li><li>and even chiral×RP systems.&nbsp;</li></ul>This adaptability allows tailored workflows for specific analytical challenges.<h4>Heart-Cutting vs. Comprehensive 2D-LC</h4>When implementing 2D-LC, two primary transfer strategies are commonly used: heart-cutting and comprehensive transfer. Each approach offers distinct advantages depending on the analytical objective.Heart-cutting 2D-LC focuses on selected regions of interest from the first dimension. Only specific peaks or time windows are transferred to the second dimension for further analysis. This approach allows extended separation time and higher resolution in the second dimension, making it particularly suitable for targeted investigations of known critical compounds. However, because only selected fractions are analyzed, unexpected impurities outside the selected region may remain undetected.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Figure_5_2_D_LC_Single_Heart_Cut_Principle_Graphic_by_KNAUER_b1b400784b.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Figure 5 - 2D-LC Single Heart-Cut Principle (Graphic by KNAUER)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Figure_5_2_D_LC_Single_Heart_Cut_Principle_Graphic_by_KNAUER_b1b400784b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1276" height="319">In contrast, comprehensive 2D-LC transfers the entire eluate from the first dimension into the second dimension in a continuous manner. This approach provides a complete and detailed representation of the sample, making it ideal for research and development, impurity profiling, and regulatory applications. While more demanding in terms of speed and system performance, comprehensive 2D-LC ensures full sample coverage.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Figure_6_Full_Comprehensive_2_D_LC_Principle_Graphic_by_KNAUER_e13da63ef1.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Figure 6 - Full Comprehensive 2D-LC Principle (Graphic by KNAUER)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Figure_6_Full_Comprehensive_2_D_LC_Principle_Graphic_by_KNAUER_e13da63ef1.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1327" height="292">In practice, hybrid approaches may also be employed, combining targeted heart-cutting with broader comprehensive analysis to balance resolution and coverage.<h4>Practical Considerations for Method Development</h4>Successful implementation of 2D-LC for oligonucleotide analysis requires careful method design.&nbsp;<h5>1. Column selection&nbsp;</h5>It is a critical starting point, as the combination of stationary phases must provide sufficient orthogonality while maintaining compatibility between mobile phases. Typically, the first dimension is optimized for general separation of oligonucleotide size or class, while the second dimension focuses on sequence-specific resolution and compatibility with mass spectrometry.<h5>2. Mobile phase selection&nbsp;</h5>Differences in pH and organic modifiers can significantly influence separation behavior, but incompatibility between dimensions can compromise performance. Therefore, mobile phases must be designed as a coordinated system. The use of volatile buffers, such as ammonium acetate, is often preferred for MS-based detection.<h5>3. Instrumentation&nbsp;</h5>The switching valve must operate reliably under high pressure, with precise timing to ensure accurate fraction transfer. Loop volumes must be carefully selected to avoid overfilling, as excessive loading can lead to sample loss and distortion due to flow profile effects. As a general guideline, loops should not be filled beyond approximately 70% of their capacity.<h5>4. Method development&nbsp;</h5>Typically begins with optimization of the second dimension, as it dictates overall system timing. Fast separations using short columns and steep gradients are often required to maintain sufficient sampling frequency. Once the second dimension is established, the first dimension can be adjusted to achieve optimal resolution and compatibility.<h4>Final Remarks</h4>Two-dimensional liquid chromatography represents a powerful advancement in oligonucleotide analysis, enabling the resolution of complex mixtures that exceed the capabilities of conventional 1D approaches. By combining orthogonal separation mechanisms, 2D-LC reveals structural details and impurity profiles that would otherwise remain hidden.However, achieving optimal performance requires careful balancing of multiple factors, including column chemistry, mobile phase compatibility, system timing, and data acquisition. When properly implemented, 2D-LC provides a robust and highly informative platform for modern oligonucleotide characterization.<blockquote><ul><li>If you're planning to set up or optimize your oligonucleotide workflow, feel free to contact us at <a href="sales@knauer.net">sales@knauer.net</a>. Stay tuned for more exciting insights into the Oligonucleotide world in our “Oligos Made Easy” series.</li><li>For more in-depth discussion or questions, reach out to the author at <a href="kindler@knauer.net">kindler@knauer.net</a></li></ul></blockquote>

Oligos Made Easy - Part 9: 2D-LC

News from LabRulezLCMS Library - Week 14, 2026

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Based in Berlin, KNAUER is a medium-sized, owner-managed company that has been serving the sciences since 1962. We develop and manufacture scientific instruments of superior quality for liquid chromatography, including: Analytical HPLC/UHPLC, Preparative HPLC, Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), Multi-column chromatography/Simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography. High pressure dosing, in-line detection systems, and osmometry are additional business areas.

KNAUER

KNAUER Eurokat Pb & Ca Ion Exclusion/Ligand Exchange Columns (USP L34 / USP L19)

The ionic forms Ca and Pb are best suited for the analysis of smaller carbohydrates like mono- and disaccharides and sugars up to a degree of polymerization (DP) of 4. 

Analysis of mono- and disaccharidesThe ionic forms Ca and Pb are best suited for the analysis of smaller carbohydrates like mono- and disaccharides and sugars up to a degree of polymerization (DP) of 4. It is a cation exchange material with 6 % cross linkage of the styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer. Best results are achieved with aqueous eluents, recommended eluent is pure deionized water. The usage of up to 10 % organic content in the mobile phase is possible.<h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Polymer phase for the determination of mono- and disaccharides</li><li>Pb (USP L34) form, 6 % cross linkage</li><li>Cation exchanger, extremely long lasting lifetime when correctly handled, best results with aqueous eluents, recommended eluent is pure deionized water, usage of up to 10 % organic content in the mobile phase is possible</li></ul><h5>Technical Data</h5><ul><li>Sulfonated cross-linked styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer with 6 % cross linkage in the ionic form Pb, available in 10μm particle size, pressure stable up to maximum 100 bar</li></ul><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Especially designed for the analysis of small carbohydrates up to DP 4</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurokat_Pb_Ca_Chromatogram_2054f70e49.webp" alt="KNAUER: Eurokat Pb &amp; Ca Chromatogram" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurokat_Pb_Ca_Chromatogram_2054f70e49.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="271"><blockquote>Tip: Eurokat columns are used at high temperatures. During equilibration it is very important to have an eye on the backpressure and to start with very low flow rates and increase them only slowly and stepwise after the column has adapted to the temperature.</blockquote><h3>KNAUER Ion Exclusion and Ligand Exchange Columns</h3>Separation of organic acids, carbohydrates, alcohols on sulfonated cross-linked styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer<ul><li>Modifications<ul><li>Eurokat H</li><li>Eurokat Ca</li><li>Eurokat Pb</li><li>Eurokat Na</li></ul></li><li>High Temperature Methods: Up to 90 °C</li><li>Method Development: Optional up to 10 % organic solvent</li><li>Chemically stable: pH 1–12</li><li>Sustainability: Aqueous eluents protect the environment and are cost-effectiv</li><li>User Friendly: Simple and robust methods for daily analysis. Versatile in its use.</li><li>Simplicity: Easy purchase via our online store with fast delivery.&nbsp;</li></ul><h4>Characteristics&nbsp;</h4>Eurokat high performance polymer phases were especially developed for the separation of organic acids, carbohydrates, alcohols and even complex mixtures of these compounds. Eurokat is a sulfonated cross-linked styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer available in several ionic forms (H, Ca and Pb). This particular cation exchanger is characterized by an outstanding density of functional groups, making it the ideal choice for your ion exclusion, size exclusion and ligand exchange chromatography.<h4>Choice of chromatographic conditions&nbsp;</h4>The Eurokat stationary phase is designed to be applicable to a wide range of diverse chromatographic conditions. All Eurokat columns can be used at temperatures up to 90 °C with no organic solvents. The best separation of sugars can be achieved using between 60 to 90 °C. To extend separation performance, it is possible to connect up to three columns of Eurokat in series. Eurokat columns require no organic solvents and thus are environmentally friendly.&nbsp;<h4>Stability&nbsp;</h4>Eurokat polymer columns are extremely stable over the whole pH range. This is one striking advantage compared with silica-based phases which have a limited lifetime at pH extremes, especially in the higher pH range. Most importantly, Eurokat phases show extraordinary column lifetime stability and are not affected by aqueous solvents.&nbsp;<h4>Application areas&nbsp;</h4><ul><li>Carbohydrates and organic acids in softdrinks and fruit juices&nbsp;</li><li>Sugar substitutes</li><li>Food preservatives</li><li>Dairy products</li><li>Urine analytic (Uric acid, Hippuric acid)</li><li>Monitoring of fermentation processes</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Principle_of_ligand_exchange_mechanism_a5b7c21c43.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurokat - Principle of ligand exchange mechanism" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Principle_of_ligand_exchange_mechanism_a5b7c21c43.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1382" height="570">

KNAUER Eurokat Na Ion Exclusion/Ligand Exchange Columns

The ionic form Na is best suited for the analysis of sugars oligomers up to a degree of polymerization (DP) of 8. 

Analysis of sugar oligomersThe ionic form Na is best suited for the analysis of sugars oligomers up to a degree of polymerization (DP) of 8. It is a cation exchange material with 6 % cross linkage of the styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer. Best results are achieved with aqueous eluents, recommended eluent is pure deionized water. The usage of up to 10 % organic content in the mobile phase is possible.&nbsp;<h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Polymer phase for the determination of sugar oligomers</li><li>Na form, 6 % cross linkage</li><li>Cation exchanger, extremly long lasting lifetime when correctly handled, best results with aqueous eluents, recommended eluent is pure deionized water, usage of up to 10 % organic content in the mobile phase is possible</li></ul><h5>Technical Data</h5><ul><li>Sulfonated cross-linked styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer with 6 % cross linkage in the ionic form Na, available in 10 μm particle size, pressure stable up to maximum 100 bar</li></ul><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Especially designed for the analysis of sugar oligomers, separates carbohydrates up to DP 8</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurokat_Na_Chromatogram_7d3d81fa52.webp" alt="KNAUER: Eurokat Na Chromatogram" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurokat_Na_Chromatogram_7d3d81fa52.webp 188w," sizes="100vw" width="686" height="568"><blockquote>Tip: Eurokat columns are typically used with 100 % aqueous eluents. For storage, please avoid microbial growth by flushing the Eurokat column with 0.45 µm filtered ultrapure water and storing it at 4 °C.</blockquote><h3>KNAUER Ion Exclusion and Ligand Exchange Columns</h3>Separation of organic acids, carbohydrates, alcohols on sulfonated cross-linked styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer<ul><li>Modifications<ul><li>Eurokat H</li><li>Eurokat Ca</li><li>Eurokat Pb</li><li>Eurokat Na</li></ul></li><li>High Temperature Methods: Up to 90 °C</li><li>Method Development: Optional up to 10 % organic solvent</li><li>Chemically stable: pH 1–12</li><li>Sustainability: Aqueous eluents protect the environment and are cost-effectiv</li><li>User Friendly: Simple and robust methods for daily analysis. Versatile in its use.</li><li>Simplicity: Easy purchase via our online store with fast delivery.&nbsp;</li></ul><h4>Characteristics&nbsp;</h4>Eurokat high performance polymer phases were especially developed for the separation of organic acids, carbohydrates, alcohols and even complex mixtures of these compounds. Eurokat is a sulfonated cross-linked styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer available in several ionic forms (H, Ca and Pb). This particular cation exchanger is characterized by an outstanding density of functional groups, making it the ideal choice for your ion exclusion, size exclusion and ligand exchange chromatography.<h4>Choice of chromatographic conditions&nbsp;</h4>The Eurokat stationary phase is designed to be applicable to a wide range of diverse chromatographic conditions. All Eurokat columns can be used at temperatures up to 90 °C with no organic solvents. The best separation of sugars can be achieved using between 60 to 90 °C. To extend separation performance, it is possible to connect up to three columns of Eurokat in series. Eurokat columns require no organic solvents and thus are environmentally friendly.&nbsp;<h4>Stability&nbsp;</h4>Eurokat polymer columns are extremely stable over the whole pH range. This is one striking advantage compared with silica-based phases which have a limited lifetime at pH extremes, especially in the higher pH range. Most importantly, Eurokat phases show extraordinary column lifetime stability and are not affected by aqueous solvents.&nbsp;<h4>Application areas&nbsp;</h4><ul><li>Carbohydrates and organic acids in softdrinks and fruit juices&nbsp;</li><li>Sugar substitutes</li><li>Food preservatives</li><li>Dairy products</li><li>Urine analytic (Uric acid, Hippuric acid)</li><li>Monitoring of fermentation processes</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Principle_of_ligand_exchange_mechanism_a5b7c21c43.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurokat - Principle of ligand exchange mechanism" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Principle_of_ligand_exchange_mechanism_a5b7c21c43.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1382" height="570">

KNAUER Eurosil Bioselect 300 C4 HPLC Columns (USP L26)

Eurosil Bioselect C4 has been specifically developed for the determination and purification of peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides up to a molecular weight of approximately 100 kDa. 

Analytical wide pore phase for the determination of biomolecules bigger than 20 kDaEurosil Bioselect C4 has been specifically developed for the determination and purification of peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides up to a molecular weight of approximately 100 kDa. The optimized manufacturing process guarantees excellent batch–to-batch reproducibility. The Eurosil Bioselect sorbent is the first choice for Biochromatography with silica material.<h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Ultra pure, spherical wide pore HPLC phase based on wide pore silica gel</li><li>Unpolar, monomeric C4 modification, endcapped</li><li>2 % carbon content (conventional endcapping)</li><li>Separation mechanism: hydrophobic and hydrophilic interaction</li></ul><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:200/400;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_C4_3f3adfbdb4.webp" alt="KNAUER: C4" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_C4_3f3adfbdb4.webp 78w," sizes="100vw" width="200" height="400"></figure><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Hydrophilic biomolecules and especially peptides larger than 10 000- 20 000 Da</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_Phases_98acc32d0e.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurosil Bioselect - Phases and recommended sizes of molecules" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_Phases_98acc32d0e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1385" height="778"><h3>KNAUER Wide pore HPLC columns</h3>For enhanced resolution, capacity and recovery of proteins and other biomolecules<ul><li>Material: Silica or polymer particles</li><li>Separation Ranges: 2–100 kDa</li><li>Column Brands: Eurosil Bioselect or AppliChrom®</li><li>Particle sizes: 3–10 µm</li><li>Pore Sizes: 300 or 100–1000 Å</li><li>Specific surface: 90 ± 5 m2/g</li><li>Pore volume: 0.8 ml/g</li><li>Density: 450 g/l</li><li>Applications: Peptides exceeding approximately 50 amino acids and oligonucleotides greater than 25 residues</li><li>Customize: Bioanalysis requires a lot of flexibility in the pore size, the pH range, the temperatures and the solvents used. To achieve this, we cross phase limits.</li></ul><h4>Characteristics&nbsp;</h4><ul><li>Eurosil Bioselect columns are available in 4 modifications, useful for a wide range of separation tasks involving large molecules up to 100 000 Da.</li><li>Strict manufacturing procedures ensure a very narrow pore size distribution.</li><li>Interfering anions or heavy metal ions on the silica surface are not present in Eurosil Bioselect columns because only ultra pure silica gel and high quality chemical modifications are employed.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_85cfc2d201.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurosil Bioselect" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_85cfc2d201.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="1114" height="782"><h4>Separation mechanism of Eurosil Bioselect</h4>To separate larger molecules, they need to freely access the interior of the pores of the packing material. Therefore, the analytes’ diameter must be smaller than the average pore diameter.&nbsp;For higher molecular weight solutes, the use of lower pore size materials (60-120 Å) as typically used for the analysis of small molecules may result restricted diffusion in the material´s pores and therewith reduced column efficiency.&nbsp;<h4>Modifications</h4>The recommended modification of Eurosil Bioselect depends on the molecular weight of the analytes.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_chemical_modifications_1fd5d87f7b.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurosil Bioselect - chemical modifications" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_chemical_modifications_1fd5d87f7b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="955" height="505"> &nbsp;

KNAUER Eurosil Bioselect 300 C8 HPLC Columns (USP L7)

Eurosil Bioselect C8 has been specifically developed for the determination and purification of peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides up to a molecular weight of approximately 20 kDa.

Analytical wide pore phase for the determination of biomolecules bigger than 5000 DaEurosil Bioselect C8 has been specifically developed for the determination and purification of peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides up to a molecular weight of approximately 20 kDa.<h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Ultra pure, spherical wide pore HPLC phase based on wide pore silica gel</li><li>Unpolar, monomeric C8 modification, endcapped</li><li>4.5 % carbon content (conventional endcapping)</li><li>Separation mechanism: hydrophobic interaction</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_C8_hydrosphob_6986c292b4.webp" alt="KNAUER: C8" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_C8_hydrosphob_6986c292b4.webp 144w," sizes="100vw" width="381" height="413"><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Hydrophilic biomolecules, peptides, peptide mapping after enzymatic digestion</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_Phases_98acc32d0e.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurosil Bioselect - Phases and recommended sizes of molecules" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_Phases_98acc32d0e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1385" height="778"><h3>KNAUER Wide pore HPLC columns</h3>For enhanced resolution, capacity and recovery of proteins and other biomolecules<ul><li>Material: Silica or polymer particles</li><li>Separation Ranges: 2–100 kDa</li><li>Column Brands: Eurosil Bioselect or AppliChrom®</li><li>Particle sizes: 3–10 µm</li><li>Pore Sizes: 300 or 100–1000 Å</li><li>Specific surface: 90 ± 5 m2/g</li><li>Pore volume: 0.8 ml/g</li><li>Density: 450 g/l</li><li>Applications: Peptides exceeding approximately 50 amino acids and oligonucleotides greater than 25 residues</li><li>Customize: Bioanalysis requires a lot of flexibility in the pore size, the pH range, the temperatures and the solvents used. To achieve this, we cross phase limits.</li></ul><h4>Characteristics&nbsp;</h4><ul><li>Eurosil Bioselect columns are available in 4 modifications, useful for a wide range of separation tasks involving large molecules up to 100 000 Da.</li><li>Strict manufacturing procedures ensure a very narrow pore size distribution.</li><li>Interfering anions or heavy metal ions on the silica surface are not present in Eurosil Bioselect columns because only ultra pure silica gel and high quality chemical modifications are employed.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_85cfc2d201.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurosil Bioselect" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_85cfc2d201.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="1114" height="782"><h4>Separation mechanism of Eurosil Bioselect</h4>To separate larger molecules, they need to freely access the interior of the pores of the packing material. Therefore, the analytes’ diameter must be smaller than the average pore diameter.&nbsp;For higher molecular weight solutes, the use of lower pore size materials (60-120 Å) as typically used for the analysis of small molecules may result restricted diffusion in the material´s pores and therewith reduced column efficiency.&nbsp;<h4>Modifications</h4>The recommended modification of Eurosil Bioselect depends on the molecular weight of the analytes.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_chemical_modifications_1fd5d87f7b.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurosil Bioselect - chemical modifications" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_chemical_modifications_1fd5d87f7b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="955" height="505"> &nbsp;

KNAUER Eurosil Bioselect 300 C18 HPLC Columns (USP L1)

Eurosil Bioselect C18 has been specifically developed for the determination and purification of peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides up to a molecular weigth of approximately 5 kDa.

Analytical wide pore phase for the determination of biomolecules bigger than 2000 Da​Eurosil Bioselect C18 has been specifically developed for the determination and purification of peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides up to a molecular weigth of approximately 5 kDa.<h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Ultra pure, spherical wide pore HPLC phase based on silica gel</li><li>Unpolar, monomeric C18 (Octadecyl) modification, endcapped</li><li>7.5 % carbon content (conventional endcapping)</li><li>Separation mechanism: hydrophobic interaction</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_C18_Endcapped_standard_edd2523aca.webp" alt="KNAUER: C18 Endcapped standard" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_C18_Endcapped_standard_edd2523aca.webp 234w," sizes="100vw" width="688" height="458"><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Hydrophilic biomolecules, peptides, peptide mapping after enzymatic digestion</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_Phases_98acc32d0e.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurosil Bioselect - Phases and recommended sizes of molecules" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_Phases_98acc32d0e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1385" height="778"><blockquote>Tip: Caused by the larger pore size of 300 Å, Eurosil Bioselect phases are not as mechanical stable as classical silica gel phases with up to 150 Å and should not be used above 200 bar pressure.</blockquote><h3>KNAUER Wide pore HPLC columns</h3>For enhanced resolution, capacity and recovery of proteins and other biomolecules<ul><li>Material: Silica or polymer particles</li><li>Separation Ranges: 2–100 kDa</li><li>Column Brands: Eurosil Bioselect or AppliChrom®</li><li>Particle sizes: 3–10 µm</li><li>Pore Sizes: 300 or 100–1000 Å</li><li>Specific surface: 90 ± 5 m2/g</li><li>Pore volume: 0.8 ml/g</li><li>Density: 450 g/l</li><li>Applications: Peptides exceeding approximately 50 amino acids and oligonucleotides greater than 25 residues</li><li>Customize: Bioanalysis requires a lot of flexibility in the pore size, the pH range, the temperatures and the solvents used. To achieve this, we cross phase limits.</li></ul><h4>Characteristics&nbsp;</h4><ul><li>Eurosil Bioselect columns are available in 4 modifications, useful for a wide range of separation tasks involving large molecules up to 100 000 Da.</li><li>Strict manufacturing procedures ensure a very narrow pore size distribution.</li><li>Interfering anions or heavy metal ions on the silica surface are not present in Eurosil Bioselect columns because only ultra pure silica gel and high quality chemical modifications are employed.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_85cfc2d201.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurosil Bioselect" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_85cfc2d201.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="1114" height="782"><h4>Separation mechanism of Eurosil Bioselect</h4>To separate larger molecules, they need to freely access the interior of the pores of the packing material. Therefore, the analytes’ diameter must be smaller than the average pore diameter.&nbsp;For higher molecular weight solutes, the use of lower pore size materials (60-120 Å) as typically used for the analysis of small molecules may result restricted diffusion in the material´s pores and therewith reduced column efficiency.&nbsp;<h4>Modifications</h4>The recommended modification of Eurosil Bioselect depends on the molecular weight of the analytes.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_chemical_modifications_1fd5d87f7b.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurosil Bioselect - chemical modifications" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_chemical_modifications_1fd5d87f7b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="955" height="505"> &nbsp;

KNAUER Eurosil Bioselect 300 C18A HPLC Columns (USP L1)

Eurosil Bioselect C18A has been specifically developed for the determination and purification of peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides up to a molecular weigth of approximately 5 kDa.

Analytical wide pore phase for the determination of biomolecules up to 5000 Da​Eurosil Bioselect C18A has been specifically developed for the determination and purification of peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides up to a molecular weigth of approximately 5 kDa.<h5>Properties</h5><ul><li>Ultra pure, spherical wide pore HPLC phase based on silica gel</li><li>Unpolar, monomeric C18 (Octadecyl) modification, endcapped</li><li>7 % carbon content (hydrophilic endcapping)</li><li>Separation mechanism: hydrophobic interaction</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_C18_A_6f4b0c3063.webp" alt="KNAUER: C18A" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_C18_A_6f4b0c3063.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="428"><h5>Recommended application areas</h5><ul><li>Hydrophilic and polar biomolecules, peptides, very polar biomolecules separated with 100 % aqueous eluents</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_Phases_98acc32d0e.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurosil Bioselect - Phases and recommended sizes of molecules" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_Phases_98acc32d0e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1385" height="778"><h3>KNAUER Wide pore HPLC columns</h3>For enhanced resolution, capacity and recovery of proteins and other biomolecules<ul><li>Material: Silica or polymer particles</li><li>Separation Ranges: 2–100 kDa</li><li>Column Brands: Eurosil Bioselect or AppliChrom®</li><li>Particle sizes: 3–10 µm</li><li>Pore Sizes: 300 or 100–1000 Å</li><li>Specific surface: 90 ± 5 m2/g</li><li>Pore volume: 0.8 ml/g</li><li>Density: 450 g/l</li><li>Applications: Peptides exceeding approximately 50 amino acids and oligonucleotides greater than 25 residues</li><li>Customize: Bioanalysis requires a lot of flexibility in the pore size, the pH range, the temperatures and the solvents used. To achieve this, we cross phase limits.</li></ul><h4>Characteristics&nbsp;</h4><ul><li>Eurosil Bioselect columns are available in 4 modifications, useful for a wide range of separation tasks involving large molecules up to 100 000 Da.</li><li>Strict manufacturing procedures ensure a very narrow pore size distribution.</li><li>Interfering anions or heavy metal ions on the silica surface are not present in Eurosil Bioselect columns because only ultra pure silica gel and high quality chemical modifications are employed.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_85cfc2d201.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurosil Bioselect" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_85cfc2d201.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="1114" height="782"><h4>Separation mechanism of Eurosil Bioselect</h4>To separate larger molecules, they need to freely access the interior of the pores of the packing material. Therefore, the analytes’ diameter must be smaller than the average pore diameter.&nbsp;For higher molecular weight solutes, the use of lower pore size materials (60-120 Å) as typically used for the analysis of small molecules may result restricted diffusion in the material´s pores and therewith reduced column efficiency.&nbsp;<h4>Modifications</h4>The recommended modification of Eurosil Bioselect depends on the molecular weight of the analytes.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_chemical_modifications_1fd5d87f7b.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Eurosil Bioselect - chemical modifications" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Eurosil_Bioselect_chemical_modifications_1fd5d87f7b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="955" height="505"> &nbsp;

KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA SuperOH-P Columns for GPC/SEC

Optimally suited for aqueous SEC separations. Aqueous and highly hydrophilic polymeric base material.

AppliChrom® SEC columns for biopolymers and aqueous polymersOptimally suited for aqueous SEC separations. Aqueous and highly hydrophilic polymeric base material. Polymethacrylate resin, cross-linked with polyhydroxylated ether (surface contains some residual carboxyl functional groups)<h4>Properties:</h4><ul><li>Particle size: 7 µm for pore sizes up to 300 Å and 10 µm for pore sizes over 350 Å and the multipore columns</li><li>Stable between: pH 2–12.5</li><li>Pressure stable: for 30–70 bar depending on pore size</li><li>Temperature stability: between 10–85 °C</li><li>Flow rate: maximum 1 ml/min</li><li>Low column bleed for low detector noise</li><li>Large pore volume for optimal resolution</li><li>Individual pore sizes for individual molecular weight ranges</li><li>Multi-pore technology for a wide range of molecular sizes</li><li>Increased lifetime of SEC columns through combination of proprietary particle and packing technology</li><li>Recommended eluents: H₂O, buffers</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_Super_OH_P_Pore_sizes_4cb72c682d.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AppliChrom® ABOA SuperOH-P - Pore sizes" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_Super_OH_P_Pore_sizes_4cb72c682d.jpg 216w," sizes="100vw" width="1478" height="1071"><h4>Applications</h4>Water soluble (bio)polymers up to 40 000 kDa:<ul><li>proteins, oligonucleotides, virus, heparin, polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene glycol (PEG), pullulan, maltodextrin, inulin, pectine, polycarboxylate ethers, gelatine, dextranes, polyacrylamide (PAM), PEGylated proteins acrylate dispersions</li></ul><h3>GPC &amp; SEC Columns</h3>GPC &amp; SEC systems offer solutions for various applications and laboratoriesGel permeation chromatography (GPC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separate analytes by size using special columns with a porous matrix. The basic separation principle is based on the fact that smaller molecules penetrate these pores more strongly and therefore move more slowly through the matrix than larger molecules. GPC/SEC is often used as gentle and powerful purification technique or for quality control in research and development. Typical target molecules are polymers, dissolved in organic solvents for GPC, and macro biomolecules like proteins, antibodies or polysaccharides, dissolved in aqueous eluents for SEC.Separation is facilitated by selecting optimal particle and pore sizes. Therefore we offer a wide range of pore sizes (35, 100, 150, 250, 350, 500, 1000, 1500, 10E5, 10E6, 10E7 Å) and several particle sizes (5, 7, 10, 12, 20 µm) as a choice to customize for every application task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp" alt="KNAUER: Size Exclusion - principle" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp 228w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="700"><h3>KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA columns for aqueous SEC, organic GPC, and special applications</h3><ul><li>AppliChrom® ABOA StyDiViBe Series GPC-columns for GPC analysis of organic molecules using THF, toluene, chloroform.</li><li>AppliChrom ABOA SuperOH-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of mainly neutral and anionic polymers like heparins, polysaccharides, PEO, PEG,....</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMSO-Phil-P Series for DMSO GPC/SEC analysis (humic substances, UF/MUF-glue, p-NIPA, many polycondensates, protein from pea or leguminosae,...)</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMAc-Phil-P Series for GPC/ SEC analysis in DMAc, DMF, NMP. Good for many medium polar substances, polyoxazolines, lignin,...</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA Cat-Phil-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of special aminic and polycationic polymers like p-DADMAc, PEI/ polyethylenimin, chitosan, copolymers with polyaminofunctions, but also useful for polyanions or neutral polymers like heparin or PEO/PEG, dextran or pullulan.</li><li>Seperation Ranges: 100–50 000 000 Da</li></ul><h4>You decide between classical GPC/SEC columns with conventional mixed pore technology or AppliChrom® BPT technology:</h4>Separate oligomers and polymers with the new GPC media line from AppliChrom® BPT synthesis technology for large range, high resolution separations with increased accuracy in calibration (patent pending).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AppliChrom® ABOA columns." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1379" height="718">

KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA RPpetide GPC Columns for RP

AppliChrom® Polymer based reversed phase (RP) columns to reversed phase (RP) separation with orthogonal selectivity to silica based columns.

AppliChrom® Polymer based reversed phase (RP) columns<h4>Properties:</h4><ul><li>Rigid, spherical styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer&nbsp;</li><li>Particle sizes between: 3 to 30 μm</li><li>Pore sizes of: 100–1 000 Å</li><li>Reversed Phase (RP) separation with orthogonal selectivity to silica based columns</li><li>Improved chemical stability</li><li>Stable between: pH 1.5–14</li><li>Temperature stability: 10–90 °C</li><li>Stable towards pressures: up to 150 bar</li><li>Low backpressure with high plate counts, ideal for preparative applications</li><li>Low column bleed for low detector noise</li><li>Up and down scaling ensured beteween analytical RP-HPLC and preparative process chromatography</li><li>Recommended eluents: &nbsp;H₂O/ACN or H₂O/MeOH with up to 1 % TFA, FA or NaOH additive</li></ul><h4>Applications</h4><ul><li>Polar peptides, proteins or vitamins, hydrophobic amines</li></ul><h3>GPC &amp; SEC Columns</h3>GPC &amp; SEC systems offer solutions for various applications and laboratoriesGel permeation chromatography (GPC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separate analytes by size using special columns with a porous matrix. The basic separation principle is based on the fact that smaller molecules penetrate these pores more strongly and therefore move more slowly through the matrix than larger molecules. GPC/SEC is often used as gentle and powerful purification technique or for quality control in research and development. Typical target molecules are polymers, dissolved in organic solvents for GPC, and macro biomolecules like proteins, antibodies or polysaccharides, dissolved in aqueous eluents for SEC.Separation is facilitated by selecting optimal particle and pore sizes. Therefore we offer a wide range of pore sizes (35, 100, 150, 250, 350, 500, 1000, 1500, 10E5, 10E6, 10E7 Å) and several particle sizes (5, 7, 10, 12, 20 µm) as a choice to customize for every application task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp" alt="KNAUER: Size Exclusion - principle" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp 228w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="700"><h3>KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA columns for aqueous SEC, organic GPC, and special applications</h3><ul><li>AppliChrom® ABOA StyDiViBe Series GPC-columns for GPC analysis of organic molecules using THF, toluene, chloroform.</li><li>AppliChrom ABOA SuperOH-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of mainly neutral and anionic polymers like heparins, polysaccharides, PEO, PEG,....</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMSO-Phil-P Series for DMSO GPC/SEC analysis (humic substances, UF/MUF-glue, p-NIPA, many polycondensates, protein from pea or leguminosae,...)</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMAc-Phil-P Series for GPC/ SEC analysis in DMAc, DMF, NMP. Good for many medium polar substances, polyoxazolines, lignin,...</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA Cat-Phil-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of special aminic and polycationic polymers like p-DADMAc, PEI/ polyethylenimin, chitosan, copolymers with polyaminofunctions, but also useful for polyanions or neutral polymers like heparin or PEO/PEG, dextran or pullulan.</li><li>Seperation Ranges: 100–50 000 000 Da</li></ul><h4>You decide between classical GPC/SEC columns with conventional mixed pore technology or AppliChrom® BPT technology:</h4>Separate oligomers and polymers with the new GPC media line from AppliChrom® BPT synthesis technology for large range, high resolution separations with increased accuracy in calibration (patent pending).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AppliChrom® ABOA columns." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1379" height="718">

KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA VivoSep SEC Columns

AppliChrom® SEC columns for water soluble (bio)polymers are multi hydrophilic layered SEC media for highest efficiency and low interaction.

AppliChrom® SEC columns for water soluble (bio)polymers<h4>Properties:</h4><ul><li>Multi hydrophilic layered SEC media for highest efficiency and low interaction</li><li>Available seperation ranges: from small molecules up to 5 500 kDa</li><li>Temperature stability: 10-90 °C</li><li>Stable between: pH 2–10</li><li>Pressure stability: up to 200 bar</li><li>Simple adaptation from HPLC to SEC with stainless steel instruments</li><li>Versatile tool for accurate protein molecular weight or size determination</li><li>Low column bleed for low detector noise</li><li>Increased lifetime of SEC columns through combination of proprietary particle and packing technology</li><li>Recommended eluents: H₂O, buffers</li></ul><h4>Applications</h4><ul><li>Water soluble proteins, humic substances</li></ul><h3>GPC &amp; SEC Columns</h3>GPC &amp; SEC systems offer solutions for various applications and laboratoriesGel permeation chromatography (GPC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separate analytes by size using special columns with a porous matrix. The basic separation principle is based on the fact that smaller molecules penetrate these pores more strongly and therefore move more slowly through the matrix than larger molecules. GPC/SEC is often used as gentle and powerful purification technique or for quality control in research and development. Typical target molecules are polymers, dissolved in organic solvents for GPC, and macro biomolecules like proteins, antibodies or polysaccharides, dissolved in aqueous eluents for SEC.Separation is facilitated by selecting optimal particle and pore sizes. Therefore we offer a wide range of pore sizes (35, 100, 150, 250, 350, 500, 1000, 1500, 10E5, 10E6, 10E7 Å) and several particle sizes (5, 7, 10, 12, 20 µm) as a choice to customize for every application task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp" alt="KNAUER: Size Exclusion - principle" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp 228w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="700"><h3>KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA columns for aqueous SEC, organic GPC, and special applications</h3><ul><li>AppliChrom® ABOA StyDiViBe Series GPC-columns for GPC analysis of organic molecules using THF, toluene, chloroform.</li><li>AppliChrom ABOA SuperOH-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of mainly neutral and anionic polymers like heparins, polysaccharides, PEO, PEG,....</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMSO-Phil-P Series for DMSO GPC/SEC analysis (humic substances, UF/MUF-glue, p-NIPA, many polycondensates, protein from pea or leguminosae,...)</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMAc-Phil-P Series for GPC/ SEC analysis in DMAc, DMF, NMP. Good for many medium polar substances, polyoxazolines, lignin,...</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA Cat-Phil-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of special aminic and polycationic polymers like p-DADMAc, PEI/ polyethylenimin, chitosan, copolymers with polyaminofunctions, but also useful for polyanions or neutral polymers like heparin or PEO/PEG, dextran or pullulan.</li><li>Seperation Ranges: 100–50 000 000 Da</li></ul><h4>You decide between classical GPC/SEC columns with conventional mixed pore technology or AppliChrom® BPT technology:</h4>Separate oligomers and polymers with the new GPC media line from AppliChrom® BPT synthesis technology for large range, high resolution separations with increased accuracy in calibration (patent pending).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AppliChrom® ABOA columns." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1379" height="718">

KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA Cat-Phil SEC Columns

Interaction-free pure GPC & SEC base material with focus on polycationic, polyelectrolytic or funktional amine analytes

AppliChrom® SEC columns for neutral, anionic and additional cationic polymers<h4>Properties:</h4><ul><li>Interaction-free pure GPC &amp; SEC base material with focus on polycationic, polyelectrolytic or funktional amine analytes</li><li>No salt addition is needed to surpress surface adsorption</li><li>No ion exclusion phenomena</li><li>Possible to be used in universal calibration &amp; accurate molecular weight determination even for small polycationic molecules</li><li>Temperature stability between: 10–90 °C</li><li>Stable with: pH 2–10</li><li>Simple, reliable and robust GPC &amp; SEC calibration from dextrans, pullulans et al.</li><li>Low column bleed for low detector gain for improved refractive index, light scattering or viscosity detection</li><li>Large volume and optimized mass transfer for polymers with optimized resolution</li><li>Low cost due to long column lifetime - result of the combination of optimized particle and packing technology</li><li>Recommended eluents: H₂O, buffers</li></ul><h4>Applications</h4>Water soluble analytes like:<ul><li>polycations, polyamines (chitosanes), polyethylenoxides, polysaccharides, polyanions (heparins, pectins), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene glycol (PEG), Ppolyethyleneimins (PEI), polyvinylimidazole</li></ul><h3>GPC &amp; SEC Columns</h3>GPC &amp; SEC systems offer solutions for various applications and laboratoriesGel permeation chromatography (GPC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separate analytes by size using special columns with a porous matrix. The basic separation principle is based on the fact that smaller molecules penetrate these pores more strongly and therefore move more slowly through the matrix than larger molecules. GPC/SEC is often used as gentle and powerful purification technique or for quality control in research and development. Typical target molecules are polymers, dissolved in organic solvents for GPC, and macro biomolecules like proteins, antibodies or polysaccharides, dissolved in aqueous eluents for SEC.Separation is facilitated by selecting optimal particle and pore sizes. Therefore we offer a wide range of pore sizes (35, 100, 150, 250, 350, 500, 1000, 1500, 10E5, 10E6, 10E7 Å) and several particle sizes (5, 7, 10, 12, 20 µm) as a choice to customize for every application task.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp" alt="KNAUER: Size Exclusion - principle" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Size_Exclusion_principle_2a432edcc1.webp 228w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="700"><h3>KNAUER AppliChrom® ABOA columns for aqueous SEC, organic GPC, and special applications</h3><ul><li>AppliChrom® ABOA StyDiViBe Series GPC-columns for GPC analysis of organic molecules using THF, toluene, chloroform.</li><li>AppliChrom ABOA SuperOH-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of mainly neutral and anionic polymers like heparins, polysaccharides, PEO, PEG,....</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMSO-Phil-P Series for DMSO GPC/SEC analysis (humic substances, UF/MUF-glue, p-NIPA, many polycondensates, protein from pea or leguminosae,...)</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA DMAc-Phil-P Series for GPC/ SEC analysis in DMAc, DMF, NMP. Good for many medium polar substances, polyoxazolines, lignin,...</li><li>AppliChrom® ABOA Cat-Phil-P Series for aqueous GPC/SEC-analysis of special aminic and polycationic polymers like p-DADMAc, PEI/ polyethylenimin, chitosan, copolymers with polyaminofunctions, but also useful for polyanions or neutral polymers like heparin or PEO/PEG, dextran or pullulan.</li><li>Seperation Ranges: 100–50 000 000 Da</li></ul><h4>You decide between classical GPC/SEC columns with conventional mixed pore technology or AppliChrom® BPT technology:</h4>Separate oligomers and polymers with the new GPC media line from AppliChrom® BPT synthesis technology for large range, high resolution separations with increased accuracy in calibration (patent pending).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg" alt="KNAUER: AppliChrom® ABOA columns." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Appli_Chrom_ABOA_columns_58d5d380f6.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1379" height="718">

Products focused on Consumables distributed by KNAUER - page 3

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